9/19/2018 Dr. Hoch RGPL 103 Global Cities: Planning and Development Dr. Hoch Email: [email protected] 1 9/19/2018 2 9/19/2018 Earth’s Orbit Around Sun Aphelion Perihelion July 6 (12:00) Jan 3 (00:00) 152.5 Million Km 147.5 Mil. Km EARTH SUN Dates for 2010 Earth Rotation Earth’s axis N Pole Ecliptic Plane (Plane of earth revolution around sun) 23 1/2° 3 9/19/2018 Northern Hemisphere Seasons • Summer • North pole tilted toward Sun • Days are longer than the nights • Get more energy - higher temperatures •Fall • Neither pole tilted toward the Sun • Days about equal with nights • Less energy than in the summer • Cooler temperatures Northern Hemisphere Seasons cont. •Winter • North pole tilted away from the Sun • Days shorter than the nights • Get less energy-Cold temperatures • Spring • Neither pole tilted toward the Sun • Days about equal to nights • More energy than winter- Warmer temperatures 4 9/19/2018 Global regions • Tropics (23 ½°N ‐ 23 ½°S) • Low latitudes (30°N ‐ 30°S) • Mid latitudes (30°N ‐ 60°N and 30°S ‐ 60°S ) • High latitudes (60°N ‐ 90°N and 60°S ‐ 90°S ) 5 9/19/2018 Key positional relationships •Tropic of Cancer - 23 1/2° N •Highest latitude in the Northern Hemisphere that the suns vertical rays ever reach •Tropic of Capricorn- 23 1/2° S •Highest latitude in the Southern Hemisphere that the suns vertical rays ever reach •Arctic circle- 66 1/2° N •24 hrs of daylight-summer solstice •24 hrs of darkness at winter solstice •Antarctic circle- 66 1/2° S •24 hrs of daylight-winter solstice •24 hrs of darkness at summer solstice Circle of illumination 6 9/19/2018 Equinoxes and Solstices (2010) Day Date Sub‐solar Point Summer solstice June 21 23 1/2° N Autumnal equinox Sept 23 0° Winter solstice Dec 21 23 1/2° S Vernal equinox March 20 0° Equinox 7 9/19/2018 Solstices Solar Heating 1 3 = 33.3% Earth 1 1 = 100% SUN Higher latitudes get LESS ENERGY per unit of area 8 9/19/2018 Most of the Sun’s Energy is Received in the Equatorial Region of the Earth Global‐scale circulation system • The equatorial and tropical regions receive far more solar energy than the midlatitudes and polar regions • This heat energy is redistributed from warmer to colder areas by means of atmospheric air circulation (60%) and ocean currents (40%) 9 9/19/2018 Hypothetical non‐rotating earth circulation Idealized global circulation 10 9/19/2018 The global circulation model Consists of three ‘cells’ 1) Tropical cell 2) Midlatitude cell 3) Polar cell Midlatitude and subtropical jet streams 11 9/19/2018 Cross‐sectional view of jet streams BLUE arrows and lines represent areas or fronts of HIGH pressure and rotate clockwise RED arrows and lines represent areas or fronts of LOW pressure and rotate counter-clockwise Cyclic changes in upper air flow 12 9/19/2018 ITCZ World Map The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 13 9/19/2018 The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms, is the area encircling Earth near the Equator, where the northeast and southeast trade winds converge The location of the ITCZ gradually varies with the seasons, roughly corresponding with the location of the thermal equator As the heat capacity of the oceans is greater than air over land, migration is more prominent over land Over the oceans, where the convergence zone is better defined, the seasonal cycle is more subtle, as the convection is constrained by the distribution of ocean temperatures Worldwide Rainforest Depletion • Reported in 2012, more than 200,000 acres of rainforest are burned every day • That is more than 150 acres lost every minute of every day, or 78 million acres lost every year • More than 20 percent of the Amazon rainforest is already gone • More is severely threatened as he destruction continues 14 9/19/2018 Rainforests also help to stabilize Earth's climate They absorb carbon dioxide The reduce the effects of worldwide anthropogenic climate change They also home to about half of the species of plants and wildlife on the planet Tropic Of South East Cancer Asia Rain Forest Amazon Basin Rain Forest Congo Basin Tropic Rain Of Forest Capricorn https://news.mongabay.com/2014/12/tropical‐deforestation‐could‐disrupt‐rainfall‐globally/ 15 9/19/2018 Where is the world’s population? • Roughly 88 percent of the world’s population lives in the Northern Hemisphere, with about half north of 27 degrees north Rankin • Taking the northern and southern hemispheres together, on average the world’s Bill population lives 24 degrees from the equator CIA Factbook (2001) 16 9/19/2018 http://www.radicalcartography.net/ http://www.radicalcartography.net/ 17 9/19/2018 18 9/19/2018 19 9/19/2018 Global Population • Currently estimated to be 6,870,100,000 • The highest growth rate observed was during the 1950s, 60s and 70s, peaking in 1963 at 2.2% • US Census Bureau Projections show a steady decline in population growth rate • UN projections show a rise in growth rate US Census Bureau Total Global Population United Nations Developing vs. Developed http://gecon.yale.edu/ http://gecon.yale.edu/large-pixeled-contour-globe 20 9/19/2018 The World’s most Populated City Regions Rank Metropolitan area Country Population 1 Tokyo Japan 32,450,000 2 Seoul South Korea 20,550,000 3 Mexico City Mexico 20,450,000 4 New York City United States 19,750,000 5 Mumbai India 19,200,000 6 Jakarta Indonesia 18,900,000 7 São Paulo Brazil 18,850,000 8 Delhi India 18,600,000 9 Osaka‐Kobe‐Kyoto Japan 17,375,000 10 Shanghai People's Republic of China 16,650,000 Trends in population growth in Developing World • The world’s human population has increased nearly fourfold in the past 100 years • Each day 200,000 more people are added to the world food demand • It is projected to increase from 6.7 billion (2006) to 9.2 billion by 2050 – It took only 12 years for the last billion to be added, a net increase of nearly 230,000 new people each day, who will need housing, food and other natural resources • The largest population increase is projected to occur in Asia, particularly in China, India and Southeast Asia, accounting for about 60% and more of the world’s population by 2050 • The rate of population growth, however, is still relatively high in Central America, and highest in Central and part of Western Africa. – In relative numbers, Africa will experience the most rapid growth, over 70% faster than in Asia – In sub‐Saharan Africa, the population is projected to increase from about 770 million to nearly 1.7 billion by 2050 UN population Division, 2007 21 9/19/2018 What is the cause of such population growth in Developing World? • Intensified globalization • Resulting in rapid urban‐industrial capitalism • Clustering of producers and consumers results in urban agglomeration economies • This process leads to greater productivity and technological innovation • Thus, resulting in a snowball effect that stimulates urban industrial expansion • While there are many positives, the negatives spill over creating societal challenges and environmental consequences The Earth at Night Man‐made light shining at night is used as a metric to measure the amount of urban development 22 9/19/2018 23 9/19/2018 Central Place Theory • Provides a conceptual mechanism for understanding the role of the city as a service center. 24 9/19/2018 25 9/19/2018 26 9/19/2018 27 9/19/2018 28 9/19/2018 29 9/19/2018 30 9/19/2018 USA Deforestation 1620 ‐ 1925 31 9/19/2018 Boston, 1903 USGS 32 9/19/2018 Philadelphia 1898, USGS 1885 33 9/19/2018 Von Thunen’s Concentric Zone Theory of urban development Tysons Corner, Fairfax County, VA 34.