<p> Electronic Supplementary Material 1</p><p>Density and Spatial Distribution of Buffy-tufted-ear Marmosets (Callithrix aurita) in a </p><p>Continuous Atlantic Forest</p><p>5Darren Norris ∙ Fabiana Rocha-Mendes ∙ Renato Marques ∙ Rodrigo de Almeida Nobre ∙ </p><p>Mauro Galetti</p><p>Distribution and Coverage of Environmental Variables</p><p>To determine how well our extensive census encompassed the environmental gradients in the </p><p>10study areas we compared the distribution of the 6 environmental predictors used to determine </p><p> habitat suitability for Callithrix aurita between the area covered by our overall line-transect </p><p> survey effort and the sample area (Núcleo Cunha/Indaiá and Núcleo Santa Virgínia). </p><p>For our 4 continuous variables [(a) = EVI (enhanced vegetation index), (b) = NDVI </p><p>(normalized difference vegetation index), (c) = TWI (topographic wetness index), and (d) = </p><p>15DEM (digital elevation model)] we compared the probability distribution of the </p><p> environmental variables surveyed 1) over 877.7 km of diurnal line-transect census and 2) </p><p> throughout the sample area using the nonparametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. We used </p><p>Pearson’s χ2 test to compare the frequency distributions of our categorical variables [(e) = </p><p> land cover and (f) = vegetation class].</p><p>20</p><p>Electronic Supplementary Material 2</p><p>We derived a refined density estimate (Dr) for each grid cell by rescaling density estimates by</p><p> the habitat suitability index (HSI) calculated via MAXENT:</p><p>5</p><p> where is the lower 95% CI density estimate scaled to the cell size (in our case 4.61 </p><p> inds/km2 = 0.0041 inds/900 m2) and is the adjusted density obtained from: </p><p> where is the cell HSI value produced by MAXENT, HSImin is the lowest HSI value (in </p><p>10our case we chose 0.125 to represent a widespread starting point for a realized distribution),</p><p> is the range of HSI values from the region of interest (maximum HSI – HSImin) and </p><p> is the 95% CI range of density estimates scaled to cell size (upper 95% CI – lower 95% CI). </p><p>We then obtained an overall density by summing over the study area.</p><p>The process can be separated into 4 calculation steps:</p><p>15 1) Derive HSI map and establish minimum (starting) HSI value.</p><p>2) Convert range of 95% CI density estimates to correspond to the grid size. </p><p>5</p><p>3) Calculate density adjustment: .</p><p>= 0.0110 – 0.0041 = 0.0069 </p><p>= 0.8 – 0.2 = 0.6 = 0.0115</p><p>4) Calculate the refined density in the sample area. </p>