<p>Chapter 4: Biodiversity and Evolution</p><p>1. What is biodiversity and why is it important? 2. Define the following terms: species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity, functional diversity 3. Describe Darwin’s ideas on evolution by natural selection. 4. What is the name of Darwin’s book and what occurred to finally make him publish it? 5. How does evolution by natural selection work through mutations and adaptations? 6. What limitations are imposed on adaptations through natural selection? 7. Describe why the following three statements are incorrect: (a) “Survival of the fittest” means “survival of the strongest” (b) Organisms develop certain traits because they need them (c) Species are evolving towards perfection 8. What characteristics set the human species apart from every other organism on the planet? 9. Describe two ways in which geological processes influence evolution. 10. Why is Earth the perfect planet for life? 11. How can new species evolve? 12. Compare and contrast the following terms: reproductive isolation and geographic isolation 13. What is extinction? Can it be reversed? How can we avoid it? 14. What are the two components of species diversity and why is it important? 15. What is an ecological niche? 16. Why have cockroaches survived for millions of years? 17. Compare and contrast the following terms: generalist and specialist, native species and nonnative species, keystone species, foundation species and indicator species 18. The black market demand for shark fins has increased exponentially in the last few decades leading to overexploitation. What could happen if sharks were to go extinct and why?</p><p>Chapter 5: Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control</p><p>1. List and define the five major ways in which species interact. Give an example of each. 2. Instead of competing for resources, some species share. Describe this sharing. 3. Describe three ways in which predators can catch live prey. Describe five ways in which prey can escape. 4. What is coevolution and an example of it? 5. What are two types of reproductive patterns? 6. Compare and contrast the following terms: exponential growth and logistic growth 7. Can populations grow indefinitely? What limitations are there? 8. In what ways can population crashes occur? 9. Are humans exempt from population controls? Explain your answer. 10. What is ecological succession? Define the two types of ecological succession. 11. Does succession follow a predictable path? Explain your answer. 12. What are the limitations to living systems?</p>