<p>Note Taker Ocean Properties Marine Science</p><p>Why study the ocean properties when we’re really interested in the biology?? A) Habitat: B) Where Organisms can survive: C) Water movement: D) 3-D to the ocean: So much is ______. </p><p>II. More than you ever wanted to know about seawater A. General Properties of Water 1. Chemical Formula: 2. Only known substance to occur in all 3 phases on the planet a. Solid: b. Liquid: c. Gas: 3. Molecular Shape 4. Hydrogen Bonds a. Definition: b. Temperature-Density Relationship (unique of all common natural molecules) i. What is density? (mass per volume) ii. How do you increase density? 1.) Keep ______constant, and ______volume. 2.) Keep ______constant, and ______mass. SHOW 1 of Examples Below SO – Density ______when water is ______and ______. iii. Water temperature and density 1.)Water is ______dense as a ______. 2.)Water is ______dense as a ______. 3.)Why does water temperature matter??  Ice acts as insulation!</p><p> Brings O2 to the deep ocean! c. high heat capacity i. What is it: Water can absorb or release ______much change in temperature ii. Temperature Regulation 1.) In water: Rapid change in temperature can _____ animals 2.) On land: Oceans keep coastal areas ______in summer and ______in the winter, compared to inland areas. d. surface tension= molecular “skin” at water surface created by ______at water surface, water molecules are more attracted to each other than to the air molecules.</p><p>B. Seawater Characteristics & Properties 1. Salts a. What is a salt? b. Where do they come from? i. ii. iii. c. Most common salt ions in the ocean i. Chloride Cl- 19.3 ppt ii. Sodium Na+ 10.8 ppt 2- iii. Sulfate SO4 2.7 ppt iv. Magnesium Mg2+ 1.3 ppt v. Calcium Ca2+ 0.4 ppt</p><p> d. How do they become dissolved? Positive and negative sides of ______pull salt ______apart! 2. Salinity a. Definition b. Average Ocean Salinity = c. Local Salinity i. What determines local salinity? Give examples. 1.) Water Loss 2.) Water Gains 3.) General pattern of local salinity Equator < 35 ppt (less than 35 ppt) 30 N & S > 35 ppt (greater than 35 ppt) 50 N & S < 35 ppt (less than 35 ppt) Romeo/Juliet Example – Explain:</p><p>Why salinity matters… 4.) Osmosis: Movement of water from areas of ______concentration (______Salinity), to areas of ______concentration (_____ Salinity).</p><p>3. Temperature a. Most of the ocean is between 5 and 30° C, depending on sunlight. b. Why does temperature matter?? i. Range of Organisms ii. Cellular Function (Metabolic Rate) iii. Biological Functioning (such as ______)</p><p>4. Temperature-Salinity-Density a. COLD, SALTY water is ______dense than fresh, warm water!! b. Ocean Mixing c. Ocean Acidification Definition: Examples: Chemical Reaction: d. “clines” i. Thermocline = rapid change in ______with depth ii. Halocline = rapid change in ______with depth iii. Pycnocline = rapid change in ______with depth iv. All clines acts as ______separating ocean waters and making it difficult for small organisms or dissolved matter to ______. e. Draw Clines below</p><p>Surface Zone ______</p><p>Transition Zone ______</p><p>Deep Zone ______</p><p>Marine Life Zones – 3 factors:</p><p>Availability of ______: Photic zone - ____ part of ocean where sunlight penetrates.</p><p>______from Shore</p><p>Intertidal zone - where land & ocean meet and overlap, or zone ______tides.</p><p>Neritic zone - marine-life zone that extends from low-tide line out ______break.</p><p>Oceanic zone - marine-life zone ______.</p><p>What about Dissolved gases?</p><p>The most important gases in the ocean are: (They are ______at the sea surface through gas exchange</p><p>– Oxygen (02)</p><p>– Carbon dioxide (C02)</p><p>– Nitrogen (N2)</p><p>– Gases, unlike solids, dissolve ______water.</p><p>– The amount of oxygen in the water is strongly affected by organisms that photosynthesize </p><p> but also by ______</p><p>Water Depth</p><p>I. Pressure and Light</p><p>II. Currents</p><p>Ocean is constantly ______(every ) Winds drive the currents. Most intense are at the ______. Other causes are _____ Why are currents important? </p><p>Gyres are huge ______-moving current systems that dominate the surfaces of the oceans. The Coriolis ______is the deflection of currents away from their original course as a result of ______. How do Ocean Currents affect Climate? ______ ______-latitude ______water ______latitude (cooler areas)  High-latitude ______latitude (warm areas)</p><p>Surface Circulation Upwelling is the rise of ______from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water. brings greater ______to the ocean surface. Density Currents - are ______currents of ocean water that result from ______</p><p>______among water masses. Rip Currents</p><p>What is El Nino? • El Nino is a ______in the Eastern Pacific (off coast of South America) that affects weather worldwide.</p><p>Waves Waves Transfer ______How do waves transfer energy? ______</p><p>Wave Characteristics (label THIS diagram)</p><p>Wave obtain energy primarily from what? Definitions/Symbol if applicable</p><p>Wave Height Wavelength</p><p>Period</p><p>Fetch</p><p>Orbital Motion</p><p>Breaking Waves (Surf)</p><p>Wave speed found using the calculation: </p><p>Wave train</p><p>Bathymetry</p><p>Tsunamis vs Tidal Bore</p><p>What is the trend with sound in different mediums?</p><p>TIDES A. Two Causes 1. Gravity from the ______and ______. 2. Centrifugal force due to the ______of Earth. B. High and Low Tides 1. High Tides: the ______created by the pull of two forces. 2. Low Tides: the ______between the ______. 3. As the Earth spins, any given location will pass under the bulges and over the low spots. 4. Spring Tides: a. Moon and sun ______. b. Occurs during ______and ______moons c. During a spring tide, the difference between high and low tide is ______. 5. Neap Tides: a. Moon and sun ______. b. Occurs during ______and ______moons. c. During a neap tide, the difference between high and low tide is ______. C. Types of Tides: 1. Diurnal: a. ______high and ______low tide b. Found in: ______. 2. Semidiurnal: a. Two ______high and two ______low tides. b. Found in: ______. 3. Mixed Semidiurnal: a. Two ______high and two ______low tides. b. Found in: ______. Other stuff on Tides:</p><p>SHORELINE, etc.</p><p>A beach is the accumulation of sediment found along the shore of a lake or ocean.</p><p>Waves along the shoreline are constantly ______sediment. </p><p>Wave Impact - The impact of large, ______waves against the shore can be awesome </p><p> in its violence. </p><p>______is the sawing and ______action of rock fragments in the water. </p><p>Wave refraction is the ______of waves, </p><p>A ______current is a near-shore current that ______to the shore.</p><p>Erosional Features</p><p> Sediment that is transported along the shore and ______areas where </p><p>______produces depositional features.</p><p>Sea Arches and Sea Stacks</p><p>When two ______on opposite sides of a headland ______, a sea ______results. </p><p>Eventually, the arch falls in, leaving an isolated remnant, ______, on the wave-cut platform</p><p>Spits, Bars, and Tombolos</p><p>A spit is an elongated ______of sand that projects from the land into the mouth of an </p><p> adjacent bay.</p><p>A baymouth bar is a sandbar that completely ______.</p><p>A tombolo is a ______that connects an island to the mainland or to another island</p><p>Barrier islands are narrow ______to, but separate from, the coast at </p><p> distances from ______offshore.</p><p>Protective Structures</p><p>Groins, breakwaters, and seawalls are some structures built to ______</p><p>______or to prevent the movement of sand along a beach.</p><p>Beach ______is the addition of large quantities ______to the beach system.</p>