<p>GEOS 670: Selected Topics In Volcanology Magma Storage and Ascent Processes in the Earth’s Crust Tues and Thurs. 9:45-11:15 am; Room 306 Reichardt Office hours: Mondays 9:45-10:45 am, or by appointment</p><p>Prof. Jessica F. Larsen Rm. 344 Reichardt Bldg. Dept. of Geology and Geophysics Univ. of AK, Fairbanks 474-7992 [email protected]</p><p>Introduction: </p><p>Volcano observatories employ interdisciplinary groups of volcanologist to monitor and understand active volcanic processes. This seminar is designed to provide critical background to volcanology graduate students in a variety of disciplines, on the topics of magma storage and ascent as applied to understanding volcano monitoring and volcanic processes. My goal is for each student to take away a better understanding of how different disciplines within the volcanology realm constrain magma storage conditions and ascent rates, with the main focus on arc volcanoes in Alaska. The research papers chosen for discussion are aimed to guide students to think critically about how magma storage and ascent processes are measured, identify outstanding problems and understand the limitations of the models, and ultimately how volcanologists use the research to guide and inform discussion and decision making during volcano monitoring and eruption crises.</p><p>Instructional Methods:</p><p>GEOS 670 is a seminar based around reading current volcanology papers. The class will meet during two 1.5 hour sessions each week, with graded participation, writing, and presentation assignments. Each week, we will read 2 to 4 papers relevant to the sub-topics listed in the syllabus. </p><p>Goals and Learning Outcomes: The purpose of the class is largely to improve your own thesis research through fostering interdisciplinary reading, discussions, and complete writing and presentation assignments based on assimilating the class readings. The student should focus on demonstrating the ability to:</p><p>-Interact as a member of an interdisciplinary group -Actively participate in discussing the weekly readings in class, by developing and discussing critical questions based on the weekly readings -Understand and connect the course materials with their own research -Write one (2.0 credit) or two (3.0 credit) short research papers incorporating the course materials into their own research or connecting the course readings with a critical, outstanding question in volcanology (with instructor approval) -Give articulate, well-organized oral presentation(s) to the class and instructor that outlines the salient points covered in their research papers. </p><p>Grading and Requirements: The mid-term and final research papers (2 and 3 credit students) will be short (~10-15 pages, 1.5 line spacing, including figures and tables, but not including references) and should ideally be directly related to your own research. Do not exceed 15 pages, and make sure each paper is at least 7 pages long. The goal with these assignments is to help you improve your research through writing practice as well as incorporating what we learn in the class in a useful way into your thesis (or other) research. For assignment grading criteria, please see the rubric attached to the syllabus. The presentations (all students) will be group activities, and you will be loosely divided into groups of 3 students each, segregated based on the number of credits you elected for this class. In order to keep the student responsibilities clear, it works best if we organize the presentation groups into those taking 2 or 3 credits and those taking 1 credit. Student assignment responsibilities are listed below: This class will be letter graded. Grading will be based on student participation in class discussions, mid-term, and final projects as follows:</p><p>Credit load and grading criteria 3.0 –2 group presentations, class participation, 2 short research papers 3.0 credit grading criteria: Class participation (20 % of total grade) Mid-term research paper – Magma Storage (20%) Final research paper – Magma Ascent (20 %) Presentation 1 (20 %) Presentation 2 (20 %)</p><p>2.0 –2 group presentations, class participation, 1 short research paper 2.0 credit grading criteria: Class participation (25 % of total grade) Final research paper – Magma Storage or Ascent (25 %) Presentation 1 (25 %) Presentation 2 (25 %)</p><p>1.0 –1 group presentation, class participation (no research paper) 1.0 credit grading criteria: Class participation (50 % of total grade) Presentation 1 (50 %) (I know this is a little lopsided, but for only one credit, its hard to set up for a letter grade!!)</p><p>Class Schedule and Reading Assignments:</p><p>Thurs. Sept 2 – Introduction, logistics, course description, expectations. A brief description and discussion of the magma chamber concept -Bachmann and Bergantz, 2008 (review – current models) -Parfitt and Wilson, Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology, 2008: Chapter 4 – Magma Storage</p><p>Week 1 (Sept 7 and 9) - The underpinnings of arc magmatic processes: Sept. 7: Grove et al., 2006 and 2009: New models for arc magma generation Sept. 9: Annen et al., 2006; Power et al., 2004: Deep crustal storage/hot zones</p><p>Week 2 (Sept 14 and 16) - Natural petrology constraints: Melt inclusions Sept 14: Wallace 2005 Sept. 16: Zimmer PhD Thesis, Chapter 3</p><p>Presentation groups must sign up for their day(s) and submit their choice of target volcano/topic by Sept. 16th.</p><p>Week 3 (Sept 21 and 23) Experimental constraints and synthesis Sept 21: Coombs and Gardner, 2001; Hammer et al., 2002; Novarupta/Katmai magma storage Sept 23: Rutherford et al., 1985 vs Cashman and McConnell, 2005; Mount St Helens Experiment versus nature</p><p>Week 4 (Sept 28 and 30) Geodesy Sept. 28: Jeff Guest lecture with papers Sept 30: Group presentation and discussion</p><p>Week 5 (Oct 5 and 7) Seismology Oct. 5: Mike W guest lecture with papers Oct. 7: Group presentation and discussion</p><p>Week 6 (Oct 12 and 14) Case Study: Okmok volcano, Alaska -Mann et al., 2002 -Masterlark et al., 2010 -Izbekov, unpub. Data</p><p>Week 7 (Oct 19 and 21) Oct. 19: Student’s Choice, Magma Storage Issues: A time to catch up on what YOU want to read Oct. 21: Group presentation and discussion</p><p>Week 8 (Oct 26 and 28) Conceptual models of volcanic plumbing systems; Magma ascent dynamics Oct. 26: Scandone et al., 2007 Oct. 28: Group presentation and discussion</p><p>Week 9 (Nov 2 and 4) Petrologic indicators of magma ascent: Amphibole and plagioclase -Rutherford, 2008 Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 69, Chapter 7 -Geschwind and Rutherford, 1995; Plagioclase microlites -Browne and Gardner, 2006; Amphibole reaction rims</p><p>Week 10 (Nov 9 and 11) Numerical models of magma ascent Nov. 9: Gonnermann and Manga, 2007 Nov. 11: Group presentation and discussion</p><p>Week 11 (Nov 16 and 18) Degassing and volcano monitoring implications Nov. 16: Wallace, 2001; Volcanic SO2 and magma Nov. 16: Sharma et al., 2004; Excess sulfur problem (this reference may change…) Nov. 18: Select chapters from “Volcanic Degassing”, Geological Society of London</p><p>Week 12 (Nov 23) Nov. 23: Group presentation and discussion</p><p>Week 13 (Nov 30 and Dec 2) Geophysics and Eruption Forecasting Nov. 30: Sparks, 2003; Forecasting volcanic eruptions Dec 2: Roman and Cashman, 2006; Origin of VT swarms Chouet, 1996; LP swarms</p><p>Week 14 (Dec. 7 and 9) Magma-earthquake generation Dec 7: Tuffen et al., 2008 and Lavallee et al., 2008; Lava fracturing Dec 9: Group presentation and discussion </p><p>Reading list (note-subject to revisions):</p><p>Annen, C., J. Blundy, and R. Sparks (2006), The genesis of intermediate and silicic magmas in deep crustal hot zones, Journal of Petrology, 47(3), 505-539. Bachmann, O., and G. Bergantz (2008), The magma reservoirs that feed supereruptions, Elements, 4(1), 17-21.</p><p>Browne, B., and J. Gardner (2006), The influence of magma ascent path on the texture, mineralogy, and formation of hornblende, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 246, 161-176.</p><p>Cashman, K. V., and S. M. McConnell (2005), Multiple levels of magma storage during the 1980 summer eruptions of Mount St. Helens, WA, Bull Volcanol, 68(1), 57-75.</p><p>Chouet, B.A. (1996) Long-period volcano seismicity: its source and use in eruption forecasting, Nature, 380, 309-316.</p><p>Coombs, M.L., and J.E. Gardner (2001) Shallow-storage conditions for the rhyolite of the 1912 eruption at Novarupta, Alaska, Geology, 29, 775-778.</p><p>Geschwind, C.H., and M.J. Rutherford (1995) Crystallization of microlites during magma ascent: the fluid mechanics of 1980-1986 eruptions at Mt St Helens, Bulletin of Volcanology, 57, 356-370.</p><p>Gonnermann, H., and M. Manga (2006), The fluid mechanics inside a volcano, Annual Reviews or Fluid Mechanics, 39, 321-356. </p><p>Grove, T., N. Chatterjee, S. Parman, and E. Medard (2006), The influence of H2O on mantle wedge melting, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 249(1-2), 74-89.</p><p>Grove, T., C. Till, E. Lev, N. Chatterjee, and E. Medard (2009), Kinematic variables and water transport control the formation and location of arc volcanoes, Nature, 459(7247), 694-697.</p><p>Hammer, J.E., M.J. Rutherford, and W. Hildreth (2002) Magma storage prior to the 1912 eruption at Novarupta, Alaska, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 144, 144-162.</p><p>Lavallee, Y., P.G. Merredith, D.B. Dingwell, K.-U. Hess, J. Wassermann, B. Cordonnier, A. Gerik, and J.H. Kruhl (2008) Seismogenic lavas and explosive eruption forecasting, Nature, 453, 507-510.</p><p>Mann, D., J. Freymueller, and Z. Lu (2002), Deformation associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B4), 2072.</p><p>Masterlark, T., M. Haney, H. Dickinson, T. Fournier, and C. Searcy (2010), Rheologic and structural controls on the deformation of Okmok volcano, Alaska: FEMs, InSAR, and ambient noise tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 115(B2), 1-22. Parfitt, E.A., and L. Wilson (2008) Fundamentals of physical volcanology, Chapter 4: Magma Storage, Blackwell, Oxford, 2008. Paperback, 256 pages, ISBN: 978-0-632- 05443-5</p><p>Power, J., S. Stihler, R. White, and S. Moran (2004), Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian arc volcanoes; 1989-2002, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 138(3-4), 243-266.</p><p>Roman, D.C., and K.V. Cashman (2006) The origin of volcano-tectonic earthquake swarms, Geology, 34, 457-460.</p><p>Rutherford, M. J. (2008), Magma Ascent Rates, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 69(1), 241-271.</p><p>Rutherford, M.J., H. Sigurdsson, S. Carey, and A. Davis (1985) The May 18, 1980 Eruption of Mt St Helens 1. Melt Composition and Experimental Phase Equilibria, Journal of Geophysical Research, 90, 2929-2947.</p><p>Scandone, R., K. Cashman, and S. Malone (2007), Magma supply, magma ascent and the style of volcanic eruptions, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 253(3-4), 513- 529.</p><p>Sharma, K., S. Blake, S. Self, and A. Krueger (2004), SO2 emissions from basaltic eruptions, and the excess sulfur issue, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(13), L13612.</p><p>Sparks, R.S.J. (2003) Forecasting volcanic eruptions, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 210, 1-15.</p><p>Tuffen, H., R. Smith, and P.R. Sammonds (2008) Evidence for seismogenic fracture of silicic magma, Nature, 453, 511-514.</p><p>Wallace, P. (2001) Volcanic SO2 emissions and the abundance and distribution of exsolved gas in magma bodies, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 108, 85-106.</p><p>Wallace, P. (2005), Volatiles in subduction zone magmas: concentrations and fluxes based on melt inclusion and volcanic gas data, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 140(1-3), 217-240.</p><p>Zimmer, M. M. (2008), Chapter 3: Primary Magmatic Water Contents and the Depth of Crustal Magma Storage, 1-81.</p><p>Additional References of Note (not required, but relevant): Coombs, M., J. Eichelberger, and M. Rutherford (2000), Magma storage and mixing conditions for the 1953‚Äì1974 eruptions of Southwest Trident volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 140(1), 99-118.</p><p>Lees, J. (2007), Seismic tomography of magmatic systems, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 167(1-4), 37-56.</p><p>Lu, Z. (2002), Preeruptive inflation and surface interferometric coherence characteristics revealed by satellite radar interferometry at Makushin Volcano, Alaska: 1993‚Äì2000, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B11), 1-13.</p><p>Lu, Z. (2003), Magma supply dynamics at Westdahl volcano, Alaska, modeled from satellite radar interferometry, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B7), 1-22.</p><p>Lu, Z., T. Masterlark, and D. Dzurisin (2005), Interferometric synthetic aperture radar study of Okmok volcano, Alaska, 1992‚Äì2003: Magma supply dynamics and postemplacement lava flow deformation, J. Geophys. Res., 110(B2), B02403.</p><p>Marsh, B. (1989), Magma chambers, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 17, 439-474.</p><p>Marsh, D. (2004), A magmatic mush column Rosetta stone: the McMurdo dry valleys of Antarctica, Eos, 85, 497-502.</p><p>Roman, D. C., K. V. Cashman, C. A. Gardner, P. J. Wallace, and J. J. Donovan (2006), Storage and interaction of compositionally heterogeneous magmas from the 1986 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, Bull Volcanol, 68(3), 240-254.</p><p>Power, J., A. Jolly, C. Nye, and M. Harbin (2002), A conceptual model of the Mount Spurr magmatic system from seismic and geochemical observations of the 1992 Crater Peak eruption sequence, Bulletin of Volcanology, 64(3), 206-218.</p><p>Rutherford, M., and P. Hill (1993), Magma ascent rates from amphibole breakdown: an experimental study applied to the 1980-1986 Mount St. Helens eruptions, J. Geophys. Res., 98(B11), 19667.</p><p>Scaillet, B., B. Clemente, B. Evans, and M. Pichavant (1998), Redox control of sulfur degassing in silicic magmas, J. Geophys. Res., 103(B10), 23937. van Keken, P., B. Kiefer, and S. Peacock (2002), High-resolution models of subduction zones: Implications for mineral dehydration reactions and the transport of water into the deep mantle, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst, 3(10), 1056.</p><p>Van Stiphout, T., E. Kissling, S. Wiemer, and N. Ruppert (2009), Magmatic processes in the Alaska subduction zone by combined 3-D bvalue imaging and targeted seismic tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 114(B11), 1-16. </p>