<p>AP GoPo Unit 1 Test Review Sheet</p><p>Documents: The Declaration of Independence – reflects Locke’s version of social contract theory The Articles of Confederation The Constitution Hobbes’ “The Leviathan” – natural state of man is war, self interest is to submit to gov’t. Locke’s Two Treatises – Reinforces Rousseau’s social contract theory Federalist Papers #10 and #51 – covers fear of factions and federalism / sep of pwers Chapter 2 Pluralism, elitism, hyperpluralism Problems Under the Articles of Confederation Shay’s Rebellion The Constitutional Convention:</p><p>Key Ideas of the Founders: Human nature – self interested Objects of Government – property needs to be protected Nature of Government – Montequieu’s separation of powers, checks and balances Fear of factions</p><p>Representation: The New Jersey Plan The Virginia Plan The Connecticut Compromise Dodges issues: slavery and political equality – table on page 45</p><p>3/5 Compromise Slave Trade Compromise</p><p>Running Elections & Property requirements for voting left to the states How the Constitution solved the problems of the Articles National Economic Powers – chart on page 24 Personal freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution: Habeus corpus bills of attainder ex post facto religious qualifications banned treason evidence trial by jury in criminal cases How Mob Rule was avoided:</p><p>Only one House of Reps open to “the mob”, 2 year terms Senate – 6 years, rotating terms, judges serve for life Separation of powers Checks and balances – see figures on page 49, 50 The Electoral College Change = slow process, multistep, checks and balances Ratification Federalists v. AntiFederalists</p><p>The Bill of Rights = limited government</p><p>Formal Amendment – see figure on page 56</p><p>Informal Processes of Constitutional Change Changing norms, technology, economic growth, complexity Judicial interpretation – Marbury v Madison Political parties Gradual democratization – more people can vote, more officials to elect</p><p>Chapter 3: Federalism – </p><p>Federal v.Unitary v. Confederate Authority systems – see table on page 71</p><p>Effects of Federalism: Decentralization Courts gain power Decentralizes policies – inconsistent across states, state=innovators (environment, min wage) More responsive to beliefs / attitudes at local Inconsistent treatment (ex: Public school funding) Disincentive for states to provide services (ex: home first movement in CA) Figure on page 95 showing growth of both state and fed government. Distribution of Powers – see table on page 75 Horizontal powers v. vertical powers</p><p>Tenth Amendment – see page 98</p><p>Eleventh amendment prevents citizens from suing the states (exception – civil rights, or where people have been deprived of constitutional rights / national law) see page 98</p><p>Supremacy Clause Implied powers – The elastic clause McCulloch v. Maryland Inherent Powers Commerce Clause – </p><p>1800-1870- Gibbons v. Ogden – broad definition to aid commerce, growth of nationalism 1870-1930 - Gilded Age – narrows definition to strike down regulation, growth of big business 1930-1968 - Depression + Civil Rights Era– courts broaden federal powers again 1968-2000 - Nixon – reassertion of state power – New Federalism –& “devolution” U.S. v. Lopez – cut down gun free school zones 2000- present – back to nationalism Ex: Affordable Care Act upheld, requiring you to buy insurance</p><p>State Obligations Full faith and credit – gay marriage example Extradition Privileges and Immunities State reserved Powers – police powers (ex: modern controversy over “sanctuary cities”)</p><p>Concurrent powers</p><p>Dual Federalism v. Cooperative Federalism</p><p>Examples of Cooperative federalism – shared costs, fed rules, state & fed admin</p><p>Fiscal Federalism</p><p>Categorical (project or formula) grants v. Block Grants Ex: NIH (National Institute for Health Research) – categorical (project)</p><p>Ex: Title 1 (funding to low income school systems) – categorical (formula)</p><p>Block Gran– favored by the states -give them max flexibility Unfunded mandates / waivers – ex: ADA, “Americans with Disabilities Act” requires all government buildings (fed, state and local) to have ramps for access w/o funding</p><p> ex: “No Child Left Behind” required standardized testing in grades 3, 8 and 10 but provided no funding to states. </p><p>Conflicted Federalism – ex: legalized marijuana in Colorado despite federal law against it.</p>