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Notes Prologue 1. Ann Markusen, “Urban Development and the Politics of the Creative Class,” Environment and Planning 38: 1928. 2. Memory’s Caretaker, Text and Performance Quarterly 24.2 (2002): 161–181. The Great Chittlin Debate, with Kitty Williams, in Jump-Start Playworks (San Antonio: Wings Press, 2004), 165–190. Quinceañera, with Alberto Antonio “Beto” Araiza, Michael Marinez and Danny Bolero Zaldivar, in The Color of Theater, ed., Roberta Uno and Luci Mae Sao Paolo Burns (London: Continuum, 2002), 261–302. 3. Chris Williams, “Group Says Arts Cut Actually Targeted Gays,” San Antonio Express-News, September 19, 1997; David Anthony Richelieu, “Council’s Art Attack Echoes with History,” ibid, September 21, 1997; Susan Yerkes, “First They Rob Peter—Now They Mug Paul,” ibid, August 29, 1997. In a move that would resonate with the general tone of the culture wars, press accounts at the time followed the councilman’s extra-marital affairs, particularly his attempts to be recognized as the father of a child by a woman who was not his now former wife. Despite the fact that the politician had risen to prominence as an aide to former Mayor Henry Cisneros, a liberal, my colleagues and I often read his attacks as an attempt to shore up a conservative base. We relied on this notion to explain the number of self-identified Christian counterprotestors at “citizens to be heard” meetings, yet the Esperanza trial would bring out a stronger divide in the city. See Chris Anderson and Travis E. Poling, “Marbut Is in Dispute over Visitation Rights,” ibid, March 15, 1998; Rick Casey, “Beyond Weakness: The Marbut Affair,” ibid, September 26, 1999. 4. In an essay posted online, Esperanza Center lead attorney, Amy Kastely, describes the ruling’s significance for marginalized communities and its relationship to the Supreme Court’s ruling on The National Endowment for the Arts et al. v. Finley et al. in 1996. See “Our Chosen Path: Esperanza vs. The City of San Antonio,” Esperanza Peace & Justice Center, September 16, 2013, http:// <a href="/goto?url=http://www.esperanzacenter.org/cityofsatodos_fs.htm" target="_blank">www.esperanzacenter.org/cityofsatodos_fs.htm. </a> 5. Sara Jarrett, “Dancers Working: Mile-High Majesty,” Pointe, May 2001, 28. The partnership of the two companies was not unprecedented. As early as 1983, the Cincinnati Ballet and the New Orleans ballet formed a “sister city” alliance. Jack Anderson, “David Mcclain, 51, Cincinnati Ballet Director,” The New Y o rk Times<a href="/goto?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/16/" target="_blank">, December 16, 1984. http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/16/ </a>obituaries/david-mclain-51-cincinnati-ballet-s-director.html. 6. I use the term altruism here because altruism and its discontents provide an excellent pivot from which to understand fundamental issues facing the artists in the United States. Robert Trivers’ (1971) notion of “reciprocal altruism” (aka “tit for tat”) explains how individuals respond in kind 147 148 Notes to perceived and real acts of kindness. Robert Trivers, Natural Selection and Social Theory: Selected Papers of Robert Trivers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). 7. Cost disease explains how the successful growth of arts organizations causes them to expand beyond their capacity to sustain the organization. William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen, Performing Arts, the Economic Dilemma: A Study of Problems Common to Theater, Opera, Music, and Dance (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1966); Gregory Besharov, “The Outbreak of the Cost Disease: Baumol and Bowen’s Founding of Cultural Economics” History of Political Economy 37.3 (2005). 1 Introduction: Performing Policy 1. Steven J. Tepper and Stephanie Hinton, “The Measure of Meetings: Forums, Deliberations, and Cultural Policy,” Working Paper 27 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, 2003), 3. Emphases original. 2. MariaRosarioJackson,“TheArtistandtheirPublicsinCross-SectoralProjects— Lessons Learned and Future Questions.” Keynote Address, Leadership in the Arts Summit,” University of Houston, April 5, 2014. 3. Roberto Bedoya, U.S. Cultural Policy: Its Politics of Participation, Its Creative Potential (New Orleans: The National Performance Network, 2004). Holly Sidford, Fusing Arts, Culture, and Social Change (Washington, DC: National Commitee for Responsible Philanthropy, 2011). Maria Rosario Jackson, Developing Artist-Driven Spaces in Marginalized Communities: Reflections and Implications for the Field (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2012). 4. J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with W o rds, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975), 6. 5. Diana Taylor, The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003), 12. 6. Thesecategories,moreexpansivelydefinedas“writers;visualartists(including filmmakers and photographers); musicians; and performing artists (including actors, directors, choreographers, dancers),” represent four subgroups defined under US Census Bureau of Labor Statistics Codes. Ann Markusen, “Urban Development and the Politics of a Creative Class: Evidence from a Study of Artists,” Environment and Planning 38 (2006): 1925. 7. Jackson, Developing Artist Driven Spaces in Artist-Driven Communities, 2. 8. Writes Bhabha: “The language of critique is effective not because it keeps forever separate the terms of the master and the slave, the mercantilist and the Marxist, but to the extent to which it overcomes the given grounds of opposition and opens up a space of translation: a place of hybridity, figuratively speaking, where the construction of a political object that is new, neither the one nor the other, properly alienates our political expectations, and changes, as it must, the very forms of our recognition of the moment of politics.” See Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994), 37. Emphasis mine. 9. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 2000), 145. Notes 149 10. Holly Sidford, Laura Lewis Mandeles, and Alan Rapp, Cornerstones (New York: Leveraging Investments in Creativity, 2013), 34–35. See also http:// <a href="/goto?url=http://www.paifoundation.org" target="_blank">www.paifoundation.org. See also Maria Rosario Jackson, </a>Building Community: Making Space for Art (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2011), 9. 11. In deference to his project, I wish to point out that Garcia Canclini’s book more directly addresses the circumstances in Latin America “to develop a more plausible interpretation of the contradictions and the failures of our modernization”; however, I would argue his greater project relates directly to the circumstances faced by US artists as cultural practitioners. See Hybrid Cultures, trans. Christopher L. Chiappari and Silvia Lopez (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 2–3. 12. John Kreidler, “Leverage Lost: Evolution in the Non-profit Arts Ecosystem,” in The Politics of Culture: Policy Perspectives for Individuals, Institutions, and Communities, ed. Gigi Bradford, Michael Gary, and Glenn Wallach (New York: New Press, 2000), 147–168. 13. See Carl Grodach and Michael Seman, “The Cultural Economy in Recession: Examining the US Experience,” Cities 33 (2012): 13. 14. Wally Cardona, “Success in 10 Minutes or Less: Reflections on Life and Work as a Contemporary Artist,” Dance from the Campus to the Real W o rld (and Back Again): A Resource Guide for Artists, Faculty, and Students, 128–131. Ed. Suz<shapeText></shapeText>anne Callahan. Washington, DC: Dance/USA, 2005, 130–131. 15. See Ann Markusen et al., Crossover: How Artists Build Careers across Commercial, Non-profit and Community W o rk (Minneapolis: Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, 2006), 11–20. 16. Essig, Linda. “Not about the Benjamins: Arts Entrepreneurship in Research, Education,andPractice.”KeynoteAddress,ArtsBusinessResearchSymposium, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, March 13, 2014. Essig’s text can be <a href="/goto?url=http://creativeinfrastructure" target="_blank">found on her blog, “Creative Infrastructure.” http://creativeinfrastructure. </a>org/2014/03/19/the-ouroboros-last-good-business-practices-and-the-arts/ 17. Essig also resists this dichotomy by arguing that artists who show good practices may do so to support the social and cultural goals of their project as much as the economically prosperous ends. Ibid. See also Paul Bonin-Rodriguez, “What’s in a Name? Typifying Artist Entrepreneurship in Community-Based Training,” Artivate: A Journal of Entrepreneurship in the Arts, 1.1 (2012), http:// <a href="/goto?url=http://www.artivate.org/?p=115" target="_blank">www.artivate.org/?p=115 </a> 18. For an assessment of the unique role artists play as cultural entrepreneurs, as well as the challenges they face, see Ann Markusen, “How Cities Can Nurture Cultural Entrepreneurs,” Policy brief for the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Mayor’s Conference on Entrepreneurship, Kansas City, MO, <a href="/goto?url=http://www.kauffman.org/what-" target="_blank">November 20, 2013. Accessed April 12, 2013, http://www.kauffman.org/what- </a>we-do/research/2013/11/how-cities-can-nurture-cultural-entrepreneurs 19. “The Artist as Public Intellectual,” in The Politics of Culture: Policy Perspectives for Individuals, Institutions, and Communities, 240–241. See also Caron Atlas, “How Arts and Culture Can Advance a Neighborhood-Centered Progressive Agenda,” in Toward a 21st Century for All: Progressive Policies for New Y o rk City in 2013 and Beyond (New York: Arts & Democracy Project). Accessed May 1, <a href="/goto?url=http://21c4all.org/culture" target="_blank">2014, http://21c4all.org/culture </a>150 Notes 20. Jackson, Building Community, Making Space for Art, 6. See also Maria Rosario Jackson, “Revisiting the Themes from the ‘Investing in Creativity’ Study: Support for Artists Pursuing Hybrid Work,” in W o rkforce Forum (Washington, <a href="/goto?url=http://www.nea.gov/research/Workforce-Forum/PDF/" target="_blank">DC: NEA, 2009), http://www.nea.gov/research/Workforce-Forum/PDF/ </a>Jackson.pdf 21. Jan Cohen-Cruz, Engaging Performance: Theatre as Call and Response (London and New York: Routledge, 2010), 74. See also James Bau Graves, Cultural Democracy: the Arts, Community, and Public Purpose (Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2005). 22. Liz Lerman, Hiking the Horizontal (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press), 157. 23. See Grant Kester’s writing on Park Fiction, the public part installation in Hamburg, Germany. In The One and the Many: Contemporary Collaborative Art in a Global Context (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2011), 204–210. 24. See Kester’s writing on Nalpar (Water Pump Site). Ibid., 76–84. 25. Ibid., 5. 26. Shannon Jackson, Social W o rks: Performing Art, Supporting Publics (New York: Routledge, 2011), 14. 27. Lewis Hyde, The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern W o rld, 2nd ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 2007), xvi. Hyde’s thinking and writing has been critical to the formation of the Creative Capital Foundation. See Lewis Hyde, “Being Good Ancestors: Reflections in Arts Funding since World War II.” Kenyon Review 3.1 (2008): 5–18. 28. Alice Bernstein and Margaret B. Wilkerson in “Introduction: Why Artists Need More than Creativity to Survive,” in Maria Rosario Jackson et al., Investing in Creativity: A Study of the Support Structure for US Artists (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2003), i. 29. Richard Caves, Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 6. 30. Deborah Hay, Interview with Artist, April 25, 2014. 31. MargoJefferson,“WordstotheWisePerformanceArtist:GetHelp.Collaborate, Grow,” New Y o rk Times<a href="/goto?url=http://www" target="_blank">, January 1, 2005. Accessed May 1, 2014. http://www. </a>nytimes.com/2005/01/01/theater/newsandfeatures/01jeff.html?_r=0 <a href="/goto?url=http://www" target="_blank">32. Sam Miller, Interview with Author, April 11, 2014. See also http://www. </a>hampshire.edu/academics/curate.htm, Accessed date May 29, 2014 33. Jill Dolan, Geographies of Learning (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2001), 135. 34. Jill Dolan, “Introduction: A Certain Kind of Successful,” in Peggy Shaw, Menopausal Gentleman: The Solo Performances of Peggy Shaw, ed. Jill Dolan (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2011), 9. 35. Ibid., 1. See Sue-Ellen Case, “Introduction,” in Split Britches: Lesbian Practice, Feminist Performance, ed. Sue-Ellen Case (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), 1–34. 36. In “What Is an Author?” Foucault establishes the linguistic and social formations that enabled his study of institutions in Discipline and Punish (1966, trans. 1970) in The Foucault Reader, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 101–120. Foucault (1998) also observes, “Discourse can be both an instrument and an effect of power, but also a hindrance, a stumbling point Notes 151 of resistance and a starting point for an opposing strategy. Discourse transmits and produces power; it reinforces it, but also...renders it fragile and makes it possible to thwart.” In The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge (London, Penguin), 100–101. 37. Holly Sidford, Laura Lewis Mandeles, and Alan Rapp, Cornerstones (New York: Leveraging Investments in Creativity), 52–53. 38. Borrowing a phrase already operating in this book, Bourdieu is a “crossover” figure in the humanities and the social sciences, the greater academic divisions that I address. Writing between the 1960s and the turn of the century, Bourdieu’s work was coterminous with the period I write about. Coming at a dynamic moment in the development of critical theory in the humanities, it draws from many of the same impulses as the work of Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault, whose works address the power dynamics at work in human communication and organization and the social processes undergirding cultural production. Bourdieu’s work continues to inform the fields of anthropology, philosophy, politics, and economics, and particularly the arts and education. First introduced in Bourdieu’s study of the relationship between aesthetics and class, Distinction (1979), the forms were clarified and amended in later works such as “The Forms of Capital” (1983), which Bourdieu identified the forms as having resulted from his study of the relationship between education and class access. In a later work, The Rules of Art (1996), Bourdieu argued that art is integrally tied to social relations from its access. Pierre Bourdieu, “The Forms of Capital,” in Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, ed. John G. Richardson (New York: Greenwood Press, 1986), 241–258. 39. The notion of “weak ties” from network theory describes how acquaintances made with individuals who have different alliances and forms of knowledge serve as bridges to “the outside world.” See Albert-Laszlo Barabasi, Linked (New York: Plume, 2003), 41–43. 40. Susan Bordo, Unbearable W e ight: Feminism, W e stern Culture, and the Body (Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1993), 165. 41. Robin Bernstein, Racial Innocence (New York and London: New York University Press, 2011), 11–12. 42. Kevin F. McCarthy et al., The Performing Arts: Trends and Their Implications (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp, 2001), xx. 43. Caves, Creative Industries, 6. 44. Frank Fischer and Herbert Gottweis, “Introduction: The Argumentative Turn Revisited,” in The Argumentative Turn Revisited: Public Policy as Communicative Practice, ed. Frank Fischer and Herbert Gottweis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012), 1–3. 45. Maria Rosario Jackson et al., Investing in Creativity: A Study of the Support Structure for US Artists (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2003). 46. Taylor, 19–20. I take up some of these ideas and themes in a recent article, “The Staged Business of Writing for/about Art: Artists in Public Practice.” In Theatre Topics 16, no. 1 (2014): 25–37. 47. Taylor, 19–20. 48. Ibid. 49. Ibid., 2–3. 50. Ibid, 22. 152 Notes 51. Ibid., 28. 52. Ibid., 29–32. 53. Ibid, 20. 54. Separately, W. B. Worthen (2008) and Rebecca Schneider (2011) have criticized Taylor for reinscribing age-old dichotomies between body and text long dismissed by performance studies, or giving too much credence to text’s capacity to maintain its dominance over unruly bodies, respectively. My use of Taylor’s work in this study mediates those claims by following upon Bordo’s assertion that discourses are inscribed through repeated practice. See Rebecca Schneider, Performing Remains Art and W a r in Times of Theatrical Reenactment (New York: Routledge, 2011). W. B. Worthen, “Antigone’s Bones,” TDR: The Drama Review 52, no. 3 (2008). I am grateful to D. J. Hopkins for making me more aware of the distinctions. 55. BetsyPeterson, “CulturalPolicyResearchintheUnitedStates:AnIntroduction to Studies and Articles Relevant to Folk Arts and Traditional Culture.” (Supported by the Public Programs Section of the American Folklore Society, <a href="/goto?url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/13425" target="_blank">2011). https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/handle/2022/13425 </a>56. McCarthy et. al., The Performing Arts in a New Era, xvii–xxv. 57. Todd London, with Ben Pesner and Zannie Giraud Voss, Outrageous Fortune (New York: Theatre Development Fund, 2009). 58. Maria Rosario Jackson, Joaquin Herranz, and Florence Kabwasa-Green, Art and Culture in Communities: Unpacking Participation (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2003); Maria Rosario Jackson and Joaquin Herranz, Culture Counts in Communities: A Framework for Measurement (Urban Institute, 2002); Jackson, Herranz, and Kabwasa-Green, Art and Culture in Communities: Unpacking Participation; Art and Culture in Communities: Systems of Support (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2003); Art and Culture in Communities: A Framework for Measurement (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2003); Maria Rosario Jackson, Florence Kabwasa-Green, and Joaquin Herranz, Cultural Vitality in Communities: Interpretation and Indicators (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2006). See also F. Javier Torres, “Revisiting Research: Art and Culture in Communities: Unpacking Participation,” Grantmakers in the Arts Reader 23, no. 3 (2012). 59. Since 1982, the National Endowment for the Arts has conducted the “Survey of Public Participation in the Arts.” The data findings of these surveys provide researchers and arts organizers with information about consumption habits, including consumption through electronic media (like online media, videogames, and music listening), movie-going, art making and sharing, voluntary reading, art classes, and attending live performances or visual arts events. The survey provides one measure of cultural vitality. While its findings are enlightening, the Survey’s reliance on precedent—on adhering to categories that can be compared across years—also challenges nuanced thinking about how and where art is made and consumed. Highlights from the most recent survey (2012) can be found at “Survey of Public Participation in the Arts,” in Research Report #57 (Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts, <a href="/goto?url=http://arts.gov/sites/default/files/highlights-from-2012-SPPA.pdf" target="_blank">2012), http://arts.gov/sites/default/files/highlights-from-2012-SPPA.pdf </a> 60. In addition to creating a framework for measurement, these studies argued for the recognition of cultural participation as part of “community ‘qualityof-life’ measurement systems” common to housing and urban policymaking. In 2012, Grantmakers in the Arts, a national organization that supports arts Notes 153 philanthropy and research, decided to “dust off these policy reports” to assess how critical they have been to contemporary arts and culture organizing. See Alexis Frasz, “New Perspectives in Research: Revisiting Landmark Reports.” Grantmakers in the Arts Reader 23, no. 3 (2012). 61. Kevin F. McCarthy et al., Gifts of the Muse: Reframing the Debate About the Benefits of the Arts (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp., 2004). 62. Gifts of the Muse also sought to embrace more “expressive logics” that creative expression was critical to everyday life; it had historically been recognized as critical to America’s social and cultural wellbeing. See Joli Jensen, “Expressive Logic: A New Premise in Arts Advocacy,” The Journal of Management, Law, and Society 33, no. 1 (2003). 63. Maria Rosario Jackson et al., Investing in Creativity, (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2003), 2. 64. See Ann Markusen et al., Crossover, 11–20. 65. Jackson, et al., 35–36. <a href="/goto?url=http://creative-capital/about" target="_blank">66. See Creative Capital. About. http://creative-capital/about. See USA Artists. </a> <a href="/goto?url=http://www.unitedstatesartists.org/about" target="_blank">About. http://www.unitedstatesartists.org/about </a> 67. See Leveraging Investments in Creativity<a href="/goto?url=http://lincnet.net" target="_blank">. About. http://lincnet.net. Last </a>accessed November 9, 2013. According to LINC President, Sam Miller, the LINC archive will remain online until May, 2014. Interview with author. 68. Crowd-source funding mechanisms demonstrate distinct approaches to the market. To leverage buy-in from patrons, both Amazon and US Artists take an “all or nothing” approach, requiring fundraisers to reach minimum pledge goals before actually charging donors. The direct and broad requests for funds made by artists through these programs make discussions about the funding of arts an urgent, even intimate, matter in public culture. 69. Jo Becker, “An Evangelical Is Back from Exile, Lifting Romney,” The New Y o rk Times, 22 September 2012. Catherine Otterman, “Catholic Leader Is Turned Away at Exhibit He Deemed Offensive,” ibid., September 28, 2012.

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