<p>Organic Functional Groups: Summary of Presentations & Associated Reactions</p><p>Alcohols  General term “alcohol” in wine, beer etc is actually called ______ Organic chemistry term refers to any hydrocarbon with –OH fxn group  Naming alcohols is easy, IUPAC system places –ol suffix to end of molecule  Alcohols are slightly POLAR (due to electronegative O atom) and therefore dissolve in water  Larger alcohols (butanol, pentanol etc) have both polar/non-polar components and be used to dissolve both polar/non-polar solutes  Examples: methanol, menthol (peppermint), cholesterol (biologically important)  Alcohols are grouped as either: . primary C with –OH attached to 1 other carbon . secondary C with –OH attached to 2 other carbons . tertiary C with –OH attached to 3 other carbons</p><p>Reactions with Alcohols</p><p>1. Alkenes can be HYDRATED (reacted with water) to form alcohols</p><p>2. Alcohols in presence of acid catalyst can breakdown, DEHYDRATE (removal of water) top form Alkenes</p><p>3. Alcohols can be OXIDIZED into aldehydes and ketones (see under ketones)</p><p>4. A CONDENSATION reaction between two alcohols will produce an ETHER Ethers  Due to C-O-C bonds, ethers are more polar than alkanes, but LESS polar than alcohols  Ethers are prepared by DEHYDRATION rxn of two alcohols (see above)  Ethers are used to dissolve both polar and non-polar substances  Naming ETHERS: examples o Name each side of C-O-C bond; longest chain keeps alkane name, short chain gets alkane prefix “oxy” suffix.</p><p>Aldehydes and Ketones  -C=O fxn group creates polarity not as polar as alcohol, more polar than ethers  ketones are found as pheromones in various animal species; also acetone (nail-polish remover)  larger aldehydes are found in plants, create flowery odours  smaller aldehydes (example: formaldehyde used as preservative and anti-septic), unpleasant odour  naming aldehydes and ketones: examples o internal C=O, ketone, suffix –anone o terminal C=O, aldehyde, suffix -anal  Using molecules which donate oxygen atoms (summarized by (O) ), alcohols can be OXIDIZED to create aldehyde and ketone products for industrial use</p><p> Oxidation Reaction to produce aldehydes </p><p> Opposite reaction is hydrogenation of aldehydes into alcohols</p><p> Oxidation Reaction to produce ketones</p><p> Opposite reaction is hydrogenation of ketones into alcohols </p>