<p> Common buzz words</p><p>1. "Bamboo spine" on x-ray -- CF: Ankylosing spondylitis 2. "Blue bloater" -- CF: Chronic bronchitis 3. "Brown tumor" of bone -- CF: Hemorrhage causes brown color of osteolytic cysts: 1. Hyperparathyroidism; 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease) 4. "Chocolate cysts" -- CF: Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries) 5. "Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence -- CF: Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis 6. "Machine-like" murmur -- MF cause: PDA 7. "Orphan Annie" nuclei -- CF: Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid 8. "Pink puffer" -- CF: Emphysema (centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency]) 9. "Smudge cell" -- CF: CLL 10."Strawberry tongue" -- CF: Scarlet fever 11."Tram-track" appearance on LM -- CF: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 12."Wire loop" appearance on LM -- CF: Lupus nephropathy 13."Worst headache of my life" -- CF: Berry aneurysm––associated with adult polycystic kidney disease 14.Actinic keratosis -- CF: Often precedes squamous cell carcinoma 15.Addison's -- MF cause: Autoimmune (infection is the 2nd most common cause) 16.Addison's disease -- CF: 1° adrenocortical deficiency 17.Albright's syndrome -- CF: Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls 18.Albuminocytologic dissociation -- CF: Guillain-Barré (incr protein in CSF with only modest incr in cell count)</p><p>19.Alport's syndrome -- CF: Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness 20.Aneurysm, dissecting -- MF cause: Hypertension 21.Anti-IgG antibodies -- CF: Rheumatoid arthritis 22.Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies) -- CF: SLE (type III hypersensitivity) 23.Anticentromere antibodies -- CF: Scleroderma (CREST) 24.Antigliadin antibodies -- CF: Celiac disease 25.Antihistone antibodies -- CF: Drug-induced SLE 26.Antimitochondrial antibodies -- CF: 1° biliary cirrhosis 27.Antineutrophil antibodies -- CF: Vasculitis 28.Antiplatelet antibodies -- CF: Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura 29.Anti–basement membrane antibodies -- CF: Goodpasture's syndrome 30.Anti–epithelial cell antibodies -- CF: Pemphigus vulgaris 31.Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta -- MF cause: Atherosclerosis 32.Aortic aneurysm, ascending -- MF cause: 3° syphilis 33.Arachnodactyly -- CF: Marfan's syndrome 34.Argyll Robertson pupil -- CF: Neurosyphilis 35.Arnold-Chiari malformation -- CF: Cerebellar tonsillar herniation 36.Aschoff bodies -- CF: Rheumatic fever 37.Atrophy of the mammillary bodies -- CF: Wernicke's encephalopathy 38.Auer rods -- CF: Acute myelogenous leukemia (especially the promyelocytic type) 39.Autosplenectomy -- CF: Sickle cell anemia 40.Babinski's sign -- CF: UMN lesion 41.Bacteremia/pneumonia (IVDA) -- MC: S. aureus 42.Bacteria associated with cancer -- MC: H. pylori 43.Bacteria found in GI tract -- MC: Bacteroides (2nd most common is E. coli ) 44.Bacterial meningitis (adults) -- MF cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae 45.Bacterial meningitis (elderly) -- MF cause: S. pneumoniae 46.Bacterial meningitis (kids) -- MF cause: S. pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis 47.Bacterial meningitis (newborns) -- MF cause: Group B streptococcus 48.Baker's cyst in popliteal fossa -- CF: Rheumatoid arthritis 49.Bartter's syndrome -- CF: Hyperreninemia 50.Basophilic stippling of RBCs -- CF: Lead poisoning 51.Becker's muscular dystrophy -- CF: Defective dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's 52.Bell's palsy -- CF: LMN CN VII palsy 53.Bence Jones proteins -- CF: Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (IgM) 54.Berger's disease -- CF: IgA nephropathy 55.Bernard-Soulier disease -- CF: Defect in platelet adhesion 56.Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis -- CF: Sarcoidosis 57.Birbeck granules on EM -- CF: Histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) 58.Bloody tap on LP -- CF: Subarachnoid hemorrhage 59.Blue sclera -- CF: Osteogenesis imperfecta 60.Blue-domed cysts -- CF: Fibrocystic change of the breast 61.Boot-shaped heart on x-ray -- CF: Tetralogy of Fallot; RVH</p><p>62.Bouchard's nodes -- CF: Osteoarthritis (PIP swelling 2° to osteophytes) 63.Boutonnière deformity -- CF: Rheumatoid arthritis 64.Brain tumor (adults) -- MC: Mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma 65.Brain tumor (kids) -- MC: Medulloblastoma (cerebellum) 66.Brain tumor––supratentorial (kids) -- MC: Craniopharyngioma 67.Branching rods in oral infection -- CF: Actinomyces israelii 68.Breast cancer -- MC: Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the United States, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer) 69.Breast mass -- MC: Fibrocystic change (in postmenopausal women, carcinoma is the most common) 70.Breast tumor (benign) -- MC: Fibroadenoma 71.Bruton's disease -- CF: X-linked agammaglobulinemia 72.Budd-Chiari syndrome -- CF: Posthepatic venous thrombosis 73.Buerger's disease -- CF: Small/medium-artery vasculitis 74.Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia patient -- MC: Klebsiella 75.Burkitt's lymphoma -- CF: t8:14; associated with EBV; "starry sky" appearance on histology 76.Burton's lines -- CF: Lead poisoning 77.Café-au-lait spots on skin -- CF: Neurofibromatosis 78.Caisson disease -- CF: Gas emboli 79.Calf pseudohypertrophy -- CF: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy 80.Call-Exner bodies -- CF: Granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary 81.Cancer associated with AIDS -- MF cause: Kaposi's sarcoma 82.Cardiac 1° tumor (adults) -- MC: Myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve") 83.Cardiac 1° tumor (kids) -- MC: Rhabdomyoma 84.Cardiac tumor (adults) -- MC: Mets 85.Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy -- CF: Chagas' disease 86.Cardiomyopathy -- MC: Dilated cardiomyopathy 87.Cerebriform nuclei -- CF: Mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) 88.Chagas' disease -- CF: Trypanosome infection 89.Chancre -- CF: 1° syphilis (not painful) 90.Chancroid -- CF: Haemophilus ducreyi (painful) 91.Charcot's triad -- CF: Multiple sclerosis (nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech), cholangitis (jaundice, RUQ pain, fever) 92.Charcot-Leyden crystals -- CF: Bronchial asthma (eosinophil membranes) 93.Cherry-red spot on macula -- CF: Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick disease, central retinal artery occlusion 94.Cheyne-Stokes -- CF: respirations Central apnea in CHF and incr intracranial pressure 95.Chromosomal disorder -- MC: Down syndrome (associated with ALL, Alzheimer's dementia, and endocardial cushion defects) 96.Chronic arrhythmia -- MC: Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli) 97.Chronic atrophic gastritis -- CF: Predisposition to gastric carcinoma 98.Chvostek's sign -- CF: Hypocalcemia (facial muscle spasm upon tapping) 99.Chédiak-Higashi disease -- CF: Phagocyte deficiency 100. Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina -- CF: DES exposure in utero 101. Clue cells -- CF: Gardnerella vaginitis</p><p>102. Codman's triangle on x-ray -- CF: Osteosarcoma 103. Cold agglutinins -- CF: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis 104. Cold intolerance -- CF: Hypothyroidism 105. Condylomata lata -- CF: 2° syphilis 106. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia -- MF cause: 21-hydroxylase deficiency 107. Congenital cardiac anomaly -- MC: VSD 108. Constrictive pericarditis -- MC: Tuberculosis 109. Continuous machinery murmur -- CF: Patent ductus arteriosus 110. Cori's disease -- CF: Debranching enzyme deficiency 111. Coronary artery involved in thrombosis -- MC: LAD > RCA > LCA 112. Cotton-wool spots -- CF: Chronic hypertension 113. Cough, conjunctivitis, coryza + fever -- CF: Measles 114. Councilman bodies -- CF: Toxic or viral hepatitis 115. Cowdry type A bodies -- CF: Herpes virus 116. Crescents in Bowman's capsule -- CF: Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis 117. Cretinism -- MF cause: Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism 118. Crigler-Najjar syndrome -- CF: Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia 119. Curling's ulcer -- CF: Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns 120. Currant-jelly sputum -- CF: Klebsiella 121. Curschmann's spirals -- CF: Bronchial asthma (whorled mucous plugs) 122. Cushing's syndrome -- MF cause: Corticosteroid therapy (2nd most common cause is excess ACTH secretion by pituitary) 123. Cushing's ulcer -- CF: Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury 124. Cyanosis (early; less common) -- MC: Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus 125. Cyanosis (late; more common) -- MC: VSD, ASD, PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol) 126. D-dimers -- CF: DIC 127. DIC -- MF cause: Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma 128. Death in CML -- MF cause: Blast crisis 129. Death in SLE -- MF cause: Lupus nephropathy 130. Defic of CD55 and CD59, decay accelerating factor (DAF) and membrane attack complex inhibiting factor (MACIF): dx of Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) 131. Dementia -- MF cause: Alzheimer's (2nd most common is multi-infarct) 132. Demyelinating disease -- MC: Multiple sclerosis 133. Depigmentation of neurons substantia nigra -- CF: in Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder––rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia) 134. Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea -- CF: Pellagra (niacin, vitamin B3 deficiency) 135. Diabetes insipidus + exophthalmos + lesions of skull -- CF: Hand-Schüller-christian disease 136. Dietary deficit -- MC: Iron 137. Dog or cat bite -- CF: Pasteurella multocida 138. Donovan bodies -- CF: Granuloma inguinale 139. Dressler's syndrome -- CF: Post-MI fibrinous pericarditis 140. Dubin-Johnson syndrome -- CF: Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver) 141. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy -- CF: Deleted dystrophin gene (X-linked recessive) 142. Eburnation -- CF: Osteoarthritis (polished, ivory-like appearance of bone)</p><p>143. Edwards' syndrome -- CF: Trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease 144. Eisenmenger's complex -- CF: Late cyanosis shunt (uncorrected L -> R shunt becomes R -> L shunt) 145. Ejection click -- MF cause: Aortic/pulmonic stenosis 146. Elastic skin -- CF: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 147. Epiglottitis -- MC: Haemophilus influenzae type B 148. Erb-Duchenne palsy -- CF: Superior trunk (C5–C6) brachial plexus injury ("waiter's tip") 149. Erythema chronicum migrans -- CF: Lyme disease 150. Esophageal cancer -- MC: Squamous cell carcinoma 151. Fanconi's syndrome -- CF: Proximal tubular reabsorption defect 152. Fat, female, forty, and fertile -- CF: Acute cholecystitis 153. Fatty liver -- CF: Alcoholism 154. Ferruginous bodies -- CF: Asbestosis 155. Food poisoning -- MF cause: S. aureus 156. Gardner's syndrome -- CF: Colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors 157. Gaucher's disease -- CF: Glucocerebrosidase deficiency 158. Gene involved in cancer -- MC: p53 tumor suppressor gene 159. Ghon focus -- CF: 1° TB 160. Gilbert's syndrome -- CF: Benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia 161. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia -- CF: Defect in platelet aggregation 162. Glomerulonephritis (adults) -- MF cause: IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease) 163. Goodpasture's syndrome -- CF: Autoantibodies against alveolar and glomerular basement membrane proteins</p><p>164. Gowers' maneuver -- CF: Duchenne's (use of patient's arms to help legs pick self off the floor) 165. Group affected by cystic fibrosis -- MC: Caucasians (fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, mucous plugs/lung infections) 166. Guillain-Barré syndrome -- CF: Idiopathic polyneuritis 167. Gynecologic malignancy -- MC: Endometrial carcinoma 168. HLA-B27 -- CF: Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis 169. HLA-DR3 or -DR4 -- CF: DM type 1 (caused by autoimmune destruction of B cells) 170. Hair-on-end (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray -- CF: B-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis) 171. Hand-Schüller-christian disease -- CF: Chronic progressive histiocytosis 172. HbF -- CF: Thalassemia major 173. HbS -- CF: Sickle cell anemia 174. Heart murmur -- MC: Mitral valve prolapse 175. Heart valve (rheumatic fever) -- MC: Mitral valve (aortic is 2nd) 176. Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis -- MC: Mitral 177. Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis in IVDA -- MC: Tricuspid 178. Heberden's nodes -- CF: Osteoarthritis (DIP swelling 2° to osteophytes) 179. Heinz bodies -- CF: G6PD deficiency 180. Helminth infection (U.S.) -- MC: Enterobius vermicularis (Ascaris lumbricoides is 2nd most common) 181. Hematoma––epidural -- MF cause: Rupture of middle meningeal artery (arterial bleeding is fast) 182. Hematoma––subdural -- MF cause: Rupture of bridging veins (trauma; venous bleeding is slow)</p><p>183. Hemochromatosis -- MF cause: Multiple blood transfusions (can result in CHF and incr risk of hepatocellular carcinoma) 184. Henoch-Schönlein purpura -- CF: Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and URIs 185. Hepatic cirrhosis -- MF cause: EtOH 186. Hepatocellular carcinoma -- MF cause: Cirrhotic liver (often associated with hepatitis B and C) 187. Hereditary bleeding disorder -- MC: von Willebrand's 188. Heterophil antibodies -- CF: Infectious mononucleosis (EBV) 189. High-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) -- CF: Wet beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency) 190. Holosystolic murmur -- MF cause: VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation 191. Homer Wright rosettes -- CF: Neuroblastoma 192. Honeycomb lung on x-ray -- CF: Interstitial fibrosis 193. Horner's syndrome -- CF: Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis 194. Howell-Jolly bodies -- CF: Splenectomy (or nonfunctional spleen) 195. Huntington's disease -- CF: Caudate degeneration (autosomal dominant) 196. Hyperphagia + hypersexuality + hyperorality + hyperdocility -- CF: Klüver-Bucy syndrome (amygdala) 197. Hyperpigmentation of skin -- CF: 1° adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) 198. Hypersegmented neutrophils -- CF: Macrocytic anemia 199. Hypertension + hypokalemia -- CF: Conn's syndrome 200. Hypertension, 2° -- MF cause: Renal disease 201. Hypochromic microcytosis -- CF: Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning</p><p>202. Hypoparathyroidism -- MF cause: Thyroidectomy 203. Hypopituitarism -- MF cause: Adenoma 204. Increased uric acid levels -- CF: Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, loop and thiazide diuretics 205. Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum -- CF: Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects) 206. Infection in blood transfusion -- MF cause: Hepatitis C 207. Infection in burn victims -- MF cause: Pseudomonas 208. Intussusception -- CF: Adenovirus (causes hyperplasia of Peyer's patches) 209. Janeway lesions -- CF: Endocarditis 210. Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction -- CF: Syphilis––overaggressive treatment of an asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to rapid lysis 211. Job's syndrome -- CF: Neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality 212. Kaposi's sarcoma -- CF: AIDS in MSM (men who have sex with men) 213. Kartagener's syndrome -- CF: Dynein defect 214. Kayser-Fleischer rings -- CF: Wilson's disease 215. Keratin pearls -- CF: Squamous cell carcinoma 216. Kidney stones -- MC: Calcium = radiopaque (2nd most common is ammonium = radiopaque; formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) 217. Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules -- CF: Diabetic nephropathy 218. Klüver-Bucy syndrome -- CF: Bilateral amygdala lesions 219. Koilocytes -- CF: HPV 220. Koplik spots -- CF: Measles 221. Krukenberg tumor -- CF: Gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases</p><p>222. Kussmaul hyperpnea -- CF: Diabetic ketoacidosis 223. Lens dislocation + aortic dissection + joint hyperflexibility -- CF: Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin deficit) 224. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome -- CF: HGPRT deficiency 225. Leukemia (adults) -- MF cause: AML 226. Lewy bodies -- CF: Parkinson's disease 227. Libman-Sacks disease -- CF: Endocarditis associated with SLE 228. Lines of Zahn -- CF: Arterial thrombus 229. Lisch nodules -- CF: Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) 230. Liver disease -- MC: Alcoholic liver disease 231. Location of brain tumors (adults) -- MC: Supratentorial 232. Location of brain tumors (kids) -- MC: Infratentorial 233. Low serum ceruloplasmin -- CF: Wilson's disease 234. Lucid interval -- CF: Epidural hematoma 235. Lysosomal storage disease -- MC: Gaucher's disease 236. Lytic bone lesions on x-ray -- CF: Multiple myeloma 237. MI -- MF cause: Atherosclerosis 238. MLF syndrome (INO) -- CF: Multiple sclerosis 239. Male cancer -- MC: Prostatic carcinoma 240. Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever -- MC: Hodgkin's disease 241. Malignant skin tumor -- MC: Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes) 242. Mallory bodies -- CF: Alcoholic liver disease 243. Mallory-Weiss syndrome -- CF: Esophagogastric lacerations 244. McArdle's disease -- CF: Muscle phosphorylase deficiency 245. McBurney's sign -- CF: Appendicitis</p><p>246. Mental retardation -- MF cause: Down syndrome (fragile X is the 2nd most common cause) 247. Mets to bone -- MC: Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney 248. Mets to brain -- MC: Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI 249. Mets to liver -- MC: Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas 250. Mitral valve stenosis -- MF cause: Rheumatic heart disease 251. Monoclonal antibody spike -- CF: Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA), MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), Waldenström's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia 252. Motor neuron disease -- MC: ALS 253. Myocarditis -- MF cause: Coxsackie B 254. Myxedema -- CF: Hypothyroidism 255. Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis -- CF: Wegener's and Goodpasture's (hemoptysis and glomerular disease) 256. Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals -- CF: Gout 257. Negri bodies -- CF: Rabies 258. Neoplasm (kids) -- MC: ALL (2nd most common is cerebellar medulloblastoma) 259. Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss -- CF: Alport's syndrome 260. Nephrotic syndrome (adults) -- MF cause: Membranous glomerulonephritis 261. Nephrotic syndrome (kids) -- MF cause: Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids) 262. Nephrotic syndrome -- MC: Membranous glomerulonephritis 263. Neurofibrillary tangles -- CF: Alzheimer's disease 264. Niemann-Pick disease -- CF: Sphingomyelinase deficiency</p><p>265. No lactation postpartum -- CF: Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction) 266. Nutmeg liver -- CF: CHF 267. Obstruction of male urinary tract -- MC: BPH 268. Occupational exposure to asbestos -- CF: Malignant mesothelioma 269. Opening snap -- MF cause: Mitral stenosis 270. Opportunistic infection in AIDS -- MC: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 271. Organ receiving mets -- MC: Adrenal glands (due to rich blood supply) 272. Organ sending mets -- MC: Lung > breast, stomach 273. Osler's nodes -- CF: Endocarditis 274. Osteomyelitis -- MF cause: S. aureus 275. Osteomyelitis in patients with sickle cell disease -- MF cause: Salmonella 276. Osteomyelitis with IVDA -- MF cause: Pseudomonas 277. Ovarian tumor (benign) -- MC: Serous cystadenoma 278. Ovarian tumor (malignant) -- MC: Serous cystadenocarcinoma 279. Owl's eye -- CF: CMV 280. PID -- MF cause: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis) 281. Painless jaundice -- CF: Pancreatic cancer (head) 282. Palpable purpura on legs and buttocks -- CF: Henoch-Schönlein purpura 283. Pancoast's tumor -- CF: Bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner's syndrome 284. Pancreatic tumor -- MC: Adenocarcinoma (head of pancreas) 285. Pancreatitis (acute) -- MF cause: EtOH and gallstones 286. Pancreatitis (chronic) -- MF cause: EtOH (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids) 287. Pannus -- CF: Rheumatoid arthritis</p><p>288. Parkinson's disease -- CF: Nigrostriatal dopamine depletion 289. Patient with ALL/CLL/AML/CML -- MC: ALL—child, CLL—adult > 60, AML—adult > 60, CML—adult 35–50 290. Patient with Hodgkin's -- MC: Young male (except nodular sclerosis type––female) 291. Patient with Reiter's -- MC: Male 292. Patient with minimal change disease -- MC: Young child 293. Peau d'orange -- MF cause: Carcinoma of the breast 294. Periosteal elevation on x-ray -- CF: Pyogenic osteomyelitis 295. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome -- CF: Benign polyposis 296. Peyronie's disease -- CF: Penile fibrosis 297. Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl ) -- CF: CML (may sometimes be associated with AML) 298. Pick bodies -- CF: Pick's disease 299. Pick's disease -- CF: Progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's 300. Pituitary tumor -- MC: Prolactinoma (2nd––somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma) 301. Plummer-Vinson syndrome -- CF: Esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia 302. Pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, burn infection -- MF cause: Pseudomonas aeruginosa 303. Pneumonia, hospital-acquired -- MF cause: Klebsiella 304. Podagra -- CF: Gout (MP joint of hallux) 305. Podocyte fusion -- CF: Minimal change disease 306. Polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection -- CF: Guillain-Barré syndrome 307. Polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema -- CF: WET beriberi (thiamine, vitamin B1 deficiency)</p><p>308. Pompe's disease -- CF: Lysosomal glucosidase deficiency associated with cardiomegaly 309. Port-wine stain -- CF: Hemangioma 310. Positive anterior "drawer sign" -- CF: Anterior cruciate ligament injury 311. Pott's disease -- CF: Vertebral tuberculosis 312. Preventable blindness -- MF cause: Chlamydia 313. Preventable cancer -- MC: Lung cancer 314. Primary amenorrhea -- MF cause: Turner's (XO) 315. Primary bone tumor (adults) -- MC: Multiple myeloma 316. Primary hyperaldosteronism -- MF cause: Adenoma of adrenal cortex 317. Primary hyperparathyroidism -- MC: Adenomas (followed by hyperplasia, then carcinoma) 318. Primary hyperparathyroidism -- MF cause: Adenoma 319. Primary liver tumor -- MC: Hepatoma 320. Pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement -- CF: Glioblastoma multiforme 321. Pseudorosettes -- CF: Ewing's sarcoma 322. Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis -- CF: Horner's syndrome (Pancoast's tumor) 323. Pulmonary hypertension -- MF cause: COPD 324. RBC casts in urine -- CF: Acute glomerulonephritis 325. Rash on palms and soles -- CF: 2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever 326. Raynaud's syndrome -- CF: Recurrent vasospasm in extremities 327. Recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections -- CF: Cystic fibrosis 328. Red urine in the morning -- CF: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 329. Reed-Sternberg cells -- CF: Hodgkin's lymphoma 330. Reid index (increased) -- CF: Chronic bronchitis</p><p>331. Reinke crystals -- CF: Leydig cell tumor 332. Reiter's syndrome -- CF: Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis 333. Renal cell carcinoma + cavernous hemangiomas + adenomas -- CF: von Hippel–Lindau disease 334. Renal epithelial casts in urine -- CF: Acute toxic/viral nephrosis 335. Renal tumor -- MC: Renal cell carcinoma––associated with von Hippel–Lindau and acquired polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH) 336. Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent -- CF: Pseudogout 337. Rib notching -- CF: Coarctation of aorta 338. Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause -- MF cause: Cor pulmonale 339. Right-sided heart failure -- MF cause: Left-sided heart failure 340. Roth's spots in retina -- CF: Endocarditis 341. Rotor's syndrome -- CF: Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia 342. Rouleaux formation (RBCs) -- CF: Multiple myeloma 343. S3 -- CF: Left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, LV failure (CHF) 344. S4 -- CF: Aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis 345. SIADH -- MF cause: Small cell carcinoma of the lung 346. Schiller-Duval bodies -- CF: Yolk sac tumor 347. Secondary hyperparathyroidism -- MC: Hypocalcemia of chronic renal failure 348. Senile plaques -- CF: Alzheimer's disease 349. Sexually transmitted disease -- MC: Chlamydia 350. Sheehan's syndrome -- CF: Postpartum pituitary necrosis 351. Sheehan's syndrome -- MF cause: Postpartum pituitary infarction 2° to hemorrhage</p><p>352. Shwartzman reaction -- CF: Neisseria meningitidis 353. Signet-ring cells -- CF: Gastric carcinoma 354. Simian crease -- CF: Down syndrome 355. Sipple's syndrome -- CF: MEN type IIa 356. Site of diverticula -- MC: Sigmoid colon 357. Site of metastasis (2nd most common) -- MC: Liver 358. Site of metastasis -- MC: Regional lymph nodes 359. Sites of atherosclerosis -- MC: Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid 360. Sjögren's syndrome -- CF: Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis 361. Skin cancer -- MC: Basal cell carcinoma 362. Skip lesions -- CF: Crohn's 363. Slapped cheeks -- CF: Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) 364. Smith antigen -- CF: SLE 365. Soap bubble on x-ray -- CF: Giant cell tumor of bone 366. Spike and dome on EM -- CF: Membranous glomerulonephritis 367. Spitz nevus -- CF: Benign juvenile melanoma 368. Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails -- CF: Endocarditis 369. Starry-sky pattern -- CF: Burkitt's lymphoma 370. Stomach cancer -- MC: Adenocarcinoma 371. Streaky ovaries -- CF: Turner's syndrome 372. String sign on x-ray -- CF: Crohn's disease 373. Subepithelial humps on EM -- CF: Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis 374. Suboccipital lymphadenopathy -- CF: Rubella 375. Sulfur granules -- CF: Actinomyces israelii 376. Swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia -- CF: Scurvy (ascorbic acid, vitamin C deficiency)––vitamin C is necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis 377. Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo) -- CF: Aortic valve stenosis</p><p>378. Sézary syndrome -- CF: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma 379. Tabes dorsalis -- CF: 3° syphilis 380. Tendon xanthomas (classically Achilles) -- CF: Familial hypercholesterolemia 381. Testicular tumor -- MC: Seminoma 382. Thumb sign on lateral x-ray -- CF: Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae) 383. Thyroid cancer -- MC: Papillary carcinoma 384. Thyroidization of kidney -- CF: Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis 385. Tophi -- CF: Gout 386. Tracheoesophageal fistula -- MC: Lower esophagus joins trachea/upper esophagus––blind pouch 387. Trousseau's sign -- CF: Visceral cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma (migratory thrombophlebitis), hypocalcemia (carpal spasm) 388. Tumor in men -- MC: Prostate carcinoma 389. Tumor in women -- MC: Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent) 390. Tumor of infancy -- MC: Hemangioma 391. Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) -- MC: Pheochromocytoma (benign) 392. Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) -- MC: Neuroblastoma (malignant) 393. Type of Hodgkin's -- MC: Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion) 394. Type of non-Hodgkin's -- MC: Follicular, small cleaved 395. Type of pituitary adenoma -- MC: Prolactinoma 396. UTI (young women) -- MF cause: E. coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus 397. UTI -- MF cause: E. coli 398. Vasculitis -- MC: Temporal arteritis (risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery) 399. Viral encephalitis -- MC: HSV</p><p>400. Virchow's node -- CF: Left supraclavicular node enlargement from metastatic carcinoma of the stomach 401. Virchow's triad -- CF: Pulmonary embolism (triad = blood stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulation) 402. Vitamin deficiency (U.S.) -- MC: Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply) 403. WBC casts in urine -- CF: Acute pyelonephritis 404. WBCs in urine -- CF: Acute cystitis 405. Wallenberg's syndrome -- CF: PICA thrombosis 406. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome -- CF: Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia 407. Waxy casts -- CF: Chronic end-stage renal disease 408. Wermer's syndrome -- CF: MEN type I 409. Whipple's disease -- CF: Malabsorption syndrome caused by Tropheryma whippelii 410. Wilson's disease -- CF: Hepatolenticular degeneration 411. Xanthochromia (CSF) -- CF: Subarachnoid hemorrhage 412. Xerostomia + arthritis + keratoconjunctivitis sicca -- CF: Sjögren's syndrome 413. Zenker's diverticulum -- CF: Upper GI diverticulum 414. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome -- CF: Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with ulcers 415. c-ANCA, p-ANCA -- CF: Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis 416. hCG elevated -- CF: Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo) 417. t(14;18) -- CF: Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation) 418. t(8;14) -- CF: Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)</p><p>419. t(9;22) -- CF: Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid) 420. von Recklinghausen's disease -- CF: Neurofibromatosis with café-au-lait spots 421. von Recklinghausen's disease of bone -- CF: Osteitis fibrosa cystica ("brown tumor")</p>