<p>BIO 392 Notes CELL GROWTH & DIVISION ch. 10</p><p>I. SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO A. Size is Important 1. Smaller is Better 2. The bigger the cell becomes… a. the more demands the cell places on its ______b. the more trouble moving enough ______across the cell membranes B. Exchanging Materials 1. Rate at which ______of wastes, nutrients, gases takes place depends on the surface of the cell a. Surface area = ______x ______x ______2. Rate at which nutrients and gases are ______and wastes are made depends on volume of the cell b. Volume = ______x ______x ______C. Surface to Volume ratio 1. Volume increases ______than surface area when a cell is growing a. Exchange of materials cannot keep up with the demand 2. Smaller cells have a ______surface area to volume ratio a. Means there is ______surface area for materials to fit into</p><p>II. Cell Division A. In order to stay the same size, cells must divide 1. Split in 2: ______2. Are EXACT copies of each other à ______3. Before dividing, the cell must duplicate everything ______so that everything is the same B. Prokaryotes are simpler (no organelles) 1. After DNA is copied, cell splits in two 2. Each new cell contains a copy of the DNA called ______3. Example of ______reproduction C. Cell Division in Eukaryotes Occurs in 2 main stages:  ______ ______</p><p>III. Chromosomes A. Structure that carry ______1. Made up of DNA and protein (______) 2. DNA coils very tightly à degree of coiling leads to whether DNA is ______B. Each eukaryote has a characteristic ______of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell. 1. Examples (singles, divided by 2 would be pairs) – Humans- ______– Dog- 78 – Housefly- 12 – Potato plant- 48 – Cat- 38 – Aspergillus (fungus)- 8 – Drosophia (fly) - _____ – What is a chromosome?</p><p>C. Degree of coiling 1. While the cell is “resting”, you cannot see the chromosomes: it is unwound a. Called ______2. While the cell is dividing, you can see the chromosomes a. Wound up b. Made of two ______connected by a ______IV. The Cell Cycle A. Overview 1. Occurs in ______cells 2. Definition  It is the period of time from the beginning ______3. Cell ______its contents so that it is ready to divide into 2 completely independent cells 4. The Cell Cycle</p><p>B. Consists of 4 phases 1. _____ à intense growth and activity; new proteins and organelles are produced 2. S phase à copying of ______3. _____ à intense growth and activity; new proteins and organelles are produced a. ______of the three phases 4. M phase – mitosis à the division of the cell ______</p><p>C. Cell Cycle Rates àCells do not move through the cell cycle at the same rate 1. Cells in a developing embryo replicate rapidly- _____ minutes 2. Average time of cell cycle- ______3. Lining of esophagus- 2-3 days Lining of small intestine- 1-2 days 4. Lining of large intestine- 6 days Red blood cells-120 days WBC- 10hrs-decades 5. Cell stops growing in ____ phase a. Once conditions are right, cell will leave G1 and go through S phase, G2, and M phase b. Some cells stop going through the cell cycle. i. They are permanently in the _____stage (normal cell function). ii. This stage is referred to as ______c. Cardiac muscle d. Nerve cells (most) e. Red blood cells D. M phase 1. Cell division a. Process in which the cell divides into two independent cells à ______2. Process is called ______in eukaryotes 3. and ______in prokaryotes MITOSIS Chapter 10-2 I. Mitosis  Time of cell division A. Divided into four main phases 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase </p><p>II. Cell Cycle Stages A. Prophase 1. ______of the four phases 2. Appearance of chromosomes a. Creation of ______b. Attached at the ______3. Nucleus undergoes several changes a. ______begins to breakdown 4. ______begins to form a. Series of microtubules that span the cell b. Purpose is to ______5. Chromosomes attach to the spindle at the ______a. In animals, spindle is created by the ______b. In plants, spindle is created between the ______i. Plants do not have centrioles </p><p>B. Metaphase 1. ______phase of mitosis 2. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell</p><p>C. Anaphase 1. Centromeres split a. Sister chromatids are pulled to the ______of the cell D. Telophase 1. ______breaks down 2. ______forms around the chromosomes again 3. Chromosomes ______again</p><p>II. Cytokinesis àProcess of the ______A. Animals 1. the cell pinches in ______B. Plants 1. a ______is created in the middle of the cell</p>