<p>NOTES Unit 3 part 5 : Joints and Types of Movements (Ch 8)</p><p>*Joints are functional junctions between bones. • Functions of Joints – They hold the skeletal bones together – Allow the rigid skeleton some flexibility so that gross movements can occur.</p><p> TYPES OF JOINTS</p><p>• Joints are classified by structure & by function – Functional classification is based on the ______1. Synarthroses 2. Amphiarthroses 3. Diarthroses – Structural classification focuses on the ______1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial</p><p>FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF JOINTS Functional Joint Type Movement? Root Word Definitions 1.Synarthroses: immovable joints 2.Amphiarthroses: slightly movable 3.Diarthroses: freely movable</p><p>STRUCTURAL TYPES OF JOINTS</p><p> FIBROUS JOINTS: • bones at fibrous joints are tightly joined by ______. • ______occurs at a fibrous joint • Example: the sutures between the flat bones of the skull *Because these is little to no movement, fibrous joints are functionally ______*</p><p> CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS: • a layer of hyaline cartilage, or ______, ______of cartilaginous joints • allow ______</p><p>• Example: the joints that separate the vertebrae *Because these is limited movement, cartilaginous joints are functionally ______*  SYNOVIAL JOINTS: • ______are synovial joints • allow ______• Synovial joints have 7 characteristic structures: </p><p>• bones at synovial joints are covered with ______(“articular cartilage”) and ______• the joint capsule consists of an outer layer of ligaments and an inner lining of ______(which secretes ______to lubricate the joint). • some synovial joints have flattened, ______of fibrocartilage called ______between the articulating surfaces of the bones • some synovial joints may also have ______, which are fluid-filled sacs located between the skin and the underlying bony prominences. • Example: at the knee joint, the patella is sandwiched between 2 bursae.</p><p>• Most synovial joints also have ligaments, which are strong cords of dense, white fibrous connective tissue which grow between bones and bind them together (makes the joint more stable than with a joint capsule alone) Ex: ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL of knee joint</p><p> TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS: • ______: Head of 1 bone articulates with cuplike socket of another Ex: • ______: oval articular surface of 1 bone fits into a concavity in another Ex: • ______: allow only short slipping or gliding movements Ex: • ______: cylindrical projection of 1 bone fits into a trough-shaped surface of another Ex: • ______: rounded end of 1 bone protrudes into a ring of bone of another (ex: atlas & dens of axis) Ex: • ______: resemble condyloid joints but allow greater freedom of movement Ex:</p><p> MOVEMENTS ALLOWED BY SYNOVIAL JOINTS • muscles fastened on either side of a joint produce movements of synovial joints. • typically, one end of a muscle is attached to a relatively immovable or fixed part on one side of a joint, and the other end of the muscle is fastened to a movable part on the other side</p><p> SYNOVIAL JOINT MOVEMENTS INCLUDE… • flexion extension • extension</p><p> flexion</p><p>• dorsiflexion • plantar flexion</p><p>• hyperextension</p><p>• abduction • adduction</p><p>• rotation</p><p>• circumduction</p><p>• pronation • supination</p><p>• eversion • inversion</p><p>• retraction • protraction • elevation • depression</p>