<p>Unit 3 Psychology – Revision of key knowledge</p><p>Area of study one: Mind, brain and body</p><p>Dot point one: </p><p>Concepts of normal waking consciousness and altered states of consciousness including daydreaming and alcohol- induced, in terms of level of awareness, content limitations, controlled and automatic processes, perceptual and cognitive distortions, emotional awareness, self-control and time orientation.</p><p>Key term Definition</p><p>Normal waking consciousness</p><p>Altered state of consciousness</p><p>Daydreaming </p><p>Alcohol induced</p><p>NORMAL WAKING CONSCIOUSNESS</p><p>Awareness </p><p>Content limitations</p><p>Controlled and automatic processes</p><p>Perceptual and cognitive distortions</p><p>Emotional awareness</p><p>Self-control</p><p>Time orientation</p><p>DAYDREAMING Awareness </p><p>Content limitations</p><p>Controlled and automatic processes</p><p>Perceptual and cognitive distortions</p><p>Emotional awareness</p><p>Self-control</p><p>Time orientation</p><p>ALCOHOL-INDUCED</p><p>Awareness </p><p>Content limitations</p><p>Controlled and automatic processes</p><p>Perceptual and cognitive distortions</p><p>Emotional awareness</p><p>Self-control</p><p>Time orientation</p><p>Dot point two: Sleep as an altered state of consciousness: purpose of sleep, characteristics and patterns of the stages of sleep including rapid eye movement (REM) and the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages of sleep.</p><p>Purpose of sleep Description</p><p>1.</p><p>2. </p><p>Describe the typical night’s sleep:</p><p>STAGES OF SLEEP</p><p>Stage Brainwaves Description (physical changes, duration, brainwaves)</p><p>Dot point three: Methods used to study the level of alertness in normal waking consciousness and the stages of sleep:</p><p>- Measurement of physiological responses including EEG, EMG, EOG, heart rate, body temperature and galvanic skin response (GSR)</p><p>- The use of sleep laboratories, video monitoring and self-reports</p><p>Method Description EEG</p><p>EMG</p><p>EOG</p><p>GSR</p><p>Heart rate</p><p>Body temperature</p><p>Sleep labs</p><p>Video monitoring</p><p>Self-reports</p><p>Difference between REM and NREM Method NREM REM EEG</p><p>EMG</p><p>EOG</p><p>Dot point four: </p><p>The effects of total and partial sleep deprivation:</p><p>- Loss of REM and NREM sleep</p><p>- Sleep recovery patterns including amount of sleep required, REM rebound and microsleeps</p><p>- Sleep-wake cycle shifts during adolescence compared with child and adult sleep including delayed onset of sleep and need for sleep</p><p>Partial sleep deprivation</p><p>Total sleep deprivation</p><p>SYMPTOMS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION</p><p>Physiological symptoms Psychological symptoms Sleep deprivation descriptions</p><p>Effects of loss of REM and NREM</p><p>Sleep needed after deprivation</p><p>REM Rebound</p><p>Microsleeps</p><p>Description of sleep-wake cycle shift :</p><p>SLEEP REQUIRMENTS (REM and NREM)</p><p>Infants/children</p><p>Adolescents</p><p>Adults</p><p>Elderly Dot point five:</p><p>The interaction between cognitive processes of the brain and its structure including:</p><p>- Roles of the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system (somatic and autonomic), and autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)</p><p>- Roles of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex in the control of motor, somatosensory, visual and auditory processing in humans; primary cortex and association areas</p><p>- Hemispheric specialisation: the cognitive and behavioural functions of the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex, non-verbal versus verbal and analytical functions</p><p>Description of the nervous system</p><p>Branch of the Nervous System Structures Function/Role</p><p>Central Nervous System (CNS)</p><p>Peripheral Nervous System</p><p>Somatic Nervous System</p><p>Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)</p><p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p><p>Parasympathetic Nervous System LOBES OF THE BRAIN</p><p>Lobe Description</p><p>Specialised area Lobe/Hemisphere Function</p><p>1.</p><p>2.</p><p>3.</p><p>4.</p><p>5.</p><p>6. HEMISPHERIC SPECIALISATION</p><p>Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere</p><p>Dot point six:</p><p>Contribution of studies to the investigation of cognitive processes of the brain and implications for the understanding of consciousness including:</p><p>- Studies of aphasia including Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia</p><p>- Spatial neglect caused by stroke or brain injury</p><p>- Split-brain studies including the work of Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga</p><p>Key term Definition</p><p>Aphasia</p><p>Broca’s aphasia</p><p>Wernicke’s aphasia</p><p>Spatial neglect FINDINGS OF SPLIT BRAIN STUDIES:</p><p>Area of study two: Memory</p><p>Dot point one:</p><p>Mechanism of memory formation:</p><p>- The neuron in memory formation including the role of axons, dendrites, synapses and neurotransmitters</p><p>- Role of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus and the amygdala</p><p>- Consolidation theory</p><p>- Memory decline over the lifespan</p><p>- Amnesia resulting from brain trauma and neurodegenerative diseases including dementia and Alzheimer’s disease</p><p>Key term Definition</p><p>Axon</p><p>Dendrite</p><p>Synapse</p><p>Neurotransmitter</p><p>Hippocampus</p><p>Amygdala</p><p>Consolidation theory Retrograde amnesia</p><p>Anterograde amnesia</p><p>Alzheimer’s disease</p><p>Changes to memory across the lifespan:</p><p>Causes of Alzheimer’s/ physical changes in the brain and memory systems affected:</p><p>Dot point two:</p><p>Models for explaining human memory:</p><p>- Atkinson-Shiffrin’s multistore model of memory including maintenance and elaborative rehearsal, serial position effect and chunking - Baddeley and Hitch’s model of working memory; central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer</p><p>- Levels of processing as informed by Craik and Lockhart</p><p>- Organisation of long-term memory including declarative (episodic and semantic) and procedural memory, and semantic network theory</p><p>Dot point three:</p><p>Strengths and limitations of theories of forgetting:</p><p>- Forgetting curve as informed by the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus</p><p>- Retrieval failure theory including tip-of-the-tongue phenomena</p><p>- Interference theory</p><p>- Motivated forgetting as informed by the work of Sigmund Freud including repression and suppression</p><p>- Decay theory</p><p>Dot point four:</p><p>Manipulation and improvement of memory:</p><p>- Measures of retention including the relative sensitivity of recall, recognition and relearning</p><p>- Use of context dependent cues and state dependent cues</p><p>- Mnemonic devices including acronyms, acrostics and narrative chaining</p><p>- Effect of misleading questions on eye-witness testimonies including the reconstructive nature of memory informed by the work of Loftus</p><p>Key term Definition</p><p>Recall</p><p>Recognition</p><p>Relearning</p><p>Context dependent cues State dependent cues</p><p>Acronyms</p><p>Acrostics</p><p>Narrative chaining</p>