Comparison of Workers' Compensation Arrangements in Australia and New Zealand (2011)

Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements inAustralia and New ZealandMarch 2011 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Creative CommonsWith the exception of the Safe Work Australia logo, this report is licensed by Safe Work Australia under a Creative Commons 3.0 Australia Licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.enIn essence, you are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work, as long as you attribute the work to Safe Work Australia and abide by the other licensing terms. The report should be attributed as the Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements in Australia and New Zealand.Enquiries regarding the licence and any use of the report are welcome at:Copyright Officer Communications, IT and Knowledge Management Safe Work Australia GPO Box 641 Canberra ACT 2601Email: [email protected]ISBN 978-0-642-33186-1 [Online PDF] ISBN 978-0-642-33187-8 Online [RTF]Page 2 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010CONTENTSForeword...... 71. The evolution of, and recent developments in, workers’ compensation schemes in Australia and New Zealand...... 81.1 Introduction 81.2 The national perspective 81.3 New South Wales (NSW) 91.4 Victoria 101.5 Queensland 131.6 Western Australia (WA) 141.7 South Australia (SA) 151.8 Tasmania 201.9 Northern Territory (NT) 241.10 Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 251.11 The Commonwealth 271.12 New Zealand 312. Schemes at a glance...... 322.1 Jurisdictional responsibility for workers’ compensation 322.2 Workers’ compensation – key features of schemes 342.3 Definition: injury 362.4 Journey claims 372.5 Summary of benefits 38 2.5.1 Incapacity benefits and step downs 39 2.5.2 Medical treatment benefits 42 2.5.3 Permanent impairment entitlements 43 2.5.4 Death entitlements 44 2.5.5 Dispute resolution 463. Administrative arrangements of workers’ compensation schemes...... 493.1 Scheme arrangements 493.2 Legislation 52Page 3 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20103.3 Transitional provisions 543.4 Unique provisions and other workers’ compensation schemes 553.5. Dispute Resolution 643.6 Uninsured Employers 674. Scheme Funding Arrangements...... 704.1 Scheme funding70 4.1.1 Net funding ratio 70 4.1.2 Net assets 71 4.1.3 Net liabilities 714.2 Premiums 72 4.2.1 Industry rates 74 4.2.2 Premium setting: Notes relating to the industry rates comparison table 78 4.2.3 Calculation of industry rates 794.3 Definition of remuneration for the purpose of premiums 804.4 Employers’ excess 824.5 Self-insurer arrangements 83 4.5.1 Criteria for becoming a self-insurer 85 4.5.2 Approval Process 88 4.5.3 Ongoing licence requirements 97 4.5.4 Renewal/Surrendering/Exiting requirements 1065. Coverage and Eligibility for Benefits...... 1115.1 Definition of worker 111 5.1.1 Definitions of deemed workers 113 5.1.2 Coverage for independent contractors and labour hire workers 116 5.1.3 Treatment of sportspersons and sporting injuries 117 5.1.4 Workers’ compensation arrangements for government employers 122 5.1.5 Workers’ compensation arrangements for Judges and Members of Parliament 1255.2 Definition of ‘work’ 1275.3 Definition of injury 128 5.3.1 Relationship to employment 129 5.3.2 Contribution of employment 130 5.3.3 Aggravation and acceleration 131Page 4 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20105.3.4 Diseases 1315.4 Definition of Permanent Impairment 145 5.4.1 Industrial deafness 148 5.4.2 Modifications to AMA Permanent Impairment Guidelines 149 5.4.3 Discounting of prior conditions 1555.5 Exclusionary provisions - General 1615.6 Exclusionary provisions –Psychological injuries 1645.7 Retirement provisions 1695.8 Cross-border Provisions 1716. Benefits...... 1736.1 Income replacement payments 1736.2 Settlement of future incapacity benefits 1826.3 Medical and hospital costs 1836.4 Permanent impairment payments 1856.5 Death entitlements 1906.6 Common Law Access 1936.7 Other benefits 1996.8 Definition of Dependants/Spouse for Death Benefits 2086.9 Suspension and Cessation of benefits 2167. Return to Work...... 2197.1 Rehabilitation programs 219 7.1.1 Aims of rehabilitation 219 7.1.2 Rehabilitation programs222 7.1.3 Return to Work Plans 232 7.1.4 Suitable Duties 240 7.1.5 Second injury arrangements 2487.2 Responsibilities of Stakeholders 258 7.2.1 Responsibility of employers 259 7.2.2 Responsibility of workers 271 7.2.3 Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer 290 7.2.4 Responsibility of workplace rehabilitation providers 303 7.2.5 Workplace Rehabilitation Coordinators307Page 5 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20107.2.6 Prescribed time periods3177.3 Workplace Rehabilitation Providers 325 7.3.1 Nationally Consistent Approval Framework for Workplace Rehabilitation Providers 325 7.3.2 Minimum Qualifications of Rehabilitation Consultants 326 7.3.3 Approval/Accreditation Process 343 7.3.4 Conditions of Approval 344 7.3.5 Cross Jurisdictional Application for Approval 345 7.3.6 Workplace Rehabilitation Fees Structure 3458. Miscellaneous...... 3528.1 Leave Accrual while on Workers’ Compensation 3528.2 Superannuation and Workers’ Compensation 3559. Glossary...... 35610. Acronyms and Abbreviations...... 360Page 6 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010ForewordThe Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements in Australia and New Zealand provides information on the operation of workers’ compensation schemes in each of the jurisdictions in Australia and New Zealand.This edition of the Comparison has been enhanced with the reformatting of the section on self-insurance to allow better comparison between jurisdictions and the expansion of section 7 covering return to work arrangements.The Comparison provides background to the evolution of workers’ compensation arrangements in Australia and New Zealand, and discusses the way that each scheme deals with key aspects such as the size and nature of the schemes, coverage, benefits, return to work provisions, self-insurance, common law, dispute resolution and cross-border arrangements.The majority of tables contained in this report provide a snapshot of workers’ compensation arrangements as at 30 September 2010. Note that the ACT has arrangements as at 30 June 2010. Information taken from the 12th edition of the Comparative Performance Monitoring report covers the 2008-09 financial year and some jurisdictions have reported recent developments to the end of December 2010. However, because each jurisdiction may vary its arrangements from time to time, and because there may be some exceptions to the arrangements described in this edition, readers wanting more up to date information should check with the relevant authority.On behalf of the Heads of Workers’ Compensation Authorities (HWCA), the Victorian Workcover Authority produced this publication from 1993 to 2005. The Australian Safety and Compensation Council took over responsibility for the report in 2006 and produced it in 2006 and 2007. Safe Work Australia has been producing the report since 2008. The work of the Victorian Workcover Authority and the Australian Safety and Compensation Council is acknowledged. Safe Work Australia thanks the representatives from each jurisdiction for the valuable assistance they have provided in producing this edition of the Comparison.Safe Work Australia Page 7 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20101. The evolution of, and recent developments in, workers’ compensation schemes in Australia and New Zealand1.1 Introduction This section provides an historical overview of the development of workers’ compensation schemes in Australia at both the national and jurisdictional level, and for New Zealand.In preparing this section, the following publications were used extensively: Kevin Purse The Evolution of workers’ compensation policy in Australia, 2005, from the Health Sociology Review; the CCH Workers’ Compensation Guide, Volume 1; and the Productivity Commission’s National Workers’ Compensation and Occupational Health and Safety Frameworks report of 2004.1.2 The national perspective In Australia, there are 11 main workers’ compensation systems. Over time, each of the eight Australian States and Territories has developed their own workers’ compensation laws. There are also three Commonwealth schemes: the first is for Australian Government employees, Australian Defence Force personnel with service before 1 July 2004 and the employees of licensed self insurers under the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988; the second is for certain seafarers under the Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992; and the third is for Australian Defence Force personnel with service on or after 1 July 2004 under the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004.The origin of these Australian workers’ compensation systems lies in nineteenth century British law. Before the implementation of workers’ compensation arrangements, an injured worker’s only means of receiving compensation was to sue their employer for negligence at common law.However, workers rarely succeeded in these actions due to what has been described as the ‘unholy trinity’ of legal defences: common employment, voluntary assumption of risk and contributory negligence.To limit the application of those defences, the Employment Liability Act 1880 was enacted in Britain. This Act was adopted in the Australian colonies between 1882 and 1895.While these Acts were well intentioned, taking them up did not lead to any significant improvement in outcomes for injured workers.New workers’ compensation laws incorporating a ‘no-fault’ principle came about after Federation in Australia. New laws were prompted by the failure of the Employment Liability Act 1880 to improve conditions for injured workers, increasing industrialisation, the rise of the labour movement and popular support for state intervention on behalf of workers.To be eligible for workers’ compensation under the no-fault principle, workers covered by the legislation merely had to prove that their injuries were work related. It was no longer necessary to prove negligence on the part of an employer.Nonetheless early no-fault coverage for workers’ compensation was limited. Firstly, although laws provided for some benefits, the taking out of insurance by employers was not compulsory. Secondly, to be eligible for workers’ compensation, an injury had to be found to have arisen out of and in the course of employment.Page 8 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010In keeping with contemporary attitudes, the first workers’ compensation laws in Australia were generally known as workmen’s compensation and did not expressly cover female workers until challenged by the women’s movement of the 1970s.Post-Federation growth in trade unionism and the rise of Labor governments led to a process of reforming those early workers’ compensation arrangements, a process which for a variety of reasons, was to continue in all jurisdictions throughout the twentieth century.Coverage for workers’ compensation gradually extended to include most workers, and lump sum payments for loss of body parts were introduced. By 1926, New South Wales had introduced compulsory insurance, which became the model for most workers’ compensation schemes around Australia.Between the 1920s and 1970s, incremental reforms took place across the jurisdictions. Eligibility continued to widen, with the broadening of the definition of injury to “arising out of or in the course of employment”. Reforms from the 1970s to the mid 1980s generally improved compensation benefits for workers. However, economic difficulties in the mid 1980s and early 1990s shifted the focus onto reducing the cost of workplace injures, containing insurance premiums, underwriting arrangements and administrative efficiency.In the last quarter of the twentieth century, there was a shift in emphasis in the schemes to strengthen the role of work health and safety and to highlight the need for rehabilitation of injured workers. This shift was expected to place downward pressure on costs, but did not achieve the level of success expected. Further reform attempts focussed on cutting back benefits and making premiums more competitive.By the mid 1990s, workers’ compensation costs had fallen by 20 per cent as a percentage of total labour costs, easing pressure for reform of premiums and costs, although each jurisdiction continues to grapple with these issues.Since the introduction of the first workers’ compensation laws, each jurisdiction has developed its own arrangements. This has resulted in numerous inconsistencies in the operation and application of workers’ compensation laws. Some of the inconsistencies include scheme funding, common law access, level of entitlements, return to work and coverage. These inconsistencies can be attributed, in part, to the varying industry profiles and economic environments of each jurisdiction, and judicial decisions that have led to legislative amendments. However, as businesses and workers become increasingly mobile, the need to understand the various workers’ compensation systems at the national level is becoming increasingly important.1.3 New South Wales (NSW) NSW introduced the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1910, applying to personal injury by accident, arising in the course of employment, which was limited to defined ‘dangerous occupations’. Compulsory insurance for employers and the first specialised workers’ compensation tribunal in Australia, the Workers’ Compensation Commission, were introduced in the Workers Compensation Act 1926. This Act remained essentially unchanged until the mid 1980s.The Workers Compensation Act 1987 repealed the 1926 Act, and introduced a radically different scheme, which included public underwriting of the scheme and removing the right of workers to make common law damages claims against their employers. In 1989, the Workers Compensation (Compensation Court Amendment) Act 1989 re-established common law rights and set out the role of the Compensation Court.From 1987 to 1991, the workers’ compensation scheme performed well and in the early 1990s premium levels were reduced and there were a number of legislative amendments Page 9 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 that expanded the range and level of benefits. However, the previous surplus of almost $1 billion quickly eroded and by mid 1996 there was a $454 million deficit. The Grellman Inquiry of 1997 was initiated to address continuing financial problems. The Inquiry recommended structural changes including stakeholder management, accountability controls, and greater incentives for injury management. Changes in the period 2000-2005 continued to focus on greater competition and choice for employers, improved outcomes for injured workers, and reducing the scheme’s deficit, which was eliminated in mid 2006.The improved performance of the NSW WorkCover Scheme saw the target premium collection rate for NSW employers reduced by an average 30 per cent between November 2005 and 2008. A 10 per cent increase in lump sum compensation benefits for permanent impairment was also implemented for injuries received on or after 1 January 2007.The structure of the Scheme also continued to evolve. In 2005, the Scheme transitioned from using insurers on open-ended licences to appointing Scheme Agents on commercial performance contracts that commenced on 1 January 2006. The contracts made Agents more accountable for delivering good Scheme outcomes and improved service standards.From 30 June 2008, employers whose annual wages are $7500 or less receive automatic coverage and are no longer required to hold workers’ compensation insurance, except where an employer engages an apprentice or trainee or is a member of a group of companies for workers’ compensation purposes.In December 2008, the compensation available to families of workers who die as a result of a workplace injury or illness was increased for deaths occurring on or after 24 October 2007. The lump sum death benefit was increased from $343 550 to $425 000 (indexed). The changes also require payment of the lump sum to be made to a deceased worker’s estate where they leave no financial dependants. Previously, only financial dependants were entitled to the lump sum payment.An optional alternative premium calculation method for large employers based on commercial retro-paid loss premium arrangements was introduced from 30 June 2009. The retro-paid loss premium method derives an employer’s premium almost entirely from their individual claims experience and success in injury prevention and claims management during the period of the insurance policy. This provides a strong financial incentive for these employers to reduce the number and cost of workers' compensation claims.Recent Developments (New South Wales) The existing seven WorkCover Scheme Agents have entered into new five-year contracts commencing from 1 January 2010. The new contracts build on the contracts that have been in place since 2006 by more closely aligning the remuneration paid to Scheme Agents with their performance in key areas. 1.4 Victoria Victoria introduced the Workers’ Compensation Act 1914 with benefits payable to workers arising "out of and in the course of" employment. The Workers’ Compensation Act 1946 changed to arising "out of or in the course" of employment. Major amendments were made in 1984, and the Accident Compensation Act 1985 was introduced. The Accident Compensation Act 1985 made sweeping changes to the system, including public underwriting, vocational rehabilitation, work health and safety reforms and a new dispute resolution system. Page 10 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010The Act has been constantly updated with major reforms as follows:1992  restricting weekly benefits for workers with a partial work capacity  introducing a non-adversarial dispute resolution system via conciliation  establishing expert Medical Panels to determine medical questions  limiting access to common law to seriously injured workers, and  reinstating the right to sue for economic loss.1993  introducing the premium system.1997  removing access to common law  significantly changing the structure of weekly benefits  introducing impairment benefits to replace the Table of Maims, and  restructuring death benefits.2000  reinstating access to common law damages for seriously injured workers with a new threshold for economic loss.2004  improving the efficiency of the claims process, and  facilitating early and sustainable return to work.2005  making provision for previously injured workers whose employers exit the Victorian scheme to become licensed corporations under the Comcare scheme.2006  enhancing existing benefits including death benefits and the extension of the weekly benefits entitlement period from 104 to 130 weeks with increased payments for workers with a partial work capacity.2007  clarifying the financial guarantee requirements on employers who exit the Victorian WorkCover scheme (or Victorian self insurer arrangements) to self insure under the federal Comcare scheme  mandating the return of the management of tail claim liabilities to the Victorian WorkCover Authority (WorkSafe Victoria) for Victorian self insurers who cease their self insurance arrangements under the Victorian scheme  restoring the original approach to the assessment of permanent impairment for injured workers who suffer spinal injuries prior to the decision of the Full Court of the Supreme Court in Mountain Pine Furniture Pty Ltd v Taylor  confirming that compulsory employer superannuation payments are not taken into account in the calculation of weekly benefit compensation  improving counselling benefits for the families of deceased or seriously injured workers, andPage 11 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 contributions towards the purchase price of a car where the current car is unsuitable for modification, home relocation costs and portable semi-detachable units in addition to car and home modifications.2008  preservation of the higher impairment rating regime for workers with musculoskeletal injuries assessed under Chapter 3 of the AMA Guides (4th edition) in place since 2003  retrospective amendments to the Act to maintain the status quo regarding WorkSafe's recovery rights against negligent third parties that contribute to the compensation costs payable for a worker’s injury, and  workers with asbestos-related conditions can claim provisional damages and access expedited processes to bring on court proceedings quickly where the worker is at imminent risk of death.2009  on 17 June 2009 the Victorian Government responded to 151 recommendations made in a commissioned report following a review undertaken in 2008 by Mr Peter Hanks QC of the Accident Compensation Act 1985 and associated legislation, and  improvements to benefit both workers and employers and aimed at enhancing the scheme as a whole were introduced into Parliament in December 2009.Recent Developments (Victoria)The Accident Compensation Act Amendment Act 2010 was passed with the majority of the reforms commencing from 5 April 2010, except for new return to work rights and obligations commencing from 1 July 2010. The Act introduced the following changes:  almost a doubling of lump sum death benefits, and improved access to pensions for dependants of deceased workers  for injured workers who suffer a permanent impairment, the reforms provided: . a 10 per cent increase in no-fault lump sum benefits for workers with spinal impairments . a 25 per cent increase in the maximum impairment benefit, increasing no-fault lump sum benefits for the most profoundly injured workers, and . a five-fold increase in benefits awarded to workers who suffer a serious psychiatric impairment  for injured workers who receive weekly payments: . an increase in the rate of compensation from 75 per cent to 80 per cent of income after workers have received compensation for 13 weeks . a superannuation contribution for long term injured workers . the extension of the inclusion of overtime and shift allowances from 26 weeks to 52 weeks when calculating a worker’s weekly payments . increasing the statutory maximum for weekly payments to twice the State average weekly earnings . payment of limited further weekly payments for workers who have returned to work, but who require surgery for their work-related injury.  Other changes include: . the replacement of prescriptive return to work requirements with a performance based regulatory framework from 1 July 2010 and the appointment of a Return to Work (RTW) Inspectorate with the power to enter workplaces and issues RTW improvement notices for any contravention by an employer of the RTW Part of the ActPage 12 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010. greater accountability and transparency of decisions made by WorkSafe and its agents, including the right of employers to request written reasons for agents’ claims decisions and to appeal premium determinations, and . less red tape for employers and improved understanding and usability of the legislation by the removal or reform of anomalous, obsolete, inoperative or unclear provisions. Further reforms were introduced in the latter half of 2010 with amendments to:  streamline the provision that sets out the calculation of pre-injury average weekly earnings (PIAWE) and correct an anomaly in relation to the incorporation of commissions into PIAWE  codify WorkSafe’s current policies that relate to the impact on remuneration of salary packaging and injury prior to taking up a promotion, on the calculation of PIAWE  restructure and streamline the provisions that govern the coverage of contractors  align the value of impairment benefits for injured workers assessed at 71% whole person impairment (WPI) or above with the equivalent value of common law damages payable for pain and suffering on an ongoing basis  introduce greater clarity and equity for dependants of deceased workers in relation to medical and like benefits, how earnings are calculated and how partial dependent partners of deceased workers are compensated  improve the usability of provisions relating to medical expenses, and  extend an existing provision in the Act to allow the making of a Governor in Council Order that would permit the introduction of a fixed costs model (FCM), with built-in increases linked to inflation, for plaintiff’s legal costs in the litigated phase of serious injury applications.1.5 Queensland Queensland’s first workers’ compensation legislation was the Workers’ Compensation Act 1905. This limited scheme was repealed and replaced by the Workers’ Compensation Act 1916, which became the foundation for workers’ compensation until 1990. In the 1970s, benefits were increased and a new Workers’ Compensation Board was created. By the late 1980s, the legislation in Queensland had become outdated and unwieldy, and a review resulted in the Workers’ Compensation Act 1990. Key features included increased and additional benefits for workers, rehabilitation initiatives, increased employer and worker representation on the Workers’ Compensation Board, increased penalties for fraud and failure of employers to insure, and streamlined administrative arrangements.In 1996, a further inquiry was held to address financial, regulatory and operational difficulties, resulting in the WorkCover Queensland Act 1996. It repealed the 1990 Act, and “effected a total rewrite of the workers’ compensation legislation”. In turn, the Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 repealed the 1996 Act, and introduced separate delivery and regulation of the workers’ compensation scheme.Recent Developments (Queensland) Amendments to the Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 commenced on 1 July 2010 to ensure WorkCover Queensland’s ongoing financial viability, while maintaining full access to common law for injured workers. They include:  aligning common law claims brought under the Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 with those brought under the Civil Liability Act 2003, with modifications to take account of the workplace context. For example, voluntary assumption of risk provisions do not apply because the courts have recognised that it is inappropriate in employment situationsPage 13 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 abolishing the notion of strict liability attaching to employers because of the Queensland Court of Appeal decision in Bourk v Power Serve Pty Ltd & Anor [2008] QCA 225  increasing obligations on third party tortfeasors to participate meaningfully in pre-court processes  confirming the ability of a court to award costs against plaintiffs whose claims are dismissed  increasing the employer excess to one week’s compensation or 100 per cent of Queensland Ordinary Time Earnings, whichever is less  removing the option for employers to insure against the excess, and  allowing self-insurers to take on a higher statutory reinsurance excess in order to lower reinsurance premium.1.6 Western Australia (WA) WA introduced the Workers’ Compensation Act 1902. There were frequent and complex amendments over the next 79 years, until the Workers’ Compensation and Assistance Act 1981 amended and consolidated the law. In 1991, the Act was renamed the Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 1981, reflecting a general shift of emphasis to rehabilitation.A number of reviews and reports between 1999-2001 recommended changes and the Workers’ Compensation Reform Bill 2004 introduced changes to statutory benefits, injury management, access to common law, employer incentives in relation to return to work for disabled workers, and fairness in dispute resolution. As part of the reforms the Act was renamed the Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981, which reflects an emphasis on injury management within the workers’ compensation scheme in WA.Recent Developments (WA) Premium rates for 2010-11 Recommended premium rates for 2010-11 were gazetted on 13 April 2010 and came into effect on 30 June 2010. The revised rates resulted in an overall 13.9% decrease in average recommended premium rates from 1.738% of total wages in 2009-10 to 1.497% for 2010-11, which is the lowest ever experienced in WA.Continued strong wage growth across the WA workforce over the past year has resulted in a downward pressure on the recommended premium rates. The decrease is largely due to improved economic circumstances and reflects the latest available data on real rates of return and claim costs. Annual statistical report WorkCover WA released its annual statistical report covering workers’ compensation claim statistics for the period 2005-06 to 2008-09 in June 2010. The statistical report is part of a series of reports that provide information on the incidence of accidents, injuries and diseases in WA. In addition to providing an overview of workers’ compensation in WA, the report provides detailed information on the characteristics of lost-time claims to assist individuals and organisations in their endeavours to prevent workplace injury and to minimise the social and economic impact of claims.Copies of WorkCover WA’s statistical reports can be accessed at www.workcover.wa.gov.au.Revised fees for medical and allied health treatment costs Revised fees for medical and allied health treatment services in the WA workers’ compensation system came into effect from 2 November 2009. The revisions brought about Page 14 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 a 4.60% increase to fees derived through application of the medical and allied health fees composite index, which is used by WorkCover WA for annual indexation purposes.Addition of pleural plaques to Schedule 3 In September 2009, pleural plaques (diffuse pleural fibrosis) were added to the list of specified occupational diseases under Schedule 3 (Specified industrial diseases) of the Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981 (the Act). Legislative Review In December 2009, WorkCover WA completed a review of the Act which contained 66 recommendations for change in the following broad areas: the overall structure of the legislation through a two stage redrafting of the statute  technical amendments to address legislative anomalies and inefficiencies  policy based changes covering age discrimination, access to common law damages for injured workers employed by uninsured employers, the role of WorkCover WA, and medical assessment processes, and  significant changes to dispute resolution arrangements.In March 2010 the Government endorsed, with one exception, all recommendations and approved a two phase process of legislative reform. The exception related to measures to address age discrimination within the workers' compensation scheme. While WorkCover WA recommended an incremental change based on retention of the current age threshold (subject to an increase in entitlements) the Government decided to completely remove age based limits.WorkCover WA is working towards finalising a draft bill for presentation to Cabinet in early 2011.Injured Workers Survey In 2010, WorkCover WA commissioned an independent survey of injured workers to obtain information about RTW outcomes and satisfaction with services provided throughout the WA workers' compensation scheme.A total of 704 workers who had lodged a workers' compensation claim between 1 October and 31 December 2009 participated in the telephone survey (91% response rate). Overall results are positive and show that the majority of injured workers were satisfied with their overall experience of the WA workers’ compensation scheme. Key results include:  87% of workers believed the WA workers’ compensation process was open and honest 83% of workers believed the system treated them fairly 82% felt that the people and organisations they dealt with were caring, and 77% of workers had returned to work and were working at the time of interview.1.7 South Australia (SA) SA introduced the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1900, which was consolidated in 1932 and remained essentially in that form until the introduction of the Workers Compensation Act 1971. The 1971 Act completely restructured the workers’ compensation legislation in the State. The Act increased the amounts of compensation payable and broadened the grounds for which a worker could gain compensation.Page 15 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010In June 1978, the Government established a Committee of Inquiry, chaired by D E Byrne, to examine and report on the most effective means of compensating those injured at work. In September 1980 the Committee released the report entitled ‘A Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Board for South Australia – the key to rapid rehabilitation and equitable compensation for those injured at work (‘Byrne Report’). Included amongst the Committee’s recommendations was that a new Act be introduced repealing the Workers Compensation Act 1971, that a Board be established to administer a workers’ compensation scheme and that the Board be responsible for overseeing and confirming rehabilitation programs.A Joint Committee was established to investigate those areas where employers and the unions were in agreement or disagreement with respect to changing the workers’ compensation system. Essentially, the Joint Committee reviewed the Byrne Committee recommendations to determine which of those should be implemented. A joint agreement was reached which led to the drafting of new legislation being considered by Parliament in 1986 and the establishment of WorkCover in September 1987.Amendments to the Workers’ Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986, (WRC Act) passed in State Parliament in December 1992, abolished access to common law on 3 December 1992. The abolition was brought about by two facts; that workers were not, in most cases, receiving any significant award of damages and were incurring substantial costs, and secondly, that a common law award which required the worker to prove negligence on the part of an employer was inconsistent with the concept of no fault legislation such as the WRC Act.In 1994 the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation (Administration) Amendment Act 1994 was passed by the new State government. The amendments included: Compensability of psychiatric disabilities The test for employment contribution was strengthened to ‘substantial cause’. Commutation / Redemption The liability to make weekly payments could, on application of the worker, be commuted to a liability to make a capital payment. WorkCover had absolute discretion as to whether it allowed commutation. A commutation discharged all liability to make weekly payments to which the commutation relates. It was not possible to claim that a residual liability remains. This was a new provision aimed at tightening eligibility for commutations. Beforehand, a worker (or dependent spouse) could ask WorkCover to commute his/her entitlements to weekly payments into a lump sum. Hearing Loss Hearing loss had to be a minimum of 5% to be compensable. Beforehand, there was no threshold to compensability for hearing loss.On 26 October 1995 the then State government passed the Workers Rehabilitation And Compensation (Dispute Resolution) Amendment Act 1995. The objective of those amendments was to apply the principles of ‘early intervention, conciliation, removal of duplication, administrative, arbitral and judicial efficiency and the minimisation of costs’ in the dispute resolution process. These principles were balanced by ‘the overriding need to ensure equity and natural justice in decision making, and no net increase in cost to the WorkCover scheme…’. There were some further amendments made to that Amendment Act in early 1996, with the overall amendment package commencing on 3 June 1996.The amendments aimed to endorse the principles of the 1994 Industry Commission report into workers’ compensation systems in Australia. This report advocated ‘reliance on non-Page 16 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 adversarial dispute resolution procedures (with the emphasis on conciliation and arbitration, although legal representation should not be excluded).’ Judicial review was intended to be a last resort. Procedures were intended to be characterised by a prompt initial decision subject to non-judicial review by an independent internal arbitrator in the first instance, before appeal to external arbitration and/or resort to the courts.Major features of the 1996 reforms included:  abolition of the internal reviews and appeals process  introduction of initial reconsideration  a strengthened conciliation and arbitration framework, and  introduction of the Workers’ Compensation Tribunal, to preside over most stages of the dispute process.In 1995, the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation (Miscellaneous Provisions) Amendment Act 1995 made a number of amendments which came into effect in 1995 and 1996. The following arrangements were included among its provisions:  It repealed and replaced section 6 of the Act on cross-border arrangements specifically tightening the requirement for a ‘nexus’ between a worker’s employment and South Australia. In particular the new test included a requirement that if a worker usually works in no state or no one state, he/she had to live in South Australia to establish a nexus to that state. This requirement did not exist in other states and territories, leading to an inconsistency that lasted until 2007.  Rehabilitation and RTW plans were introduced for injured workers in receipt of income maintenance and who were likely to be incapacitated for more than three months and who had some prospect of returning to work. The insertion of section 28A gave statutory recognition to rehabilitation and return to work plans. It held that a plan must be prepared if the worker is (or is likely to be) incapacitated for more than three months, that consultation must occur between the worker and the relevant employer and that plans are reviewable  Rehabilitation programs and plans needed to comply with the prescribed standards.  Amendments to Section 30A were made, expanding coverage for psychiatric disabilities to cover all forms of psychiatric disability. Beforehand a more limited range were covered. Note that this amendment did not change the basic requirement, introduced in 1994, for employment to be a ‘substantial cause’ of a psychiatric disability.  Compensation for medical expenses under section 32 was also amended to require the regulation of treatment protocols and scales of medical and allied health charges. Beforehand, such protocols only needed to be gazetted.  Two year review processes under section 35(2) were amended. Rather than income maintenance after two years taking into account only what a worker could earn in suitable employment, income maintenance could be adjusted based on the amount a worker had the capacity to earn in suitable employment. The onus was then placed on workers to prove that they are in effect unemployable because employment of the relevant kind is not commonly available for a person in the worker’s circumstances, irrespective of the state of the labour market.  Other modifications included changes to discontinuance provisions relating to age and retirement, the introduction of the concept of breaches of the ‘obligation of mutuality’ resulting in tougher discontinuance provisions, the replacement of commutations with the ability to make a redemption of liability by a capital payment and an increase in employers’ liability to pay the worker from the first week to two weeks.  Employer obligations were relaxed so that small employers were required to keep a position available for one year only and sexual incapacity lump sums were eliminated.Page 17 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010On 26 September 2006, the Workers Rehabilitation & Compensation (Territorial Application of Act) Amendment Act 2006 was passed in Parliament. The changes became effective on 1 January 2007. The legislation brought SA’s cross-border provisions into line with those of the other states and territories, as part of a national model that featured two aspects:  employers only need to register each worker in one scheme only, and  every worker is covered by a scheme (no worker falls through the cracks). Limited retrospectivity and ‘ex gratia’ payment provisions were included in the amendment legislation to ensure workers injured before 1 January 2007 who were previously not eligible were now covered. These particular provisions operated between 13 September 2007 and 12 March 2008.The Statute Amendment (Domestic Partners) Act 2006 (‘Domestic Partners Act’), which came into force on 1 June 2007, amended the WRC Act and numerous other Acts to provide for recognition of certain domestic relationships. For the purposes of this Act, a person is considered to be the domestic partner of a worker if he or she lives with the worker in a close personal relationship and the person has been so living with the worker continuously for the preceding period of three years (or related variations). Specifically, the Act includes a definition of ‘close personal relationship’ within section 3 of the WRC Act, to mean the relationship between two adult persons (whether or not related by family, and irrespective of their gender) who live together as a couple on a genuine domestic basis. In circumstances where compensation is payable upon death, the WRC Act has been expanded to include references to domestic partners, not only spouses.Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation (Claims and Registration) Variation Regulations 2007 came into effect from1 June 2007. The amended regulation extended scheme coverage to all licensed jockeys while they are engaged in ‘thoroughbred riding work’. Prior to that date, only apprentice jockeys with a contract of employment with a trainer, or jockeys who were working directors of their own incorporated company were covered.On 17 June 2008, the SA Parliament passed the most significant legislative amendments to the WorkCover Scheme since 1986. The amendments affected both the WRC Act and the WorkCover Corporation Act 1994. The legislation followed an independent review by the SA Government to reassess the fundamental structure of the Scheme for the first time in 20 years. The review was undertaken by Alan Clayton and John Walsh; their report was tabled in Parliament in February 2008. The report recommended a package of legislative and non-legislative changes to the Scheme designed to ensure:  injured workers would receive fair and equitable financial and other support that should be delivered efficiently and equitably and enable the earliest possible return to work  the average levy rate (paid by employers) would be reduced and contained within the range of 2.25% and 2.75% by 1 July 2009, and  the Scheme would be fully funded as soon as practicable.The new legislation aims to assist in significantly increasing return to work rates in SA, thereby minimising the negative impacts of injured workers remaining on the Scheme, enabling a reduction in levies paid by employers and ensuring full funding in the medium term. The legislative changes affect a number of areas, and the timetable for implementation varied.A booklet entitled The WorkCover Scheme ... A Guide to the Changes has been published and is available from the WorkCoverSA website here: Page 18 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Most of the 2008 changes came into effect on 1 July 2008. A handful of provisions came into effect later. The timing of introduction is outlined at page 5 of the Guide to the Changes booklet.Page 19 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Recent Developments (SA) WorkCoverSA Regulation ReviewIn 2008 WorkCoverSA commenced a review of all regulations supporting the WRC Act. All SA regulations expire after 10 years in force (Subordinate Legislation Act 1978). This expiry may be postponed by regulation by up to two years at a time and up to four years overall. In June 2010 Cabinet approved the new Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Regulations 2010. The new regulations were made by the Governor and published in the SA Government Gazette on 24 June 2010. The new regulations commenced on 1 November 2010. WorkCover has produced A Guide to the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Regulations 2010 to provide more detail on changes. Updates will be made available on the website at: www.workcover.com/regulationreview. New levy payment system One important change passed in 2008 and starting 1 July 2009 was the new levy payment system. The new system requires employers to pay their levy in advance rather than in arrears. The changes are part of the SA Scheme’s commitment to meet national scheme harmonisation objectives, and bring the state’s provisions into line with every other Australian jurisdiction.Another change is that the minimum levy is now set by the WorkCover Board, which has increased the minimum levy (exclusive of GST) from $50 to $200, phased in over a three- year period. The minimum levy applies to all employers who are required to register and pay levy. Employers are exempted from registration where the total remuneration payable by the employer to their workers in a calendar year does not exceed $10 200 indexed – for 2009 the amount is $10 800. Restrictions on redemptions Another recent change arising from the 2008 reforms was the restriction on use of redemptions. From 1 July 2009, redemptions have only been allowed where it will not undermine the Scheme’s primary focus on return to work, specifically in circumstances where:  the worker has returned to work but has an ongoing entitlement to a small top-up of $30 per week or less and the redemption will remove the administrative cost of the claim remaining open for WorkCover and the worker  the worker is 55 years of age or older and has no current work capacity  exceptional circumstances apply where there is an overwhelming social interest in finalising the matter (as determined by the Workers’ Compensation Tribunal).Initially these changes only applied to claims with injuries on or after 1 July 2006, but from 1 July 2010 the restrictions have applied to all claims. Employer payment methods On 30 June 2010 WorkCoverSA’s ‘Bonus/Penalty Scheme’ (an experience rating system within the Scheme’s levy framework) ended. While the WorkCoverSA Board considered this scheme flawed, it has supported WorkCover examining alternative options including those based on experience rating. Stakeholder consultation commenced in October 2010. Information, Advice and Advocacy Arrangements In 2007 the Clayton/Walsh report acknowledged existing information, advice and advocacy services for workers and employers but saw ‘…merit in extending the range and scope of these existing arrangements’. In March 2009 the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Page 20 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Advisory Committee made a number of recommendations to the Minister for Industrial Relations on this issue. WorkCover has engaged an external consultant to build on this work. The consultant has been asked to develop options for information, advice and advocacy services in SA. This work is due to be completed in December 2010. Rehabilitation and Return to Work Coordinators The RTW Inspectorate recently released a new work-related injury guide for rehabilitation and RTW coordinators and their employers. The Guide can be downloaded from www.workcover.com. Workplace Rehabilitation New workplace rehabilitation agreements commenced in July 2010, aligned with the national framework of workplace rehabilitation. External evaluation of workplace rehabilitation providers is scheduled to commence from the beginning of 2011. SAI Global has completed one of two sessions in support of the new auditing requirements.Mental health first aid training has been delivered to an initial group of RTW coordinators and workplace rehabilitation consultants. The workplace rehabilitation electronic provider payment pilot has been completed. The payment system, which eliminates re-keying of data by the claims agent, has now been implemented for investigation and medical accounts. A revised RISE (Re-employment Incentive Scheme for Employers) scheme was launched in September 2010. In addition to simplifying wage support payments, the new framework provides greater post return to work support for both employers and workers. This is aimed at improving sustained RTW outcomes. Better Outcomes Research Project WorkCoverSA completed an eight-week trial of the Better Outcomes Research Project. This was a medical peer-to-peer project that identified high-risk workers certified as unfit for work four to 13 weeks after the date of injury. The project is focused on supporting treating doctors in facilitating the earliest and best recovery and RTW. A formal review of the impact of the trial is underway and targeted for completion in late 2010. Scheme Review In 2011 there will be an independent review of the 2008 legislative reforms to the SA workers’ compensation system. The Minister for Industrial Relations is required to, as soon as practicable after 31 December 2010, appoint an independent person to review the impact of the legislative reforms on:  injured workers  levies paid by employers  the sufficiency of the Fund to meet its liabilities, and  any other matter the Minister determines.1.8 Tasmania Tasmania first introduced workers’ compensation in 1910. The Workers’ Compensation Act 1927The Workers’ Compensation Act 1927 repealed earlier Acts and introduced compulsory insurance against injury to workers. A 1986 Tasmanian Law Reform Commission report Page 21 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 recommended sweeping changes to the system, and led to the Workers’ Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988.The Workers’ Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988This Act introduced many new features to the Tasmanian workers’ compensation scheme, including:  the establishment of the Workers’ Compensation Board, which included representatives of employers, employees, insurers and the medical profession  extension of coverage to police officers, ministers of religion and sportsmen (restricted)  rovision of payment of the costs of treatment, counselling, retraining or necessary modifications to an injured worker’s home or workplace, and  licensing of insurers and self-insurers.1995 amendmentsDuring 1995, amendments were made to strengthen the rehabilitation and RTW aspects of the Act, including a requirement for:  an employer to hold an injured worker’s pre-injury position open for 12 months  an employer to provide suitable alternative duties to an injured worker for a period of 12 months  a return to work plan to be developed if a worker is incapacitated for more than 14 days, and  an employer with more than 20 employees to have a rehabilitation policy.The amendments also removed a worker’s right to compensation on the journey to and from work (in most circumstances) and introduced the first step-down provisions in relation to weekly benefits. 2000 amendmentsIn response to rising costs and concerns from unions and other groups about the fairness of the scheme, a Joint Select Committee of Inquiry into the Tasmanian Workers’ Compensation System was initiated. Its 1998 report recommended significant changes to the workers’ compensation system and resulted in the establishment of the new WorkCover Tasmania Board. Many of the recommendations of this Report were incorporated into the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Bill 2000 including:  access to common law being restricted to those workers who had suffered a whole person impairment of 30 per cent or more  replacing the monetary cap on weekly payments with a 10 year limit  without prejudice commencement of weekly payments to injured workers on receipt of a workers’ compensation claim form and medical certificate  an increase in the level of benefits to the dependants of deceased workers, and  increases in the levels of step-downs in weekly payments.2004 amendmentsIn 2003 the Government initiated a review to investigate concerns that the step-downs in weekly benefits were causing hardship for some workers. The Rutherford Report was completed in March 2004 and contained a number of recommendations for both the government and the WorkCover Tasmania Board. As a result of Rutherford’s report, the legislation was amended to retain the first step-down provision of 85 per cent of normal Page 22 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 weekly earnings but increase its duration to 78 weeks, and reduce the impact of the second step-down from 70 per cent to 80 per cent of normal weekly earnings. To offset the additional cost to employers of this change, the maximum period of entitlement was reduced from 10 to nine years. The time limit for deciding initial liability was also increased from 28 days to 12 weeks.2007 amendmentsIn 2007 Parliament passed the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Act 2007. The aim of this Act was to make the system fairer and provide greater certainty for all parties. The key changes included:  improved compensation for industrial deafness. In the past, some workers were unable to establish a claim for industrial deafness because their employer had failed to conduct baseline audiometric testing – the amendments rectified this  a fairer method of calculating the rate of weekly compensation, especially for workers who have a short employment history and where the award does not include an ‘ordinary-time rate of pay’  workers’ compensation coverage for jockeys  amendments to address a Supreme Court decision that limited the ability of employers to recover compensation costs from a negligent third party  clarification of coverage of luxury hire car drivers and consolidation of provisions relating to taxi drivers  amendments to the work-relatedness test for injury from ‘arising out of and in the course of’ to ‘arising out of or in the course of’, so it is clear that injuries can be compensable even when symptoms only become apparent after the worker has left the relevant employment (however, to be compensable all injuries and diseases must be caused by work), and  measures to better deal with disputes between insurers or disputes between employers.WorkCover Tasmania Board Return to Work and Injury Management ModelIn late 2004, the WorkCover Tasmania Board commenced a project to develop an injury management model for the Tasmanian workers’ compensation system. The model was endorsed by the Board in 2007 with some minor amendments made in 2008.Review of the Tasmanian Workers’ Compensation System (Clayton Report) In July 2006 the Minister released terms of reference for a review of the workers’ compensation system. Alan Clayton was appointed to conduct this review. The terms of reference were focussed on the adequacy of compensation for workers who could not establish negligence or meet the 30 per cent whole person impairment threshold.The Report was released for public comment in January 2008 and included a number of recommendations for improving the level of compensation payable to more seriously injured workers. The major recommendations were:  In order to encourage early reporting, there be a rebate of the employer excess to employers who report claims to their insurer within 48 hours of the receipt of the claim by the employer.  Payment of a lump sum made in redemption or settlement of a worker’s entitlement to compensation and/or in settlement of a worker’s entitlement to damages in respect of any civil liability in the employer shall not be made unless the Tribunal has approved the payment/ settlement. The Tribunal may approve a lump sum settlement if it is satisfied that all reasonable RTW, rehabilitation and retraining options have been exhausted.Page 23 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 Costing of three alternative weekly benefit extension options. First, an extension of weekly payments to age of retirement. Secondly, a model that involves an extension of the benefit duration limit to 12 years for workers with a whole person impairment (WPI) of between 15 percent and 19 percent; to 20 years for workers with a WPI of between 21 percent and 29 percent and until age of retirement for workers with a WPI of 30 percent or greater. Thirdly, vesting a discretion in the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Tribunal to extend payments beyond the existing circumstances for persons with a WPI of 15 percent or greater in cases of demonstrated need.  Services encompassed under ‘medical and other services’ in section 74 of the WRCA include the recognition of ‘counselling services’ to the family members of a worker who suffers a work-related fatality.  Discretion be vested in the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Tribunal to extend medical payments beyond 10 years for persons with a WPI of 15 percent or greater in cases of demonstrated need.  Lump sum death benefit (now $208 370.61) be increased to $250 000.  Weekly benefit for dependent children (now 10% of the Basic Salary - $56.47 per week) be increased to 15% of the Basic Salary ($84.70 per week).  Maximum impairment benefit lump sum (which is linked to the death benefit lump sum) be raised to $250 000.  WorkCover Tasmania Board undertake a review as to whether there should be a move from the current 4th edition of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.  Consideration be given to the introduction of a narrative test of ‘serious injury’ to facilitate alternative access to common law damages for seriously injured and ill workers. That the regime for ‘serious injury’ set out in section 134AB of the Accident Compensation Act 1985 (Vic) be considered as the model for this purpose.In July 2008 the Minister released two actuarial reports on the cost of the proposals and conducted further consultation on the report’s recommendations. The Clayton Report endorsed the RTW and Injury Management Model as the guiding framework for the achievement of optimal RTW outcomes.WorkCover Tasmania, in conjunction with Workplace Standards Tasmania, is progressing an implementation plan consisting of five key elements:  development of the legislative framework  new licence and permit conditions for insurers and self-insurers  review of WorkCover systems  education and promotion of the Model, and  review of data and monitoring systems.Recent Developments (Tasmania)2009 amendmentsThe Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Act 2009 was passed by Parliament in late 2009 and commenced on 1 July 2010. The amendments had four main purposes: 1. to implement the Government’s response to the Clayton report 2. to establish the legal framework for the WorkCover RTW and Injury Management Model 3. to amend the timing and level of weekly payment step-downs, andPage 24 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20104. to reduce the common law threshold from 30% whole person impairment to 20%.The amendments:  introduced a statement of scheme goals  encourage early reporting by holding the employer liable for claims expenses until the claim is reported  provide for the payment of counselling services for families of deceased workers  provide for the payment of medical and other expenses for up to 12 months after a worker ceases to be entitled to weekly compensation (with the possibility of extension on application to the Tribunal)  increase the maximum lump sum payable to a dependent on the death of a worker to $266 376.05 (indexed annually)  increase weekly payments payable to a dependent child of a deceased worker from 10% basic salary to 15% basic salary  increase the maximum lump sum payable for permanent impairment to $266 376.05 (indexed annually)  provide for the extension of weekly payments from nine years to 12 years for workers with a WPI between 15 per cent and 19 per cent; to 20 years for workers with a WPI of between 20 per cent and 29 per cent and until the age of retirement for workers with a WPI of 30 per cent or more  amend the first step-down to 90 per cent of normal weekly earnings rather that 85 per cent of normal weekly earnings  delay the operation of the first step-down, so that it comes into effect at 26 weeks of incapacity rather than 13 weeks  provide that the step-downs are not to apply where a worker has returned to work for at least 50 per cent of his or her pre-injury hours or duties  provide that the step-downs are to be discounted in circumstances where an employer refuses or is unable to provide suitable alternative duties  reduce the threshold for access to common law damages from 30 per cent whole person impairment to 20 per cent whole person impairment, and  repeal section 138AB requiring a worker to make an election to pursue common law damages.The amendments also included a range of measures that support the WorkCover RTW and Injury Management Model including:  requirements for RTW and injury management plans  obligations on employers to encourage early reporting of injuries and claims  providing an entitlement to the payment of limited medical costs before the claim is accepted, and  introduction of an injury management coordinator to oversee the injury management process. 1.9 Northern Territory (NT) In the NT, the first workers’ compensation statute introduced was the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1920. Before then, the Employer’s Liability Act 1884 applied. In 1985, the name of the Act was changed to the Worker’s Compensation Act.A review of the legislation in 1984 resulted in the Work Health Act 1986, which contained provisions for both work health and safety and workers’ compensation. This Act provided for a scheme which is privately underwritten, featured pension based benefits and promotes rehabilitation and an early return to work. There is no access to common law for injured workers.Page 25 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Cross-Border Amendments ‘Cross border’ amendments to the Work Health Act commenced on 26 April 2007 so employers are only required to maintain a workers’ compensation policy in the NT when they employ workers with a ‘State of Connection’ to the NT.The new cross border arrangements reduce red tape for employers and make it easier to do business by removing the need for the majority of employers to obtain multiple workers’ compensation policies for workers who are temporarily working interstate.All the other Australian states and territories have introduced cross border provisions that allow workers to work across their borders for temporary periods, under an existing NT workers’ compensation policy.2007In December 2007 the Legislative Assembly passed the Workplace Health and Safety Act and the Law Reform (Work Health) Amendment Act. These Acts separated the work health and safety and rehabilitation and workers’ compensation provisions of the previous Work Health Act into the new Workplace Health and Safety Act and the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act.The rehabilitation and workers’ compensation provisions of the Work Health Act were transferred almost unchanged into the new Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act. 2008A series of other amendments to the Work Health Act occurred during 2007, took effect on 1 July 2008 as parts of the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act commenced. These relate to three areas:  prescribed volunteers are no longer eligible for compensation for life, but instead will now be eligible for compensation similar to that provided to other injured workers  if an employer/insurer defers a decision on liability but fails to make a decision to accept or dispute liability within the prescribed timeframe (56 days), then the employer/insurer is deemed to have accepted the claim until 14 days after the day on which the employer notifies the claimant of a decision to accept or dispute liability  parties are now required to provide all written medical reports and other specified written material, relating to the disputed matters, to NT WorkSafe so they can be considered by the parties and mediator prior to the mediation process. The mediation process must now be completed within 21 days instead of 28 days, and  GIO became an approved insurer pursuant to section 121(1) of the Work Health Act on 30 June 2008, bring the total number of approved insurers in the jurisdiction to five.1.10 Australian Capital Territory (ACT) In 1951 the ACT introduced the Workmen’s Compensation Ordinance 1951 to repeal the original 1946 Ordinance. With the advent of self-government in the Territory on 11 May 1989, the 1951 Ordinance became the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1951 and, from 22 January 1992, it became the Workers’ Compensation Act 1951. Significant amendments were made by the Workers’ Compensation (Amendment) Act 1991 to the Workers’ Compensation Act 1951, following reviews of the system in 1984, 1987 and 1990.The Workers Compensation Act was significantly amended in 2002 to create a workers’ compensation scheme based upon the principles of early rehabilitation and return to safe and durable work for injured workers. The Workers Compensation Amendment Act 2001 introduced a number of new elements to ensure that employers, insurers, treatment Page 26 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 providers, and the injured worker were equally obliged to participate in personal injury plans, claims were dealt with expediently and statutory benefits were aligned with the Scheme’s RTW goals.An advisory committee to the responsible Minister was also established to look at the ongoing operation of the scheme and regulations. In 2006, further amendments were made to the Workers Compensation Act 1951 to allow certain categories of carers to be deemed as ‘workers’ under the Act and to create a Default Insurance Fund, which superseded the previous Nominal Insurer and Supplementation Fund. Other inconsequential amendments have been made through the Justice and Community Safety Legislation Amendment Act 2006 and the Statute Law Amendment Act 2007 (no 2). Also, for infringement notice offences under the Act, see the Magistrates Court (Workers Compensation Infringement Notices) Regulation 2006. During 2007 a review of the Scheme was conducted. The purpose of the review was to evaluate the success of the earlier reforms and identify the Scheme’s ongoing cost drivers. The Review team made over 50 recommendations for improvement to the ACT Scheme consistent with the objectives underpinning the earlier reform. Recent Developments (ACT) During 2009 a range of legislative improvements were introduced to the ACT Scheme that are intended to achieve the objectives of the 2007 Review. Workers Compensation (Default Insurance Fund) Amendment Act 2009 This Act was passed by the ACT Legislative Assembly in August 2009 and it amends the Workers Compensation Act 1951 to bring the Default Insurance Fund Manager’s powers into line with those exercised by all private sector workers’ compensation insurers in the ACT. Workers Compensation (Default Insurance Fund) Amendment Act 2009 (No 2)This Act was passed by the ACT Legislative Assembly on 15 October 2009. The Workers Compensation (Default Insurance Fund) Bill 2009 (No 2) restores the Uninsured Employer Arm of the Fund to its original statutory purpose and introduces a revised funding arrangement for the Fund, which will align the operations of the Fund with standard insurance practices. Workers Compensation Amendment Act 2009This Act was passed by the ACT Legislative Assembly on 10 December 2009. The purpose of the amending legislation is threefold, to:  reduce red tape and administration costs and streamline business requirements associated with the ACT private sector workers’ compensation scheme (the ACT Scheme)  implement the National Framework for the Approval of Workplace Rehabilitation Providers (the Framework) developed by HWCA, and  strengthen the existing compliance framework by introducing new offences for sustained non-compliance that scale the penalties to be commensurate with an employer’s operational size. The amendments also clarify the broad definition of worker, thereby limiting the opportunity for premium avoiding and sham contracting. Page 27 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Workers Compensation Amendment (Default Insurance Fund) Act 2010This Act commenced 30 March 2010 and amends the membership and clarifies the role of the Default Insurance Fund Advisory Committee.Note: Workers employed by the ACT Government are covered by the Commonwealth’s Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 (SRC Act).1.11 The Commonwealth In 1912, the Commonwealth introduced the Commonwealth Workmen’s Compensation Act 1912 to provide compensation for Commonwealth workers. Before then, compensation was paid to widows and orphans of deceased Commonwealth officers under the Officer’s Compensation Acts of 1908, 1909 and 1912 via determinations of Parliament.In 1930, the Commonwealth Workers’ Compensation Act 1930 was enacted, and provided a more extensive system of compensation for Commonwealth workers. In 1971, the Compensation (Commonwealth Employees) Act 1971 repealed the 1930 Act.However, the introduction of the SRC Act was the most significant reform in the Commonwealth jurisdiction, as it introduced a focus on rehabilitation, which was seen as the best way to reduce spiralling costs of compensation. It included incentives through tiered income support rates for employees, gave employers statutory powers and responsibilities for rehabilitation and was paired with more reviews and investigations of claims. It also replaced lump sum compensation for a limited table of maims with a more comprehensive permanent impairment compensation based on a whole person impairment concept.In 1992 the SRC Act was amended to provide for Commonwealth Authorities and certain corporations to apply to the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission for a licence to accept liability for workers’ compensation and to manage workers’ compensation claims. The first licensees were Telstra Corporation Ltd and Australian Postal Corporation Ltd, followed by a number of government business enterprises undergoing privatisation such as Australian Defence Industries (later ADI Limited and now Thales Australia), Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (later CSL Limited) and National Rail Corporation (later Pacific National (ACT) Limited, now Asciano). In 2005, Optus Administration Pty Ltd was the first licence granted to a corporation which had no previous connection to the Commonwealth, other than that it was in competition with Telstra.By June 2009 there were 29 licensees in the Comcare scheme, including banks such as National Australia Bank and the Commonwealth Bank, transport companies such as Linfox, Border Express, Australian air Express and K&S Freighters, and construction or industrial companies such as John Holland and Visionstream Pty Ltd.On 11 December 2007, the Federal Government placed a moratorium on new applications from private corporations wanting to move to the Comcare workers' compensation scheme. However, companies that had already been declared eligible to apply for a self-insurance licence by the previous government were not affected by the moratorium.In early 2008 the Minister commenced a review of the Comcare scheme, focusing on whether the scheme provides appropriate work health and safety and workers’ compensation coverage for workers employed by self-insurers. In announcing the outcome of the review, the Minister foreshadowed that the Government will seek to extend the moratorium on licensees seeking to join the scheme until 2012, conditional upon states and territories adopting harmonised work health and safety laws.The Commonwealth first became involved in workers’ compensation arrangements for seafarers with the passage of the Seamen’s Compensation Act 1911. Despite a number of Page 28 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 minor amendments the 1911 arrangements remained in place till 1992. In 1988, the Seamen’s Compensation Review conducted by Professor Henry Luntz recommended a number of changes to the Seamen’s Compensation Act to modernise it and to ensure consistency with arrangements being considered for Commonwealth employees. The Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 sets out similar provisions to those applying to Commonwealth employees under the Comcare scheme. In 2004, the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 (MRC Act) was enacted to provide a system of compensation for current and former members of the Australian Defence Force, and their dependants, with service on or after 1 July 2004. Service prior to that date is covered by the SRC Act and the Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986 (VEA).The Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission (MRCC) regulates the MRC Act and SRC Act (for ADF members) schemes and with the assistance of the Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA), administers them. The types of compensation provided under the MRC Act are based on the SRC Act and VEA provisions.Under the MRC Act, DVA provides rehabilitation, treatment and compensation for current (in conjunction with the relevant Service Chief) or former ADF members who sustain a mental or physical injury or contract a disease as a result of military service rendered on or after 1 July 2004. DVA also provides compensation to their eligible dependants if their death, on or after 1 July 2004, is related to that service, if they were entitled to maximum permanent impairment compensation or had been eligible for a Special Rate Disability Pension.DVA has a focus on providing rehabilitation services to help injured or sick personnel make as full a recovery as possible and, if possible, return to their normal employment. DVA also increases the amount of compensation available in the event of severe service-related injury, disease or death.Note: A reference to the Commonwealth in this publication does not include Seacare or DVA unless specifically stated. 2007Changes to the SRC Act came into effect on 13 April 2007. In summary, the amendments seek to:  strengthen the required connection between work and eligibility for workers’ compensation, particularly in relation to disease and psychological claims so that only significant contribution by work will be accepted  remove workers’ compensation coverage for journeys between residence and usual place of employment and from recess breaks away from the place of employment where there is a lack of employer control over activity, and  provide for claimants who are no longer employed by the Commonwealth (or a licensee) to have their capacity to work outside Commonwealth (or licensee) employment to be taken into account when calculating incapacity benefits.A number of the amendments were also beneficial to employees such as an increase to funeral benefits (to $9000) and an increase to weekly benefits paid to retired employees. In 2009 the Government increased the lump sum death benefit to $400 000 and backdated this to May 2008.Recent Developments (Seacare) Legislation to increase the level of lump sum death benefits payable as a result of a workplace injury came into effect on 4 June 2009. The legislation increased the level of benefit to $412 000.Page 29 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Recent Developments (DVA) MRCA/SRCA Incapacity payments and Military SuperannuationIn October 2009 the then-Minister for Defence Personnel, the Hon Greg Combet MP, announced that the Compulsory Retirement Age (CRA) for military personnel was being increased from 55 to age 60, with retrospective effect from 1 July 2007. This change has flow-on effects to those ex-ADF personnel retired on medical grounds since July 2007. Their Military Superannuation (MilSuper) payments from ComSuper were recalculated in line with the new CRA and are backdated to July 2007 or the date of discharge if after that date. For DVA purposes, any increase to MilSuper payments results in: • a corresponding dollar for dollar decrease in SRCA or MRCA Incapacity payment entitlements paid by DVA • possible means-test impact to VEA Service Pension payments (as ordinary income and assessment of the lump sum arrears payment), and • possible impact to those also in receipt of VEA Disability Pension (if it is already offset because of their MRCA or SRCA Incapacity Payment).Recent Developments (Commonwealth) F-111 deseal/resealFollowing a Parliamentary Inquiry into the concerns of Royal Australian Air Force F-111 deseal/reseal maintenance personnel, the Commonwealth Government announced in the May 2010 Budget a package of measures at a cost of $55m in response to the Inquiry, including: • expanding of the Tier 3 definition to include many more workers • providing enhanced access to compensation and health care under ss7(2) of the SRCA for an estimated additional 2400 personnel, including the ‘pick and patch’ workers and other trades • using Statutory Declarations to support claims • reopening of the SHOAMP Health Care Scheme, with access now available to many more workers • appointing a dedicated F-111 team within DVA to review and process claims • tasking a senior DVA officer with health and F-111 claims background to oversee and report on implementation of the new measures • expanding the counselling services available to workers and their families, through the VVCS - Veterans and Veterans Families Counselling Service, and • providing a dedicated F-111 government website, jointly hosted by the Department of Defence and DVA.The current ex-gratia payment scheme continues unchanged, with the exception that the estates of deceased personnel who died prior to 8 September 2001 are now eligible to apply for ex gratia payments. British Nuclear Test ParticipantsThe 2010-11 Budget also provided that Defence Force members who participated in British Nuclear Testing in Australia during the 1950s and 1960s will now be eligible for the disability pension and health care under the VEA. Their partners may also be eligible for the war widows/ers pension under the VEA. This change will potentially benefit an estimated 2700 ex-defence force members at an estimated impact of $24.2 million over five years. They will continue to have access to benefits under the SRCA and its predecessors.Page 30 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Review of Military Compensation Arrangements (RMCA)Military compensation arrangements are being reviewed in response to numerous concerns expressed by the veteran and ex-service community about the operation of, and support provided by, the current military compensation system. The RMCA steering committee, chaired by the Chair of the MRCC and reporting directly to the Minister for Veterans’ Affairs, will provide a report to the Minister in early 2011.The Terms of Reference of the RMCA are to examine and consider: • the operation to date of the MRCA • legislative schemes that govern military compensation prior to the MRCA, and any anomalies that exist • the level of medical and financial care provided to Defence personnel injured during peacetime service • the implications of an ADF compassionate payment scheme for non-dependants, and • suitability of access to military compensation schemes for members of the Australian Federal Police who have been deployed overseas.Treatment and Service Provision for Severely Injured ADF Clients and Transitioning ADF ClientsIn consultation with the ADF Rehabilitation Program, a detailed communication and treatment management pathway policy has been developed in 2010 for the management of severely injured ADF clients and transitioning ADF clients who may fall into the ‘high profile and or complex case’ category.The aims of this policy are to: • define cases that require this high level of assistance • define the specific roles and responsibilities of all key stakeholders, and • provide guidance for the ongoing treatment and management for this complex client group.TouchbaseThe touchbase program has been developed jointly by the DVA and the Department of Defence. It commenced in December 2010. It is in response to a recommendation by Professor David Dunt in both his Independent Study into Suicide in the Ex-Service Community for DVA and in his Review into Mental Health Care in the ADF and Transition to Discharge for Defence. Professor Dunt highlighted the need for Defence and DVA to work cooperatively to ensure continued recognition of ADF members after they separated and to give them access to information and links to resources that supported their ongoing wellbeing, particularly mental health. The aim of the initiative is:1. To ensure DVA and Defence can continue to make contact, inform and support ex- service members and their families after they leave the ADF, including years down the track, especially to proactively address mental health issues as they arise, and 2. To create a forum through which the ex-service community has access to information and links to resources that are helpful to them in civilian life.The program is aimed at helping separating and separated ADF members, either recent or longer term. It is also aimed at their partners and other family members. Page 31 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20101.12 New Zealand The first example of periodic earnings-related payments in New Zealand had its origins in the Workers’ Compensation for Accidents Act 1900. This was the first in a long line of legislation that eventually prompted Sir Owen Woodhouse’s 1967 Compensation for Personal Injury in New Zealand: Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry (the Woodhouse Report). This led to the Accident Compensation Act 1972, which was updated in 1982 and replaced by a substantially amended scheme in1992. In 1999 elements of private insurance competition were introduced with the Accident Insurance Act 1998. This was reversed in 2001 with the Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act, (IPRC Act) renamed the Accident Compensation Act 2001 (AC Act).Recent Developments (New Zealand)A 2007 legislative amendment to the IPRC Act 2001 established a new merged Work Account that incorporated the Self-Employed Work Account and Employers’ Account and their respective reserves and liabilities. The Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation (Employer Levy) Regulations and the Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation (Self-Employed Work Account Levies) Regulations were replaced with a single set of Levy Regulations covering levies for employers and self-employed.Also in the 2007 Amendment Act, the Medical Misadventure Account was renamed as Treatment Injury to reflect the fact that a 2005 amendment had replaced medical misadventure with the less restrictive concept of “treatment injury”.Page 32 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20102. Schemes at a glance This section provides a summary of how each jurisdiction’s workers’ compensation scheme operates and the benefits injured workers may be entitled to receive when a workplace injury is sustained. In-depth detail on the key features of workers’ compensation is examined further in the following chapters of the Comparison. 2.1 Jurisdictional responsibility for workers’ compensation Table 2.1 - Agencies responsible for overseeing workers’ compensation in each jurisdiction as at 30 September 2010 Current Jurisdiction Policy Premium Claims Disputes legislationWorkCover WorkCover 7 private sector Workplace Workers NSW. NSW. agents, 60 self- Injury Compensation insurers and 7 Management Commission. specialised and Workers New South Wales insurers. Compensation Act 1998 and Workers Compensation Act 1987.WorkSafe WorkSafe 6 private sector Accident WorkSafe. Victoria Victoria. agents and 36 Compensation (Victorian self insurers. Act 1985 and Accident WorkCover Accident Compensation Authority. Compensation Conciliation Victoria (WorkCover Service Insurance) Act (ACCS), 1993. Medical Panels, Magistrates’ or County Court.Department of WorkCover WorkCover Workers’ Q-COMP, Justice and Queensland. Queensland Compensation Industrial Attorney- and self and Magistrate, Queensland General. insurers. Rehabilitation Industrial Act 2003. Relations Commission, Industrial Court.WorkCover Insurers subject 8 private sector Workers’ Dispute WA. to WorkCover insurers, 27 Compensation Resolution WA oversight. self-insurers and Injury Directorate, (exempt Management Commissioner, Western Australia employers) and Act 1981. District Court. the Insurance Commission of Western Australia.WorkCoverSA. WorkCoverSA. 1 private sector Workers’ Workers agent. Rehabilitation Compensation and Tribunal. South Australia Compensation Act 1986 and WorkCover Corporation Act 1994.Page 33 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Current Jurisdiction Policy Premium Claims Disputes legislationDepartment of Licensed 8 private sector Workers’ Workers Justice and private sector insurers. Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Tasmania WorkCover insurers subject and and Tasmania. to WorkCover Compensation Compensation Tas oversight. Act 1988. Tribunal, Supreme Court.Department of Private sector 5 private sector Workers Mediation Justice, NT insurers. insurers. Rehabilitation coordinated by Northern Territory WorkSafe. and NT WorkSafe Compensation Work Health Act 2008. Court.Chief Minister’s Private sector 7 approved Workers’ Conciliation, Australian Capital Department - agents. insurers. Compensation arbitration, Territory * Office of Act 1951. Magistrates Industrial 8 self-insurers. Court. Relations.Department of Comcare. Comcare/Self- Safety, AAT, Federal Education, insurers and Rehabilitation Court. Employment their agents. and and Workplace Compensation Commonwealth Relations. DVA for claims Act 1988. Comcare relating to military service rendered before 1 July 2004.Department of Private sector Employers/ Seafarers AAT, Federal Education, insurers. insurers. Rehabilitation Court. Commonwealth Employment and Seacare and Workplace Compensation Relations. Act 1992.Military n/a. DVA. Military DVA, Veterans' Commonwealth Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Review Board, DVA and and AAT, Federal Compensation Compensation Court. Commission. Act 2004.Department of Accident Accident Accident Accident Labour. Compensation Compensation Compensation Compensation Corporation. Corporation. Act 2001. Corporation, mediation, New Zealand Dispute Resolution Services Limited, court system. * as at 30 June 2010Page 34 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20102.2 Workers’ compensation – key features of schemes Table 2.2 - Synopsis of all of the jurisdictions’ workers’ compensation schemes Parameter NSW Victoria Queensland WA SA Tasmania NT ACT C’th9 NZEmployees covered 3 008 600 2 447 800 1 857 900 1 047 700 705 100 211 800 109 800 110 300 362 300 1 784 4206 for workers’ (private) compensation Seacare: (2008-09)1 18 500 4700 (ACTPS)Number of serious 42 640 24 130 31 060 12 670 9010 3500 1290 1640 2660 22 980 claims with 1 week or more incapacity Seacare: (2008-09)1 14014.2 9.9 16.7 12.1 12.8 16.5 11.7 12.7 7.3 12.9 Incidence of serious claims per 1000 Seacare: employees 30.5 (2008-09)2Compensated deaths 2.0 1.4 4.2 2.3 1.1 2.4 5.5 2.7 1.7 4.5 per 100 000 3 employees 2008-09 Seacare: 0.0Hybrid fund. Hybrid fund. Central fund. Privately Hybrid fund. Privately Privately Privately Central fund. Central fund. under- under- under- under- written. written. written. written. Seacare: Scheme funding Privately Under- written.Standardised Average 7 4 1.83 1.38 1.07 1.14 2.82 1.38 1.74 2.13 0.95 0.90 Premium Rate 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 (% of payroll) 1.93 1.46 1.09 1.35 7 2.84 1.49 1.81 2.29 1.03 0.91 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08 2007/08Page 35 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Parameter NSW Victoria Queensland WA SA Tasmania NT ACT C’th9 NZ Seacare: 3.86 2008/094.76 2007/08Standardised Funding 5,8 98% 120% 146% 128% 56% 134% 112% Not available 117% 81% Ratio 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09 2008/09$1583m $40 million $385 million Not $982m Not Nil. Not $54m NZ$1367m Excess/ unfunded. unfunded. excess. available. unfunded. available. available. excess unfunded.10 Unfunded9 Seacare: Not (30 June 10) applicable. Limited. Limited. Yes. Limited. No. Limited. No. Unlimited. Yes for 3rd No. Party Limited Access to Common against Law employer / other employee.1 - Workplace Relations Ministers’ Council, Comparative Performance Monitoring Report, twelfth edition, December 2010 (Appendix Table 1) 2 - Workplace Relations Ministers’ Council, Comparative Performance Monitoring Report, twelfth edition, December 2010 (Indicator 5) 3 - Workplace Relations Ministers’ Council, Comparative Performance Monitoring Report, twelfth edition, December 2010 (Indicator 10, Appendix Table 1) 4 - Workplace Relations Ministers’ Council, Comparative Performance Monitoring Report, twelfth edition, December 2010 (Indicator 15) 5 - Workplace Relations Ministers’ Council, Comparative Performance Monitoring Report, twelfth edition, December 2010 (Indicators 18a, 18b) 6 - For New Zealand this figure includes self-insurers and self-employed persons covered by the scheme. 7 - The WA rate is recommended, insurers are able to discount or load the recommended rate. 8 - Assets and liabilities for centrally funded and privately underwritten scheme are calculated differently, see CPM12, pp28-30. 9 - Comcare data only, unless otherwise stated. 10 - The NZ funding figure reflects the merging of the Residual Claims Account into the Work Account Page 36 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20102.3 Definition: injury The definition of what constitutes an injury and what contribution the employment must have to it differs between the jurisdictions.Table 2.3 – Definition of injury and contribution of employment as at 30 September 2010 Definition of ‘injury’ for purposes of Jurisdiction Employment contribution coverage‘… personal injury arising out of or in the No compensation is payable under this Act New South course of employment …’ in respect of an injury unless the Wales employment concerned was a substantial contributing factor to the injury.‘… an injury arising out of, or in the course A significant contributing factor for heart of, any employment …’ attack or stroke, disease, a recurrence, Victoria aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation or deterioration of any pre-existing injury or disease.‘… a personal injury arising out of, or in the Significant contributing factor. Queensland course of, employment …’ Western ‘… a personal injury by accident arising out To a significant degree (for diseases only). Australia of or in the course of the employment …’ “ . . . disability arises out of, or in the course ‘... not compensable unless it is established of employment . . .” – s30. on the balance of probabilities that it arises from employment.’South Australia Substantial cause (for psychiatric disabilities only). ‘Contribution’ required for secondary and unrepresentative disabilities, and diseases.‘An injury, not being a disease, arising out For diseases, employment must have of, or in the course of employment’. contributed to a substantial degree, i.e., employment must have been ‘the major or Tasmania ‘An injury, which is a disease, to which most significant factor’. employment contributed to a substantial degree’.‘… a physical or mental injury … out of or in To a material degree, ie, employment was the course of employment …’ the real, proximate or effective cause. (for Northern Includes…’a disease and aggravation, diseases and gradual process injuries only) Territory acceleration, exacerbation, recurrence or deterioration of a pre-existing injury or disease.’‘a physical or mental injury…includes A substantial contributing factor. Australian aggravation, acceleration or recurrence of a Capital Territory pre-existing injury…arising out of, or in the * course of, the worker’s employment’. Commonwealth Comcare ‘… a physical or mental injury arising out of, To a significant degree (for diseases). or in the course of, the employee’s employment …’ or '... an aggravation of a physical or mental Page 37 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Definition of ‘injury’ for purposes of Jurisdiction Employment contribution coverage injury (other than a disease) ...'“a disease” or To a material degree (for disease). “an injury (other than a disease) suffered by an employee, being a physical or mental injury arising out of, or in the course of, the employee’s employment” or “an aggravation of a physical or mental injury (other than a disease) suffered by an employee (whether or not that injury arose out of, or in the course of, the employee’s Commonwealth employment), being an aggravation that Seacare arose out of, or in the course of, that employment”.(being a disease): “any ailment suffered by an employee; or the aggravation of any ailment; being an ailment or an aggravation that was contributed to in a material degree by the employee’s employment.”1. '...any physical or mental injury (including Must be a service injury or service disease the recurrence of a physical or mental as defined (refer MRCA section 27, injury).' subsections 29(1) and (2) and section 30).2. (being an aggravation of an injury).3. (being a disease) '...(a) any physical or Commonwealth mental ailment, disorder, defect or morbid DVA condition (whether of sudden onset or gradual development); or (b) the recurrence of such an ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition;'.4. (being an aggravation of a disease) '...the aggravation of such an ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition;'.‘A work-related personal injury is a personal No requirement (except for work-related injury that a person suffers — (a) while he or gradual process, disease, or infection New Zealand she is at any place for the purposes of his or suffered by the person). her employment’.* as at 30 June 2010 2.4 Journey claims All jurisdictions provide workers’ compensation coverage for journeys undertaken for work purposes, with only some jurisdictions providing coverage for journeys to and from the workplace. Table 2.4 – Coverage of journey claims as at 30 September 2010Jurisdiction Journey to and from work Journey undertaken for work purposesNew South Wales Yes (some restrictions). Yes.Page 38 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Journey to and from work Journey undertaken for work purposesNo (journeys are covered under separate Yes (some restrictions). Victoria statutory no-fault transport accident scheme). Queensland Yes (some restrictions). Yes. Western Australia No. Yes. Generally no. Only in very limited Yes. South Australia circumstances are journeys covered. Tasmania No (some exceptions). Yes. Northern Yes (some restrictions). Yes. TerritoryAustralian Capital Yes. Yes. Territory *Commonwealth No (some exceptions). Yes. ComcareCommonwealth Yes. Yes. SeacareCommonwealth Yes. Yes. DVANew Zealand Yes (some restrictions). Yes.* as at 30 June 2010 2.5 Summary of benefits Important notes:  The level and degree of entitlements in the accompanying tables are maximum or minimum amounts for illustrative purposes. It is important to note that these amounts will not automatically apply to every injured employee. Similarly, not every injured employee will have his or her entitlement limited to one component.  Amounts of compensation, other than for lump-sum payment to dependants in the case of work related death or permanent impairment, will be based on the degree of financial loss a person has suffered as result of a work related injury, and the amount of financial loss, including lost income, is determined differently in each jurisdiction.  It must be noted that each component described below represents only one part of an overall entitlement to workers' compensation. The information should not solely be used to assess the overall level of benefits available to injured employees in each jurisdiction.  There are many exceptions to the benefits quoted below, so these figures should only be taken to be applicable in the majority of cases.Page 39 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20102.5.1 Incapacity benefits and step downs Each scheme provides (within limits) for a period of near-full income replacement of pre-injury earnings for workers who cannot earn. Table 2.5 lists this period for each jurisdiction.Income replacement payments, also known as weekly payments, are 'stepped down' by a percentage or to a set amount for workers who cannot earn an income because of a work related injury. There is a range of entitlements across the jurisdictions, and Table 2.5 also shows the final step-down arrangements. In almost all arrangements detailed provisions are made to further reduce the amounts of income replacement based on an injured person's capacity to earn.Table 2.5 – Summary of incapacity payments as at 30 September 2010Parameter NSW Victoria Queensland WA SA Tasmania NT ACT * Cth NZ100% wage 26 13 26 13 13 26 26 26 45 week 2-5: replacement (no. (95% 80% of short- of weeks) replace- term ment). calculation.Final step-down 26 13 104 13 26 78 26 26 45 Week 5: 80% (After week . . .) of long-term calculation.>26 weeks: 80% Greater of 85% 80% 80% 75% 65% of pre- Lesser of NZ$408 75% worker’s low income injury 75% or the lesser of NWE or 70% (safety net – earners, earnings or statutory 90% AWE or of QOTE.1 payments where their statutory amount $321.10. can’t fall entitlement floor $402.06. below 70% of can be up to ($543.78) Minimum amount basic salary 90% of their whichever is Seacare: or 100% loss of more. Lesser of weekly earning 75% or payment, capacity. statutory which ever is amount lower). ($402.06).More for Less current - Subject to Less Less More for More for More for Less capacity dependants, weekly award rates. capacity or capacity to dependants, dependants, dependants, to earn. Variation less capacity earnings. deemed earn. less capacity less capacity less capacity to earn. capacity to to earn. to earn. to earn. earn.Page 40 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Parameter NSW Victoria Queensland WA SA Tasmania NT ACT * Cth NZ$1716.40 per $1810 per Until weekly Limit on $2381.60 per - - - 150% of NZ$1717.98 week. week. compensatio weekly week. AWOTEFA2 per week. n totals $265 payments of Comcare/ 485. 2.0 x ABS Seacare: Financial Limit AWE ($) ($1884.45). Statutory maximum - $183 394.- 130 weeks 5 years. - 130 weeks Depends on - - - - unless no unless no the worker’s current work current and degree of capacity continuing whole person likely to work impairment continue capacity. (WPI) – indefinitely.  9 years if < 15% WPI  12 years if Time limit ≥15% WPI but < 20% WPI  20 years if ≥20% WPI but < 30% WPI  To age of retirement if ≥ 30% WPI.Page 41 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Parameter NSW Victoria Queensland WA SA Tasmania NT ACT * Cth NZRetirement 65 unless - 65 unless 65 unless 65 unless 65 unless 65 unless 65 unless 65 unless: age + 12 lower worker is worker is worker is worker is worker is worker is  if a worker is months. industry over 64 at within 2 over 64 at over 64.5 at over 63 over 63 between 63 retirement time of injury, years of time of injury, time of injury, years at time years at time and 64 age. If in which case retirement in which case in which case of injury, in of injury, in years at injured within max 1 year. age or above max. 1 year max 6 which case which case time of 130 weeks of retirement If a worker’s months. maximum 2 max 2 years injury, max. retirement age in which employment years is whether 2 years max. 130 case weekly would allow payable. continuous or  if a worker is weeks. payments the worker to cumulative. Age limit 64 at time of are payable continue injury, max. for a period beyond age Seacare: 65 1 year. of incapacity 65 the unless All subject to falling within Tribunal may worker is an election to 2 years after determine over 64 at be entitled to the that weekly time of injury, compensatio commencem payments in which case n rather than ent of the may continue it is max. 12 superannuati incapacity. for a months from on. specified time of injury. period. * as at 30 June 2010 1 - If the work related impairment is over 15%, otherwise single pension rate. 2 - Average Weekly Ordinary Time Earnings of Full-time Adults (no limit under for DVA under the MRC Act).Page 42 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20102.5.2 Medical treatment benefits Maximum amounts that a person can be compensated for the reasonable costs of medical treatment following a work related injury are listed in Table 2.6.Table 2.6 – Maximum amounts for medical treatment as at 30 September 2010Jurisdiction $ limit OtherNew South Wales No limit. Medical expenditure above $50 000 requires regulator approval.No limit. Ceases 52 weeks after weekly payment entitlement ceases, or after 52 Victoria weeks if compensation is payable only for medical and like services unless common law claim or ongoing need. Queensland No limit. -$55 018 Additional $50 000 where the worker’s social and financial circumstances justify it. Western Australia An additional $250 000 beyond the $50 000 may be ordered by an arbitrator under certain circumstances (Schedule 1, clause 18A(2aa).South Australia No limit. -No limit. If the worker is entitled to weekly payments for incapacity in respect of the injury, entitlement to compensation for medical expenses ceases 52 weeks after the lawful termination of weekly payments (subject to a determination by the Tribunal). Tasmania If the worker is not entitled to weekly payments for incapacity in respect of the injury, entitlement to compensation for medical expenses ceases 52 weeks after the date the claim was made (subject to a determination by the Tribunal).Northern Territory No limit. -Australian Capital No limit. Total amount must not be more than the maximum amount agreed Territory * between employer and worker or $617.63 for each treatment. Commonwealth No limit. - ComcareCommonwealth No limit. Seacare Commonwealth DVA No limit.New Zealand No limit. -* as at 30 June 2010Page 43 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20102.5.3 Permanent impairment entitlements Some work related injuries result in medical conditions that will never resolve, such as loss of a limb or chronic conditions. Jurisdictions provide lump sum payments for permanent impairment where the degree of impairment is above a threshold percentage. DVA, which bases its calculations on a legislatively defined impairment point system under the MRC Act, provides a choice between lump sum and periodical payments, of which weekly amount can be wholly or partly converted to an age-based lump sum. There may be additional amounts payable for other loss, such as pain and suffering, or caps on the amounts that could be obtained through the courts.Table 2.7 – Permanent impairment thresholds and entitlements as at 30 September 2010Jurisdiction % of impairment Lump Sum Additional Physical injury 1%. $220,000 (plus Maximum amount of Binaural hearing loss 6%. additional 5% for $50 000 for pain and New South Wales Primary psychological injury 15%. permanent suffering. impairment of the spine).10% except for psychiatric impairments $511 920 Up to $511 920 for and additional 10% for further hearing pain and suffering loss except for total losses compensated damages at common under different table. law (less any lump sum impairment Victoria 5% for Chapter 3 musculoskeletal injuries benefit paid). with a date of injury on or after 2 December 2003. 30% for psychiatric impairment not secondary to physical injury.1% $265 485 $265 485 Queensland Hearing loss 5%.1% $183 394 - Western Australia Hearing loss initial 10% and subsequent loss 5%.None except hearing loss 5%. $426 255 There is no entitlement to compensation South Australia for permanent psychiatric impairment in South Australia, therefore the question of impairment threshold does not apply.5% WPI for physical injuries with the $266 376 - exception of loss of all or part of a finger or toe.>0% for the loss of all or part of a finger Tasmania or toe.10% psychiatric impairment.5% binaural hearing impairment for industrial deafness.Northern 5% $239 928 - TerritoryPage 44 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction % of impairment Lump Sum Additional 1% $123 525 - Australian Capital single loss. Territory * Hearing loss 6%. $185 288 multiple loss.10% WPI; 5% hearing; >0% fingers, toes, $159 236 $59 714 Commonwealth taste, smell. (for non-economic Comcare loss).Commonwealth 10% WPI; >0% fingers, toes, taste, smell. $159 236 $59 714 SeacareInitial compensation $387 327 $75 192 for each 10 impairment points (IP), 5 IPs hearing, (max. limit for dependent child if fingers, toes, taste, smell. combination of initial receiving maximum Additional compensation and additional compensation. 5 IPs. compensation). Children's education Commonwealth expenses payable in DVA some circumstances.$6.00 per week (MRCA Supplement) if receiving maximum compensation.New Zealand 10% NZ$120 665 -* as at 30 June 2010 2.5.4 Death entitlementsThere are occasions where some work related injuries result in death. Each jurisdiction has a benefit structure in place that provides for lump sum payments, funeral costs and weekly payments for dependants. Some jurisdictions provide additional payments for spouses and counselling.Table 2.8 – Death entitlements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Lump sum Weekly payments/ child Funeral OtherNew South Wales $449 850 $114.30 $9000 Victoria $511 920 95% (first 13 weeks) of $9300 Capped provisional payments pre injury earnings for for likely dependants - s92D dependent spouse and/or Accident Compensation Act children to max $1810 (ACA). per week 50% of earnings for 14 weeks to Reimbursement of up to $30 3 years. 530 for expenses incurred by non-dependent family Dependent children are members as a result of the eligible to receive a worker’s death - s92AA ACA. weekly pension up to 16 years or beyond 16 years Counselling for family whilst a full-time members up to $5410 max - apprentices / student up s99(1) ACA. to cessation or to 25 years, whichever occurs first.Page 45 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Lump sum Weekly payments/ child Funeral Other$497 285 10% of QOTE payable Reasonable. $13 285 weekly to each paid to totally dependent dependent family spouse - reduced by the total member until 16 or a amount of weekly payment of student (where spouse is compensation. Queensland totally dependent). $26 560 paid to dependants 8% of QOTE for totally under 16 or are students. dependent spouse and dependent members under 6.$251 412 A child’s allowance of Reasonable - $48.10 per week (subject funeral to LPI) for each expenses – dependent child up to not Western Australia age 16 or 21 if a student, exceeding whichever an arbitrator $8606 determines as likely to be in the best interests of that dependant.$426 255 Orphaned child - 25% of $75701 Weekly payments of up to deceased’s notional 50% of notional weekly weekly earnings for a earnings for a totally totally dependent child, dependent spouse or less depending on domestic partner, less degree of dependency. depending on degree of South Australia dependency. Not orphaned – 12.5% of deceased’s notional weekly earnings for a totally dependent child, less depending on degree of dependency.$266 376.05 Spouse – weekly Reasonable Spouse is entitled to weekly payments for 2 years cost of burial payments for up to 2 years A dependent child is or cremation. calculated at the same rate as entitled to weekly the deceased would have payments at 15% of the received if he/she became basic salary, totally incapacitated: Tasmania commencing on the  first 26 weeks: 100% of expiration of 13 weeks weekly payments after the date of death,  >26-78 weeks: 90% of up to age 16 or 21 if a weekly payments full-time student. ($96.28  >78 weeks-2 years: 80% pw). of weekly payments.$115.35 $299 910 per child to maximum of $5998 - Northern Territory 10 children.Australian Capital $185 288 $61.76 $4941 - Territory *Commonwealth $442 178 $121.60 $10 139 - ComcarePage 46 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Lump sum Weekly payments/ child Funeral OtherCommonwealth $442 177.76 $121.60 $5514 Seacare$610 498 $82.71 $10 139 Medical treatment for (age-based partner/child for all conditions. maximum $3.00 (MRCA amount for Supplement). Financial advice $1 503.83. partner). Children's education, $125 320 expenses payable in some (age-based circumstances. maximum additional Bereavement payments for a amount for limited time where deceased partner was in receipt of periodical where a compensation payments. Commonwealth service DVA death as $3.00 per week (MRCA defined). Supplement).$75 192 (maximum amount for each "other dependant") to a maximum of $238 108 for all "other dependants."Spouse: Spouse: 60% of the long- NZ$5541 Child care payments: NZ$5941. term rate of weekly NZ$126.33 for a single child, Each child or compensation that the NZ$75.79 each if there are other earner would have more than two children, and a New Zealand dependant: received. Each child and total of NZ$176.86 for 3 or NZ$2970 - other dependant: 20% of more children. s381. the weekly compensation.* as at 30 June 2010 1 - Note that on 1 November 2010 the new consolidated Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Regulations 2010 come into force. These regulations feature an increased funeral benefit with indexation taking place between calendar years. From 1 November to 31 December 2010 the funeral benefit will be $9,000, then for all of 2011 it will be $9,236.2.5.5 Dispute resolution Review and appeal rights for a person who is claiming compensation and disagrees with a decision about their entitlements are listed in Table 2.9.Table 2.9 – Dispute resolution as at 30 September 2010 (see also Table 3.5) Jurisdiction Initial Then New South Wales Process for dispute resolution: Appeals against the decision of an  Internal review by insurer. arbitrator come before a presidential  Application lodged at the Workers’ member of the Commission. The decision Compensation Commission. of the President or Deputy President is final. Any further appeal must be based on  Permanent impairment claims are an error of law. referred to an approved medical specialist.  All other claims are referred to an arbitrator (weekly benefits, medical Page 47 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Initial Then disputes and liability).  Arbitrator will attempt conciliation.  Arbitrator makes decision.Conciliation. Courts.Victoria Medical Panels for review of ‘medical A Medical Panel opinion is binding and any questions’ and impairment benefits appeal must be to the Supreme Court on assessments. an error of law.Internal review. Q-COMP, then Industrial Magistrate (premium matters) or Queensland Queensland Industrial Relations Commission (claims), then Industrial Court.Conciliation. Dispute Resolution Directorate (arbitration), Western Australia Commissioner, District Court.Internal reconsideration. Conciliation, Judicial determination (Single Presidential Member), Full Bench of South Australia Workers’ Compensation Tribunal, Appeal to Full Supreme Court on special leave.Conciliation, Worker’s Rehabilitation and Arbitration by Tribunal, Appeal to Supreme Tasmania Compensation Tribunal. Court. Mediation. Work Health Court. Northern Territory Appeal to Supreme Court on matters of lawConciliation. “An injured worker or the worker’s employer may file an application for the arbitration of – (a) a matter in issue arising from the worker’s claim for compensation only if – (i) the worker or employer has asked a conciliator to help the parties reach agreement on the matter; and Australian Capital (ii) the parties have attended the Territory * conciliation; and (iii) either the matter was not resolved at the conciliation or the conciliator decided that the matter was not suitable for conciliation; or (b) the insurer’s rejection of the workers’ claim for compensation” – s48 (Part 7) of the Workers Compensation Regulation 2002.Commonwealth Internal reconsideration. AAT, then Federal Court, then High court. ComcareCommonwealth Seacare Reconsideration. AAT, then Federal Court, then High court.Commonwealth A choice between reconsideration and AAT, then Federal Court, then High court. DVA Veterans’ Review Board.Page 48 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Initial ThenReview and mediation, conducted by an A review decision can be appealed to the independent reviewer or mediator. District Court. Appeals on questions of law New Zealand can be taken to the High Court and the Court of Appeal.* as at 30 June 2010Page 49 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20103. Administrative arrangements of workers’ compensation schemesThis section provides background information on the administrative and legislative arrangements under which the workers’ compensation schemes operate. The key areas for comparison include scheme names, legislation, transitional arrangements and provisions for certain people who are injured in unique ways or at particular places or times.This section covers the following subjects: 3.1 Scheme arrangements. 3.2 Legislation. 3.3 Transitional provisions. 3.4 Unique provisions and other workers’ compensation schemes. 3.5. Dispute Resolution. 3.6 Uninsured Employers.3.1 Scheme arrangements Employers who work in more than one state or territory must operate under the schemes in each jurisdiction in which they work.As at 30 September 2010, workers’ compensation arrangements in each jurisdiction were administered by the authorities listed in Table 2.1. Principal contacts for policy relating to the schemes can be found in Table 3.1.Page 50 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 3.1 – Jurisdictional contacts as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Contact Position Phone No. Fax No. Email Postal Address InternetMichael Director, Business (02) 4321 5160 (02) 9287 5160 michael.young@work Workers’ Compensation www.workcover.nsw.go Young Analysis and cover.nsw.gov.au Division v.au New South Wales Strategy. WorkCover NSW Locked Bag 2906 LISAROW NSW 2252 Rachel Quinn Director, Corporate 1800 136 089 (03) 9641 1769 rachel_quinn@works WorkSafe Victoria www.worksafe.vic.gov. Legal Services. (general) afe.vic.gov.au au Victoria GPO Box 4306 (03) 9641 1064 MELBOURNE VIC 3001 (specific)Janene Director, Workers’ (07) 3225 2390 (07) 3404 3550 janene.hillhouse@jus Department of Justice and www.justice.qld.gov.au Hillhouse Compensation tice.qld.gov.au Attorney-General, Policy Branch, Queensland Department of WHSQ, Justice and GPO Box 69, Attorney-General. BRISBANE QLD 4001Wendy General Manager (08) 9388 5698 (08) 9388 5550 Wendy.Attenborough Scheme Development www.workcover.wa.gov Attenborough Policy and @workcover.wa.gov. WorkCover WA .au Western Australia Performance au 2 Bedbrook Place Division. SHENTON PARK WA 6008Emma Siami Manager, Policy and 131 855 (08) 8233 2044 [email protected] Policy and Government www.workcover.com Government (general om Relations, WorkCoverSA, Relations, Corporate enquiries) GPO Box 2668, ADELAIDE South Australia Affairs and Strategy. SA 5000 (08) 8233 2267 (specific enquiries)Rod Lethborg Principal Policy (03) 6233 3182 (03) 6233 8338 Rod.Lethborg@justic Workplace Standards www.justice.tas.gov.au Tasmania Advisor, Workers’ e.tas.gov.au Tasmania, PO Box 56 Compensation. ROSNY PARK TAS 7018Anna McGill Director, (08) 8999 5018 (08) 8999 5141 [email protected] Compensation and www.worksafe.nt.gov.a Compensation and u Information Unit, NT u Northern Territory Information . WorkSafe, GPO Box 1722, DARWIN NT 0801Page 51 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Contact Position Phone No. Fax No. Email Postal Address InternetJon Quiggin Senior Director, (02) 6207 9734 (02) 6205 0336 [email protected] GPO Box 158, CANBERRA http://www.ors.act.gov. (operations) Office of Regulatory .au ACT 2601 au/ Services, Dept of Justice and Community Australian Capital Services. Territory * Senior Manager, Meg Brighton Workers’ (02) 6205 3095 (02) 6207 6775 [email protected] GPO Box 158, CANBERRA www.cmd.act.gov.au (policy) Compensation, Chief v.au ACT 2601 Minister’s Department. Denise Lowe- Director, Strategic 1300 366 979 (02) 6274 8576 lowe- Strategic Policy, Comcare, www.comcare.gov.au Commonwealth Carlus Policy. carlus.denise@comc GPO Box 9905, Comcare are.gov.au CANBERRA ACT 2601Gerard Director, (02) 6275 0061 (02) 6274 8755 gerard.newman@co Seafarers’ Safety, www.seacare.gov.au Newman Governance and mcare.gov.au Rehabilitation and Commonwealth Secretariat Team. Compensation Authority Seacare GPO Box 9905, CANBERRA ACT 2601Mike Armitage Director, (02) 6289 4899 (02) 6289 4854 Mike.armitage@dva. Rehabilitation and www.dva.gov.au Communications gov.au Entitlements Policy Group, Commonwealth and External Liaison Department of Veterans' DVA Section. Affairs, PO Box 9998, WODEN ACT 2606Keith McLea General Manager, +64 4 918 7700 +64 4 918 7351 [email protected]. Accident Compensation www.acc.co.nz Insurance & (general) nz Corporation, P O Box 242, New Zealand Prevention Services. Wellington, New Zealand +64 4 816 7365 (specific) * as at 30 June 2010Page 52 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20103.2 Legislation Employers who operate in more than one Australian state or territory must comply with all relevant laws within each of the jurisdictions in which they work.During the 2009-10 financial year, workers’ compensation schemes operated under separate laws in each jurisdiction, as shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 – Applicable workers’ compensation legislation 2009-10 Jurisdiction LegislationWorkers Compensation Act 1987 (Version valid from 9 July 2010 to 30 Dec 2010). (Version valid from 1 July 2010 to 8 July 2010). (Version valid from 19 May 2010 to 30 June 2010). (Version valid from 30 Nov 2009 to 18 May 2010). (Version valid from 6 July 2009 to 29 Nov 2009). (Version valid from 1 July 2009 to 5 July 2009). New South Wales Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Act 1998 Workers Compensation Act 1987 (Version valid from 19 May 2010 to 6 Jan 2011). (Version valid from 18 May 2010 to 18 May 2010). (Version valid from 8 Jan 2010 to 17 May 2010). (Version valid from 30 Nov 2009 to 7 Jan 2010). (Version valid from 6 July 2009 to 29 Nov 2009). (Version valid from 1 July 2008 to 5 July 2009).Accident Compensation Act 1985 (Version 160 valid from 1 Jul 2010 to 18 Oct 2010). (Version 159D valid from 5 Apr 2010 to 30 June 2010). (Version 159C valid from 24 Mar 2010 to 4 Apr 2010). (Version 159B valid from 23 Mar 2010 to 23 Mar 2010). (Version 159A valid from 1 Mar 2010 to 22 Mar 2010). (Version 159 valid from 1 Jan 2010 to 28 Feb 2010). (Version 158 valid from 17 Dec 2009 to 31 Dec 2009). Victoria (Version 157 valid from 1 Dec 2009 to 16 Dec 2009). (Version 156 valid from 1 Nov 2009 to 30 Nov 2009). (Version 155 valid from 1 Jan 2009 to 31 Oct 2009).Accident Compensation (WorkCover Insurance) Act 1993 (Version 067 valid from 1 Jul 2010 to 18 Oct 2010). (Version 066 valid from 5 Apr 2010 to 30 June 2010). (Version 065 valid from 24 Mar 2010 to 4 Apr 2010). (Version 064 valid from 28 Nov 2007 to 23 Mar 2010).Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 (permalink to current reprint) (Reprint 5, valid 1 July 2010 to 13 Oct 2010). (Reprint 4C, valid 1 July 2010 to 1 July 2010). (Reprint 4B, valid 17 Jun 2010 to 30 Jun 2010). Queensland (Reprint 4A, valid 29 Mar 2010 to 16 Jun 2010). (Reprint 4, valid 10 Dec 2009 to 28 Mar 2010). (Reprint 3G, valid 3 Nov 2009 to 9 Dec 2009). (Reprint 3F, valid 26 Oct 2009 to 2 Nov 2009). (Reprint 3E, valid 1 Jul 2009 to 25 Oct 2009).Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981 (Version 08-g0-01 valid 30 Aug 2010 to 30 Sept 2010). (Version 08-f0-01 valid 28 June 2010 to 29 Aug 2010). Western (Version 08-e0-03 valid 13 Mar 2010 to 27 June 2010). Australia (Version 08-d0-02 valid 4 Dec 2009 to 12 Mar 2010). (Version 08-c0-03 valid 17 Sept 2009 to 3 Dec 2009). (Version 08-b0-01 valid 22 May 2009 to 16 Sept 2009). Page 53 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction LegislationWorkers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986 (Version valid 1 Feb 2010 to 4 Feb 2011). (Version valid 1 Jan 2010 to 31 Jan 2010). (Version valid 15 Oct 2009 to 31 Dec 2009). (Version valid 1 July 2009 to 14 Oct 2009). South Australia WorkCover Corporation Act 1994 (Version valid 1 Feb 2010 to 4 Feb 2011). (Version valid 1 Jan 2010 to 31 Jan 2010). (Version valid 1 July 2009 to 31 Dec 2009).Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 (Version valid 1 July 2010 to 4 Feb 2011). Tasmania (Version valid 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010).Workers' (Occupational Diseases) Relief Fund Act 1954 (No. 45 of 1954) (Version valid from 1 Jan 2004 ).Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act Northern (Version valid 1 July 2010 to 1 Feb 2011). Territory (Version valid 16 September 2009 to 30 June 2010). (Version valid 18 June 2009 to 15 September 2009).Workers Compensation Act 1951 (Republication No.48, Effective:30 Sept 2010 to 30 Nov 2010). (Republication No.47, Effective:10 July 2010 to 29 Sept 2010). (Republication No.46, Effective:1 July 2010 to 9 July 2010). Australian (Republication No.45, Effective:31 Mar 2010 to 30 June 2010). Capital (Republication No.44, Effective:17 Dec 2009 to 30 Mar 2010). Territory (Republication No.43, Effective:22 Oct 2009 to 16 Dec 2009). (Republication No.42, Effective:1 Oct 2009 to 21 Oct 2009). (Republication No.41, Effective:3 Sept 2009 to 30 Sept 2009). (Republication No.40, Effective:2 July 2009 to 2 Sept 2009). (Republication No.39, Effective:8 April 2009 to 1 July 2009). Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 Version valid from 18 December 2010. (Version valid 1 July 2010 to 17 Dec 2010). Commonwealth (Version valid 19 April 2010 to 30 June 2010). Comcare (Version valid 24 February 2009 to 18 April 2010). (Version valid 1 November 2009 to 23 February 2010). (Version valid 15 July 2009 to 31 October 2009). (Version valid 1 July 2009 to 14 July 2009).Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 Commonwealth (Version valid 8 February 2010 to 4 Feb 2011). Seacare (Version valid 15 July 2009 to 7 February 2010). (Version valid 5 June 2009 to 14 July 2009).Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 (Version valid 1 April 2010 to 16 Nov 2010). Commonwealth (Version valid 4 March 2010 to 31 March 2010). (Version valid 8 February 2010 to 28 February 2010). DVA (Version valid 21 September 2009 to 7 February 2010). (Version valid 17 July 2009 to 20 September 2009). (Version valid 1 July 2009 to 16 July 2009).New Zealand Accident Compensation Act 2001 No.49(current) (Version valid 03 March 2010 to 30 June 2010).Page 54 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Legislation Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation Act 2001 No 49 (superseded versions listed here) (Version valid 01 January 2010 to 02 March 2010). (Version valid 06 October 2009 to 31 December 2009). (Version valid 01 December 2008 to 05 October 2009).3.3 Transitional provisions Not all injured workers are covered under current workers’ compensation legislation because their date of injury may have preceded the introduction of that legislation. However, most jurisdictions provide for workers’ compensation payments to be made to people who would have had an entitlement to compensation under preceding legislation, or for some transitional arrangements to apply to those people.For example, in Queensland, injuries that occurred before 1 January 1991 are covered by the Workers’ Compensation Act 1916, injuries that occurred between 1 January 1991 and 1 February 1997 are covered by the Workers’ Compensation Act 1990 and injuries that occurred on or after 1 February 1997 and before 1 July 2003 are covered by the WorkCover Queensland Act 1996.In other circumstances an injured worker may need to meet certain criteria in order for an injury that occurred when previous legislation was in force to be covered under the current legislation. For example, a Commonwealth employee who was injured prior to 1988 would only be entitled to compensation under the SRC Act if there was an entitlement under the preceding pieces of legislation.Table 3.3 – Transitional legislation provisions as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction LegislationNew South Wales Workers Compensation Act 1987, Schedule 6.Victoria Workers Compensation Act 1958.Workers’ Compensation Act 1916.Queensland Workers’ Compensation Act 1990.WorkCover Queensland Act 1996.Western Australia Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981.The Workers Compensation Act 1971 may still apply to injuries with a date of injury prior South Australia to 30 September 1987, the date on which the 1986 Act commenced.Workers Compensation Act 1927 (for injuries prior to 15 November 1988). Tasmania Workers' (Occupational Diseases) Relief Fund Act 1954.Workmen’s Compensation Ordinance 1949. Northern Territory Workmen’s Compensation Act 1979.Australian CapitalPage 55 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Legislation The ACT legislation is a consolidation of previous enactments. Territory *A person who has a date of injury under a previous Act (the 1971, 1930 or 1912 Acts) is entitled to compensation under the 1988 Act provided compensation for that injury Commonwealth would have been payable under the earlier Act. A person is not entitled to compensation Comcare under the 1988 Act if compensation was not payable in respect of an injury suffered under a previous Act. A person who has a date of injury under the Seamen’s Compensation Act 1911 is entitled to compensation under the 1992 Act provided compensation for that injury Commonwealth would have been payable under the earlier Act. A person is not entitled to compensation Seacare under the 1992 Act if compensation was not payable in respect of an injury suffered under a previous Act.Commonwealth Military Rehabilitation and Compensation (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) DVA Act 2004.Accident Insurance (Transitional Provisions) Act 2000 .Accident Insurance Act 1998.New Zealand Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Act 1992.Accident Compensation Act 1982.Accident Compensation Act 1972.* as at 30 June 2010 3.4 Unique provisions and other workers’ compensation schemes A number of jurisdictions have specific workers’ compensation or related legislation or other arrangements to provide for people who are injured in unique ways or at particular places or times. For example the Commonwealth has an administrative scheme for people who may have been affected by nuclear radiation from British atomic tests in Australia in the 1950s.Table 3.4 lists the minor schemes extant in each jurisdiction. Tables 3.4.1 to 3.4.7 expand on the specific arrangements in each jurisdiction for the minor schemes.Table 3.4 – Jurisdictional specific workers’ compensation legislation as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Legislation Associated General Contractors Insurance Company Limited Act 1980.Bishopsgate Insurance Australia Limited Act 1983.The Standard Insurance Company Act 1963.Workers’ Compensation (Brucellosis) Act 1979. New South Wales (Table 3.4.1) * Workers Compensation (Bush Fire, Emergency and Rescue Services) Act 1987.Workers’ Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942.Workmen’s Compensation (Lead Poisoning – Broken Hill) Act 1922.Coal Industry Act 2001.Page 56 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Legislation Victoria State Emergency Services Act 1987. Juries Act 2000. Victorian Legislation and Parliamentary Documents go to Victorian Law Today and then Education Training and Reform Act 2006. Victoria (Table 3.4.2) Emergency Management Act 1986. Police Assistance Compensation Act 1968. Country Fire Authority Act 1958. Queensland -Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management (Acts of Terrorism) Act 2001. Employer’ Indemnity Policies (Premium Rates) Act 1990. Western Australia Employers’ Indemnity Supplementation Fund Act 1980. (Table 3.4.3) Waterfront Workers (Compensation for Asbestos Related Diseases) Act 1986.Workers’ Compensation (Common Law Proceedings) Act 2004 .South Australia Workers Compensation Act 1971. (Table 3.4.4)Workers Compensation Act 1927. Tasmania (Table 3.4.5) Workers' (Occupational Diseases) Relief Fund Act 1954*.Northern Territory Not applicable.The Workers Compensation Act 1951 includes provisions for injured workers whose claim Australian Capital for compensation is unable to be covered by his/her employer or insurer as well as a Territory * temporary provision for acts of terrorism.Commonwealth Asbestos Related Claims (Management of Commonwealth Liabilities) Act 2005. (Table 3.4.6) Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986. New Zealand Tuberculosis Act 1948. (Table 3.4.7) * No new claims allowed.Table 3.4.1 Minor schemes - New South Wales Associated General Contractors Insurance Company Limited Act 1980Administered by NSW WorkCover.To make provisions relating to claims against and liabilities incurred by Associated Purpose General Contractors Insurance Company Limited in respect of policies of insurance or indemnity under the Workers' Compensation Act 1926.Coverage Any person who would have had (but for the dissolution taking place) an entitlement to payment of any amount arising from or pertaining to any policy of insurance issued by Page 57 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 the Company is entitled to payment of that amount: (a) out of the fund, and (b) after the fund is closed, out of the Contribution Fund.Number Not specified. coveredBasis for Protect the entitlement for any person whose claim was payable out of the fund legislation administered by the Associated General Contractors Insurance Company.Workers’ Compensation (Brucellosis) Act 1979Administered NSW WorkCover. byAn Act to make special provisions with respect to the payment of workers' compensation to certain workers having or suspected of having brucellosis; to establish a Brucellosis Compensation Fund; to provide for the payment of contributions to that Fund by certain Purpose employers and for the reimbursement out of that Fund of certain compensation paid to those workers; to make provisions for or with respect to the medical examination of those workers.Coverage Any worker suffering from Brucellosis.Number N/A. coveredBasis for To establish an industry specific fund to compensate workers who have contracted legislation Brucellosis. Type of compensation is based on the Workers Compensation Act 1987.Workers Compensation (Bush Fire, Emergency and Rescue Services) Act 1987Administered NSW WorkCover. byTo continue the special compensation scheme for bush fire fighters, emergency service Purpose workers and rescue association workers.Coverage Bush fire fighters, emergency service workers and rescue association workers.Number 94 600 Rural Fire Service, State Emergency Service and Surf Life Saving volunteers. coveredBasis for Unique Scheme. legislationWorkers’ Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942Administered Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Board. byThis Act makes provisions regarding the payment of compensation in the case of workers who suffer death or disablement owing to a dust disease specified in Schedule Purpose 1 of the Act, including any pathological condition of the lungs, pleura or peritoneum, that is caused by dust that may also cause a disease so specified, to validate certain payments.Any worker who has developed a ‘dust disease’ as defined in Schedule 1 of the Act from Coverage occupational exposure to dust as a worker in New South Wales.Page 58 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Number As at 30 June 2010 compensation benefits are being provided to a total of 3701 clients: covered 1078 workers and 2,623 dependants of deceased worker.Basis for A system of no fault compensation for workers and their dependants where a worker legislation suffers death or disability from dust diseases. Workmen’s Compensation (Lead Poisoning – Broken Hill) Act 1922Administered N/A. byAn Act to extend the provisions for the payment of compensation to persons disabled by Purpose lead poisoning in or upon the Broken Hill mines.Any workman who was in the employment of a mine-owner for any time during the period of twelve months preceding the thirty-first day of May, 1919, and who, prior to that date, had been employed for not less than one thousand two hundred and fifty shifts in or upon Broken Hill mines, notwithstanding that he may not have been Coverage employed in any such mine within twelve months previous to the date of his disablement if the board certifies that: (i) the said workman is suffering from lead poisoning, and is thereby disabled from earning full wages at the work at which he was employed, or (ii) the death of such workman has been caused by lead poisoning.Number Not specified. coveredBasis for To provide a statutory benefits regime for mine workers who were previously excluded legislation from the principle statutory workers’ compensation systems.Coal Industry Act 2001Administered Coal Services Pty Limited. byProviding occupational health and rehabilitation services for workers engaged in the Purpose coal industry, including providing preventative medical services, monitoring workers’ health and investigating related health matters.Coverage Workers employed in or about a mine – definition from 1987 Act.Number N/A. coveredBasis for Unique Scheme. legislationTreasury Managed Fund (TMF)Administered NSW Self-Insurance Corporation, a branch of NSW Treasury. byTMF clients are the NSW Government budget dependent agencies. Other non-budget Purpose dependent public sector agencies may join the TMF on a voluntary basis.Coverage Workers’ compensation as per NSW statute.NumberPage 59 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Employees of 115 member agencies. coveredBasis for Unique Scheme. legislationTable 3.4.2 Minor schemes - Victoria Volunteers – Recoupable Claims Claims by volunteers under the:  Country Fire Authority Act 1958 (CFA Act) are administered by the Country Fire Authority (applies to casual fire fighters, volunteer auxiliary workers, volunteer officers and volunteer members).  Police Assistance Compensation Act 1968 (PAC Act) are administered by the Police Department (applies to volunteers assisting police officers). Except for claims under the PAC Act 1968 or CFA Act, WorkSafe Victoria (WSV) administers claims of volunteers as an agent on behalf of the Crown. The claims agent responsible for managing claims for the Department of Justice manages Administered by claims by volunteers under the following Acts:  Victorian State Emergency Services Act 1987 (applies to registered and casual emergency workers).  Juries Act 2000 (applies to jurors).  Emergency Management Act 1986 (applies to casual emergency workers). The agent responsible for managing claims for the Department of Education manages claims by volunteers under the Education Training and Reform Act 2006 (applies to volunteer school workers or volunteer student workers). WSV is reimbursed from the Consolidated Fund for any compensation payments made and the costs and expenses associated with administering these claims.Under certain Acts, volunteers assisting Government Agencies are entitled to Purpose compensation in accordance with the Accident Compensation Act 1985 if injured while carrying out specified duties. Nominated volunteers specified under various pieces of legislation set out below. The term’ volunteers’ includes people assisting government agents. Volunteers are not workers unless deemed so and are not entitled to compensation unless specified in one of the Acts of Parliament named below. Workers assigned to emergency organisations by their employers as part of their contract Coverage of service, remain workers of the employer. They will only be entitled to compensation as volunteers if they are covered by the above Acts.While carrying out the relevant duties, volunteers in prisons and offenders working or participating in a program under a Correctional Order, a provision of the Sentencing Act 1991 or Part 9 of the Corrections Act 1986, are deemed workers employed by the Crown.Number Not known. coveredThe above Acts provide that volunteers and other persons assisting government agencies Basis for are entitled to compensation if injured while carrying out relevant duties. Go to Victorian legislation Legislation and Parliamentary Documents. Table 3.4.3 Minor schemes - Western Australia Waterfront Workers (Compensation for Asbestos Related Diseases) Act 1986Administered WorkCover WA. byPage 60 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010This Act applies to a waterfront worker in respect of whom there is an entitlement to make a claim for a relevant injury under section 33 of the Compensation Act, but in respect of whom it is not known who was the employer who last employed the waterfront worker in the employment to the nature of which the ‘relevant injury’ is, or Purpose was, due. ‘relevant injury’ means: a) mesothelioma, or b) lung cancer, or c) that form of pneumoconiosis known as asbestosis.Waterfront workers, within the meaning of the Compensation Act, employed in or about Coverage a harbour or port area at a time when asbestos was being loaded or unloaded from a vessel or otherwise handled in that harbour or port area.Number N/A. covered Basis for legislation N/A. Employers’ Indemnity Supplementation Fund Act 1980Administered WorkCover WA. byProvides for the determination of recommended premium rates for certain employer Purpose indemnity policies.Waterfront workers, within the meaning of the Compensation Act, employed in or about Coverage a harbour or port area at a time when asbestos was being loaded or unloaded from a vessel or otherwise handled in that harbour or port area.Number N/A. coveredBasis for N/A. legislationTable 3.4.4 Minor schemes - South Australia Statutory Reserve FundAdministered WorkCoverSA. byExists to support policies issued under section 118g of the repealed Workers Purpose Compensation Act 1971.Statutory workers’ compensation benefits and liabilities at common law in respect of Coverage injury prior to 4.00pm 30 September 1987.No new policies issued after 4.00pm 30 September 1987. There were no ‘run-off’ claims Number as at 30 June 2007, and contingent liability for incurred but not reported claims including covered exposure to asbestos related injuries incurred prior to 4.00pm 30 September 1987.Basis for legislation It makes WorkCoverSA the insurer of last resort under the 1971 Act. It also ensures that an employer could meet their obligation to be fully insured against liability to pay compensation under the 1971 Act – See Clause 5A Schedule 1 Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986.Page 61 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Insurance Assistance FundAdministered WorkCoverSA. byExists to support policies issued under section 118g of the repealed Workers Purpose Compensation Act 1971 (1971 Act).Statutory workers’ compensation benefits and liabilities at common law in respect of Coverage injury prior to 4.00pm 30 September 1987.No new policies issued post 4.00pm 30 September 1987. Run-off of claims nil as at 30 Number June 2007 and contingent liability for incurred but not reported claims including covered exposure to asbestos related injuries incurred prior to 4.00pm 30 September 1987.Insurer of last resort under 1971 Act. To make provision so that an employer could meet Basis for their obligation to be fully insured against liability to pay compensation under the 1971 legislation Act – See Clause 5A Schedule 1 Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986.Table 3.4.5 Minor schemes - Tasmania Workers Compensation Act 1927Administered by Department of Justice. This Act was the former workers’ compensation legislation repealed in 1988. Some Purpose claims under this legislation are still outstanding; however, no new claims are permitted.Coverage N/A.Number N/A. coveredBasis for N/A. legislationWorkers' (Occupational Diseases) Relief Fund Act 1954Administered Department of Justice. byThis Act contained specific provisions for certain occupational diseases that were Purpose relevant to employees working in particular industries, e.g. mining. Most provisions of the Act have been repealed and no new claims are permitted.Coverage N/A.Number N/A. coveredBasis for N/A. legislationPage 62 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 3.4.6 Minor schemes - Commonwealth Administrative Scheme for the Purposes of Compensating Persons Present at British Nuclear Test Sites in Australia Administered by Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations .To compensate those persons who can establish that they were in the region of the tests at the time of the testing, who sustained an injury or a disease which can be Purpose demonstrated to have arisen as a result of exposure to radiation, etc emanating from the British Nuclear Tests in the 1950s and 1960s. This scheme was formed by Executive Government in 1986.Non-Commonwealth employees, pastoralists and indigenous persons who were present Coverage at or near the test sites at the time of the testing in the 1950’s and early 1960’s are covered under the scheme. Number covered N/A.As there is no legislative basis to the scheme, any determination of a claim involves an exercise of the Government’s executive power. There is no right of appeal, although Basis for claimants may seek common law redress against the Government. The scheme legislation references Commonwealth workers’ compensation legislation to determine the types and quantum of benefits paid under the scheme. Scheme for the Payment of Special Compensation for Injury in Exceptional CircumstancesAdministered by Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations .To compensate those persons (listed below) who suffer injuries or contract diseases, under exceptional circumstances, such as injuries which arise a result of actual or threatened acts of violence because the claimant was identified with the Australian Government. It also provides compensation for diseases contracted because of Purpose changes in the person’s environment arising out of their connection with the Government, who would not have incurred such injuries or diseases but for the claimant’s connection with the Australian Government – and for which they have no claim for compensation under a statutory scheme. This scheme was formed by Executive Government in 1986.The Special Compensation Scheme provides compensation to Commonwealth Coverage government employees and/or their dependents, Commonwealth contractors, people undertaking actions at the direction of the Commonwealth and judges. Number covered N/A.As there is no legislative basis to the scheme, any determination of a claim involves an exercise of the Government’s executive power. There is no right of appeal, although Basis for claimants may seek common law redress against the Government. The scheme legislation references Commonwealth workers’ compensation legislation to determine the types and quantum of benefits paid under the scheme. Page 63 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Asbestos Related Claims (Management of Commonwealth Liabilities) Act 2005Administered by Comcare.Manages the Commonwealth’s asbestos-related claims liabilities for claims made Purpose outside the SRC and MRC Acts.Claimants with asbestos-related conditions such as asbestosis, an asbestos-induced Coverage carcinoma, an asbestos-related non-malignant pleural disease, mesothelioma etc.Number covered There were 103 open claims being managed at 30 June 2009.Basis for A focal point for the Commonwealth to manage its asbestos liabilities. legislationVeterans’ Entitlements Act 1986Administered by Department of Veterans’ Affairs.Provides entitlements to compensation and rehabilitation for members and former members of the Australian Defence Force injured in the course of their duties. Injury, disease or death related to the following service:  peacetime service (after completion of three-year qualifying period) – from 7 Purpose December 1972 to 6 April 1994. Members who enlisted before 22 May 1986 and who served continuously until after 6 April 1994 are also covered for service after that date  all periods of operational service, peacekeeping service and hazardous service to 30 June 2004, and  war-like operations (for example in East Timor) and non war-like operations to 30 June 2004.To be eligible for compensation payments under the VEA a person must first qualify as a ‘veteran’, a ‘member of the Forces’ or a ‘member of a Peacekeeping Force’. Certain Coverage civilians also have access to the VEA. A member who had not completed the three-year qualifying period before 7 April 1994 is not covered under the VEA, unless he/she was medically discharged within that time.Service pensioners 176 006, Disability pensioners 120 755, War widow(er)s 99 982 (as Number covered at 30 September 2010).Basis for N/A. legislationTable 3.4.7 Minor schemes - New Zealand Tuberculosis Act 1948Administered Ministry of Health. byMake better provision for the treatment, care and assistance of persons suffering or Purpose having suffered from tuberculosis and for preventing the spread of tuberculosis.Coverage Any person who is suffering from tuberculosis in an active form and who is likely to infect others. Can claim for workers’ compensation if contracted during employment.Page 64 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Number 350-400 new cases a year. coveredBasis for N/A. legislation3.5. Dispute Resolution The function of dispute resolution is to help injured workers and their employers resolve issues arising from workers’ compensation claims at an early stage to prevent the issues going to court.For statistics on dispute resolution in each jurisdiction, please refer to the Comparative Performance Monitoring Report (www.workplace.gov.au/cpm). Table 3.5 outlines the dispute resolution processes in each jurisdiction.Table 3.5 – Dispute resolution provisions as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Dispute resolution provisions If liability for a claim or a request for a benefit is declined, the injured workers will receive a copy of all information relevant to the decision. This means that all information is exchanged and considered before an application for dispute resolution is lodged with the Workers Compensation Commission (the Commission). An injured worker can ask the insurer to review the decision and can seek advice from WorkCover’s Claims Assistance Service, which provides access to information and assistance for injured workers and employers regarding claims and disputes.If the dispute is about the level of permanent impairment, the Commission-approved medical specialist will review all medical evidence, assess the worker, and make a final determination on the level of permanent impairment for a lump sum compensation payment.The Commission is an independent Statutory Tribunal, which deals with disputed workers’ compensation claims (except for coal miners). Any party to a workers' compensation dispute can lodge an application to the Commission, except for disputes about permanent New South Wales impairment, which can only be lodged by a worker.Appeal provisions exist in relation to decisions of arbitrators and Approved Medical Specialists (AMS) under limited grounds. Appeals against the decision of an arbitrator are determined by a Presidential member. Appeals against the assessment of AMS are determined by an Appeal Panel comprising of 2 AMS and 1 arbitrator.Medical Panels: AMS are appointed to assess medical disputes.The District Court has exclusive jurisdiction to examine, hear and determine all coal miner matters (except matters arising under Part 5 of the 1987 Act).Dust DiseasesWorkers who disagree with a decision made by the Dust Diseases Board or its Medical Authority can lodge an appeal in the District Court of NSW in accordance with section 8I of the Workers’ Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942.Victoria Court proceedings must not be commenced (except in the case of a fatality or lump sum claims under the old Table of Maims) unless the dispute has been referred for conciliation and the conciliation officer certifies that the worker has taken all reasonable steps to settle the dispute – s49. Conciliation: The worker or person making the claim may refer the dispute for conciliation to attempt to resolve the dispute – s53 and s55.If the dispute is resolved by agreement, a conciliation officer will issue a certificate outlining the agreement. Failing agreement, a conciliation officer may give directions, make Page 65 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Dispute resolution provisions recommendations or decline to give directions or recommendations or refer a medical question to the Medical Panel – s56 and s57.A direction of a conciliation officer is binding on the parties unless subsequently revoked by that conciliation officer or any other Conciliation Officer or a Court – s60.Where a claimant has taken all reasonable steps to attempt settlement of the dispute but agreement cannot be reached, a conciliation officer will issue a certificate permitting the claimant to commence court proceedings – s49.Unless a Court orders otherwise, a dispute can be conciliated notwithstanding that court proceedings have been commenced – s57.The Magistrates’ Court deals with claims up to $100 000, disputes regarding access to claims documents, claims for reimbursement of expenses incurred by non-family members of a deceased worker and civil proceedings relating to discriminatory conduct against a worker - ss43 and 242AD. The County Court deals with all other claims – s43.Medical Panels: ‘medical questions’ as defined in s5(1) may be referred to the Medical Panels. Disputed impairment benefits assessments under s104B and any medical question arising in a conciliation dispute relating to a worker’s entitlement to weekly payments for reduced work capacity after 130 weeks under s 93CD must be referred to Medical Panels. Medical Panels must form binding opinions on medical questions referred – s68.Internal Review by Insurer: Insurer must undertake an internal review of proposed decision to reject the application for compensation. The review is to be undertaken by a person in a more senior position than the person who proposes to make the decision – s538. Reviewable decisions are outlined in s540.Review by Q-COMP: Q-COMP is to hear from both parties and review all relevant information and documentation. Once Q-COMP has reviewed the decision, they can confirm or vary the decision, set aside the decision and substitute another decision, or set aside the decision and return the matter to the decision maker with the directions Q-COMP considers appropriate – s545. Queensland Appeal to Industrial Magistrate (premium matters) or Industrial Relations Commission (claim matters): Formal hearing of both sides, where the appeal body can confirm, vary, set aside and substitute another decision, or set aside the decision and return the matter to the decision maker with directions considered appropriate – s558.Appeal to Industrial Court: Court rehears evidence and proceedings and additional evidence if ordered by the Court. The Court’s decision is final – s561-s562.Medical Panel: Referral to Medical Assessment Tribunal (MAT). No appeal against a decision by MAT unless fresh medical evidence is submitted to MAT within 12 months of the MAT decision – s512.Western Australia Conciliation teleconference: The arbitrator may direct the parties to participate in a conciliation teleconference to try and settle the matter – clause 66 Workers’ Compensation (DRD) Rules 2005 (the Rules).Conciliation: The arbitrator is not to determine a dispute without first trying to bring both parties to an agreeable settlement – s185.Arbitration: If the matter is not settled at a conciliation conference the arbitrator may determine an application at an arbitration hearing – clause 71 of the Rules.Review: If new information becomes available after an arbitrator’s decision has been made, the arbitrator may reconsider the decision and vary, revoke or make any further decisions having regard to the new information– s186 & s187.Commissioner: A party to a dispute may, with the leave of the Commissioner (District Court Judge), appeal to the Commissioner against a decision of an arbitrator – s247.District Court: A party to a proceeding before the Commissioner may appeal to the DistrictPage 66 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Dispute resolution provisions Court from a decision of the Commissioner on a question of law.Medical Panel: Questions on medical issues, such as conflicting opinions between doctors, can be referred to a Medical Assessment Panel. The Panel also has the ability to determine the nature, extent and degree of permanency of any impairment under Schedule 2 – s210(1).Reconsideration: Disputed claim determinations on a claim must be reviewed and considered by a person who did not make the disputed decision. The reconsideration of the disputed decision must be completed within 7 days after receiving notice of the dispute – s91.Conciliation: A conciliation officer must seek to identify issues in the dispute and explore the possibilities of resolving the dispute by the agreement of all parties – s92A.Judicial Determination: A hearing is before a presidential member of the Tribunal – s94A.Full Bench: The President can refer a matter to the Full Bench – s94A. An appeal lies on a question of law from a judicial determination to the Full Bench of the Tribunal – s86.Supreme Court: The Full Bench of the Tribunal may refer a question of law for the opinion of the Full Court of the Supreme Court - s86A(1). South Australia Additionally, an appeal lies on a question of law against a decision of the Full Bench of the Tribunal to the Full Court of the Supreme Court but such an appeal can only be commenced with the permission of a Judge of the Supreme Court - s86A(2) and (2a). The Corporation or the Tribunal may require a worker who claims compensation under the Act to submit to an examination by a Medical Panel or to answer questions (or both) on a date and at a place arranged by the Convenor of Medical Panels so that the Medical Panel can determine any specified medical question - s95F(2). Medical questions are defined in section 98E. The opinion of a Medical Panel on a medical question is to be adopted and applied by any body or person acting under the Act and must be accepted as final an conclusive irrespective of who referred the medical question or when the medical question was referred - s98H(4).Conciliation: 2 steps: – preliminary stage is to identify issues being disputed and to try and resolve the dispute amicably – s42D. The next stage is a conciliation conference which provides an opportunity for open and ‘without prejudice’ discussions based on all available information to facilitate a resolution – s42E-s42M.Arbitration: Formal hearing held in private, where both parties give evidence. Orders Tasmania made by the Tribunal are final and binding – s44-s49.Appeal to Supreme Court: Can only appeal on points of law – s58.Medical Panel: The Tribunal may refer a medical question to a medical panel when there is conflicting medical opinion, and one of the parties wishes to continue with proceedings. The determination of the medical panel is binding on the Tribunal – s51 and s63(1).Mediation: To try and resolve disputes by having discussions with each party and through conference with parties. The mediator may make recommendation to parties in relation to resolution of dispute – s103B to s103E.Work Health Court: Hear and determine claims for compensation and all matters and Northern questions incidental to or arising out of such claims - s93 to s110B. Territory Supreme Court: Points of law only can be referred to the Supreme Court – s115 & s116.NB: Claimant is not entitled to commence court proceedings unless an attempt of resolution had been made through mediation – s103J(1).Page 67 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Dispute resolution provisions Conciliation: Parties must make a genuine effort to reach an agreement. Conciliation must occur before arbitration unless there is an issue with the insurer rejecting a claim for compensation. The conciliation officer may decide claim for compensation is not suitable for conciliation or the issue is unresolved and may make a recommendation. If parties agree, the record of agreement must be in writing– Part 6, Regulations. Australian Capital Territory * Arbitration: If conciliation is unsuccessful or compensation claim has been rejected by the insurer, the matter must be decided by the Committee unless the Committee refers the matter to the Magistrates Court – Part 7, Regulations.Magistrates Court: Appeals or referrals by the Committee – Part 7, Regulations.Medical Referees: Medical referees may be requested throughout the resolution process to prepare a report to help parties reach an agreement – Part 7, Regulations.Following an internal reconsideration process (s62), by an independent review officer (or by a delegate not involved in the initial decision), if either party (employee or Commonwealth entity or authority) to a reconsidered decision is not satisfied with that decision an application to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) may be made (a dispute). The Commonwealth AAT processes include compulsory conciliation. The AAT has the discretion to make or Comcare decline to make a decision in the terms agreed to by the parties. The AAT must be satisfied that a decision in those terms or consistent with those terms would be within the powers of the Tribunal. The AAT can also make determinative decisions – s64.Appeals: A party may apply from the AAT to the Federal Court on questions of law.Following a reconsideration process which must involve the assistance of an industry panel, or Comcare officer, if the employee is not satisfied with that decision an application Commonwealth to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) may be made (a dispute) – s88 to s91. Seacare Appeals: A party may apply from the AAT to the Federal Court on questions of law. Following an internal reconsideration process (s350) or review by the Veterans' Review Commonwealth Board (s353), if either party (claimant, service chief or MRCC) to a "reviewable DVA determination" is not satisfied with that decision an application to the AAT may be made (see above).An employer may apply to the Corporation for a review of its decision that a claimant’s injury is a work-related personal injury suffered during employment with that employer. A claimant may apply to the Corporation for a review of: a) any of its decisions on the claim b) any delay in processing the claim for entitlement that the claimant believes is an unreasonable delay, or c) any of its decisions under the Code on a complaint. New Zealand Levy payers can also ask for a review of any levy paid or payable.Reviews are conducted by an independent reviewer. A review decision can be appealed to the District Court. Appeals on questions of law can be taken to the High Court and the Court of Appeal.* as at 30 June 20103.6 Uninsured Employers In all jurisdictions it is compulsory for employers to have workers’ compensation insurance to ensure that workers are covered in case work related injury occurs.Page 68 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010There are instances where workers are not covered for workers’ compensation for reasons including:  employers not being able to be identified or located  employers not maintaining a workers’ compensation insurance policy at the time of injury, or  insurers defaulting in payments or collapsing.Most jurisdictions have a safety net scheme in place to ensure uninsured injured workers receive the same benefits as covered workers under the various pieces of legislation. Table 3.6 outlines the uninsured employer’s provisions in each jurisdiction.Table 3.6 – Uninsured employer provisions as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Uninsured Provisions A claim may be made against the Nominal Insurer by any person having a workers’ compensation claim if the employer is uninsured or unable to be identified – 1987 Act, New South Wales s140. The employer is required to repay the amount spent on the claim and legal expense (1987 Act, s145), plus penalties incurred for not maintaining a workers’ compensation insurance policy.As at 1 July 2010, an employer who is required to obtain a policy of insurance but does not do so, is deemed to have in force a policy of insurance for the policy period for the purposes of the Accident Compensation (WorkCover Insurance) Act 1993. Victoria An employer who is deemed to have in force a policy of insurance is liable to pay premium for the period of non-compliance in accordance with the relevant Premiums Order and a default penalty of an amount equal to the premium payable. WorkSafe may remit the whole or any part of the default penalty.WorkCover may recover from the employer the amount of the payment made together with Queensland a penalty equal to 50% of the payment, as well as the amount of unpaid premium together with a penalty equal to 100% of the unpaid premium – s57.Where an employer is not insured against their liability to pay compensation to an injured worker, WorkCover WA will pay an amount to satisfy the award or any award for costs made from the General Account (uninsured fund) - s174.Western Australia Where an employer is uninsured, WorkCover WA may sue and recover the amount paid to the injured worker from the General Account to the extent of liability payable under the Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981. WorkCover WA may sue for and recover from the employer fees, costs and charges incurred by WorkCover WA – s174AB.An employer must not employ workers to whom the Act applies if the employer is not registered with WorkCover – s59.Where an employer fails to make a payment of compensation that the employer is liable to South Australia make under the Act (e.g., first two weeks income maintenance), WorkCover shall make that payment of compensation and recover from the employer as a debt the amount payable and an administrative fee fixed in accordance with the regulations, and WorkCover shall take all reasonable steps to recover the debt – s48.Tasmania The Nominal Insurer is an independent statutory body established to ensure that injured workers are not disadvantaged in circumstances where:  the employer is not insured  the employer has left the State and its whereabouts are unknown  the employer or licensed insurer has become insolvent  for any other grounds, there are reasonable grounds for believing that the employer or licensed insurer is, or is likely to be, unable to discharge in full any liability under the ActPage 69 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Uninsured Provisions – s121.The Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Tribunal can order the Nominal Insurer to meet the employer’s liability for the claim. The Nominal Insurer will then attempt to recover the amount paid in relation to the claim from the employer or insurers involved – s130.An uninsured employer may be prosecuted and, if convicted, may be ordered to pay avoided premiums in addition to any fine the court may impose - s97(10).The Nominal Insurer Fund is established by the Minster and administered by the Nominal Insurer -s162.Where an employer is not covered in full by a policy of insurance or indemnity obtained in accordance with the Act, and has accepted, been deemed to have accepted or is otherwise Northern ordered by the Court to pay compensation, and the employer defaults in their obligation to Territory pay compensation, the worker can make a claim on the Nominal Insurer - s167.Employer shall pay any amount required under the Act (including costs incurred or monies expended in the conduct of the claim) and pay an amount equal to the highest premium payment for the period there was no cover, to the Nominal Insurer – s172(3).The Default Insurance Fund (DI Fund) provides a safety net to meet the costs of workers’ compensation claims where an employer did not have an insurance policy or an approved insurer is wound up or cannot provide the indemnity required to be provided under a policy – s166A. If an employer fails to maintain a compulsory insurance policy, the DI fund manager may recover the double recovery amount (being an amount equal to double the amount of the premiums that would have been payable to an approved insurer if the employer had Australian Capital maintained a compulsory insurance policy) as a debt owing by the employer to the DI fund. Territory * However, the employer is not liable under subsection (1) for a failure to maintain a compulsory insurance policy in relation to a worker if: a) the employer believed, on reasonable grounds, that a State was the Territory or State of connection for the employment under the law of a State corresponding to part 4.2A (Employment connection with ACT or State), and b) the employer had insurance, or was registered, as required under a law of the State in relation to liability for workers’ compensation under the law of the State – s149.Not necessary within the ‘premium’ (Commonwealth and ACT Public Sector) component of the scheme as all employees are ‘Government’ employees or members of the ADF.. In the self insured (licensee) component of the scheme, prudential arrangements including the requirement for a bank guarantee held by SRC Commission ensures that any under insurance or non payment of liabilities is provided for. Commonwealth Comcare The Commonwealth could be considered to be the nominal insurer through the Department of Finance and Administration for injuries incurred before 1 July 1989. Liabilities of the Commonwealth (but not self insured licensees) which were incurred before this date are not funded through the Comcare premium scheme. This arrangement continues for claims determined under the MRCA by the DVA.Commonwealth The Seafarers Safety Net Fund which all scheme employers contribute to on a per-berth Seacare basis provides for a default event. Commonwealth DVA Not applicable.An employer must pay, in accordance with the Act and regulations made under the Act, levies to fund the Work Account. New Zealand The Scheme covers all workers regardless of whether their employer has breached the Act by failing to pay levies. Page 70 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010* as at 30 June 2010 4. Scheme Funding Arrangements 4.1 Scheme funding All workers’ compensation schemes collect funds to meet liabilities and administer the scheme. There are three different types of scheme funding: centrally funded, hybrid and privately underwritten.In centrally funded schemes, a single public insurer, a government agency, performs most, if not all, of a workers’ compensation insurer’s functions. Central insurers are responsible for underwriting their scheme.The management and operation of hybrid schemes involves both the public and private sector. Public central insurers are responsible for underwriting, funds management and premium setting. Other functions, such as claims management and rehabilitation are contracted out to private sector bodies, usually insurance companies with specialised expertise in injury management. Details of the contracted bodies in each jurisdiction are available from the jurisdiction’s authorities.In Privately underwritten schemes, most, if not all, insurer functions are provided by the private sector, through approved insurance companies and self-insuring employers who meet the appropriate prudential and other prerequisites. This includes underwriting. In the NT scheme, a public insurer competes with private insurers for provisions of workers’ compensation. The degree of regulation of privately underwritten schemes by government varies. Table 4.1 shows which models operate in each jurisdiction (as at 30 September 2010).Table 4.1 – Type of scheme as at 30 September 2010 Type of Scheme JurisdictionQueensland. Central Commonwealth (Comcare). New Zealand. New South Wales. Hybrid Victoria. South Australia.Western Australia. Tasmania. Privately Underwritten Northern Territory. Australian Capital Territory. Seacare.4.1.1 Net funding ratio The net funding ratio is a net of outstanding claim liabilities and indicates the financial viability of a scheme. It measures the ratio of assets to outstanding claims liability, generally being expressed as a percentage. Where the ratio is over 100 per cent, the scheme may be over funded, and where the ratio is below 100 per cent the scheme may be under funded. For centrally funded and hybrid jurisdictions where there is a separate workers’ compensation fund (centrally funded), the scheme’s annual report identifies the assets set aside for future liabilities. For privately underwritten schemes assets are set aside to meet all liabilities.Page 71 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20104.1.2 Net assets Net assets in centrally funded schemes are the premiums collected and invested by each jurisdiction during a financial year, minus any outstanding amount the scheme may recover from third parties. In hybrid schemes, net assets are the assets available to meet the insurer’s net claims liability. In privately underwritten schemes, net assets are considered to be the insurers’ overall balance sheet claims provisions. Net assets are used in the calculation of funding ratios. 4.1.3 Net liabilities Net liabilities in centrally funded schemes are the total current and non-current liabilities of the scheme; minus any amounts the scheme expects to retrieve at the end of the financial year. In hybrid schemes, net liabilities are claim liabilities, including the prudential margin, net of claims recoveries receivable. The liabilities in privately underwritten schemes are taken as the central estimate of outstanding claims for the scheme at the end of the financial year. Net liabilities are used in the calculation of funding ratios. Table 4.2 shows each jurisdiction’s scheme funding position as reported in their annual reports.Table 4.2 – Schemes’ funding positions as at 30 June 2010 and 30 June 2009 Jurisdiction 30 June 2010 30 June 2009Assets: $12 464m. Assets: $11 596m. New South Wales Liabilities: $14 047m. Liabilities: $13 078m. Funding Ratio: 89%. Funding Ratio: 89%.Assets: $8728m. Assets: $7881m. Victoria Liabilities: $8768m. Liabilities: $8154m. Funding Ratio: 100%. Funding Ratio: 97%.Assets: $3066m. Assets: $2982m. Queensland Liabilities: $2681m. Liabilities: $2334m. Funding Ratio: 114%. Funding Ratio: 127%.Assets: N/A. Assets: N/A. Western Australia Liabilities: N/A. Liabilities: N/A. Funding Ratio: N/A. Funding Ratio: N/A.Assets: $1571m. Assets: $1283m. South Australia Liabilities: $2553m. Liabilities: $2356m. Funding Ratio: %. Funding Ratio: 56.7%.Assets: N/A. Assets: N/A. Tasmania Liabilities: N/A. Liabilities: N/A. Funding Ratio: N/A. Funding Ratio: N/A.Assets: $m (not available). Assets: $227.1m. Northern Territory Liabilities: $m (not available). Liabilities: $226.3m. Funding Ratio: % (not available). Funding Ratio: 100.3%.Assets: N/A. Assets: N/A. Australian Capital Liabilities: N/A. Liabilities: N/A. Territory Funding Ratio: N/A. Funding Ratio: N/A.Commonwealth Comcare Assets: $1465m. Assets: $1420m. Liabilities: $1411m. Liabilities: $1293m. Funding Ratio: 103.8%.1 Funding Ratio: 109.8%.1Page 72 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction 30 June 2010 30 June 2009Assets: N/A. Assets: N/A. Commonwealth Liabilities: N/A. Liabilities: N/A. Seacare Funding Ratio: N/A. Funding Ratio: N/A.Assets: N/A. Assets: N/A. Commonwealth Liabilities: N/A. Liabilities: N/A. DVA Funding Ratio: N/A. Funding Ratio: N/A.Assets: NZ$4450.9m. Assets: NZ$2251.6m. New Zealand 2 Liabilities: NZ$5818.9m. Liabilities: NZ$2248.0m. Funding Ratio: 76.5%. Funding Ratio: 100.2%.1 - With prudential margin removed according to the Australian Equivalents to International Financial Reporting Standards (AEIFRS). 2 - Figures for 30 June 2010 include Residual claims.Care should be taken when analysing the information above as the valuation of liabilities differs across jurisdictions. The Comparative Performance Monitoring (CPM) report (www.workplace.gov.au/cpm), attempts to address most of the areas where differences can occur.4.2 Premiums Employers, other than self-insurers, are required to pay workers’ compensation premiums to cover their workers in the event of a work related injury or illness. The majority of employers in Australia and New Zealand are premium payers. Premiums fund financial and medical support to injured workers, cover the costs of dispute management and administration of the schemes.In central and hybrid schemes, premium rates are set by a central authority based on actuarial forecasts of claim costs across all industry sectors. In privately underwritten schemes independent insurers charge premiums based on a commercial underwriting basis.Premium rates are generally pooled across similar risk profile groups. This allows employers who share a common set of risks to spread the risk across their industry type. Across the schemes, there are hundreds of specified premium rates for industry types.Employers who operate in more than one jurisdiction have to pay the relevant premium in each jurisdiction (see cross-border arrangements).Premiums are usually expressed as a percentage of employers’ total wages bills. The rates depend on an employer’s:  size  industry  individual claims experience, and  the way that ‘wages’ are defined for workers’ compensation purposes, which can vary across the jurisdictions.In 2008-09 the Australian standardised average premium rate was 1.52% of payroll, a fall of 5.6% on last year’s 1.61%.Page 73 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 4.3 below shows the standardised average premium rate in each jurisdiction over the last five financial years as reported in the CPM report 12th edition (Indicator 15) (www.workplace.gov.au/cpm).Table 4.3 – Standardised average premium rates 2004-05 to 2008-09 Jurisdiction 2008-09 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05New South Wales 1.83% 1.93% 2.16% 2.52% 2.59%Victoria 1.38% 1.46% 1.60% 1.77% 1.98%Queensland 1.07% 1.09% 1.13% 1.34% 1.47%Western Australia 1.14% 1.35% 1.63% 1.67% 1.75%South Australia 2.82% 2.84% 2.84% 2.88% 2.94%Tasmania 1.38% 1.49% 1.77% 1.90% 2.10%Northern Territory 1.74% 1.81% 1.81% 2.03% 2.29%Aust Capital 2.13% 2.29% 2.65% 2.94% 3.07% Territory (Private)Commonwealth: 0.95% 1.03% 1.15% 1.20% 1.33% ComcareCommonwealth: 3.86% 4.76% 5.46% 6.00% 6.87% SeacareCommonwealth: n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a DVAAustralian 1.52% 1.61% 1.79% 2.01% 2.15% AverageNew Zealand 0.90% 0.91% 0.93% 0.88% 0.89%The standardised premium rates are determined through applying factors that adjust the total average premium rate for employer excess and journey claims in each jurisdiction. A full explanation of the methodology for producing standardised average premium rates is in Appendix 1 of the CPM document.Page 74 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20104.2.1 Industry rates Premiums vary from industry to industry. Table 4.4 provides an indication of some selected premium rates. Apart from WA and Tasmania (i.e. NT and ACT), industry rates are not provided for jurisdictions with full private insurance underwriting, as each individual insurer sets their own industry rates. In the Comcare jurisdiction industry rates are not applicable as all employers are experience rated.Table 4.4 – Selected industry premium rates as at 30 September 2010 Industry NSW1 Victoria Queensland2 WA3 SA4 Tasmania New Zealand5 Average 1.66% 1.338% 1.30% 1.497% 3.00% 1.97% 1.03% levy/premium rate11.672% 11.173% 7.896% 6.81% 7.5% 8.24% 10.60% Highest (Food (meat processing). (published) rate manufacturing nec).Highest N/A N/A 13.036% N/A 11.25% N/A N/A (experienced rate) rateLowest 0.215% 0.31% 0.162% 0.25% 0.40% 0.41% 0.06% (published) rateLowest N/A N/A 0.025% N/A 0.28% N/A N/A (experienced rate) rateHouse 5.040% 1.892% 2.586% 1.10% 3.3% 3.74% 3.16% constructionNon-residential 3.928% 2.214% 2.431% 2.04% 3.4% 3.74% 3.16% construction7.265% (Abattoirs). 7.723% 5.982% 4.33% 7.5% 8.24% 1.40% (Inspection). (Meat processing). (Meat processing). (meat processing). 7.591% 5.36% (Processing). (Meat packing and Meat products freezing). 1.54% (Wholesaling). 7.252% (Meat processing).Rubber products 6.009% 2.855% - 3.401% 2.850% 3.20% 7.5% 0.86% ( 1.58% Page 75 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Industry NSW1 Victoria Queensland2 WA3 SA4 Tasmania New Zealand5 (Rubber tyre (Rubber tyre Products). (Natural rubber manufacturing). manufacturing). product 1.85% manufacturing). 4.197% (tyre man). manufacturing (Other rubber 1.58% product 3.15% (Tyre manufacturing nec). (Rubber product manufacturing). manufacturing n.e.c.).4.094% 3.146% 2.577% 1.90% 6.4% 3.20% 1.22% (Plastic product (Rigid and semi- (Plastic blow (plast blow moulded Plastic products manufacturing). rigid polymer moulded product product product manufacturing). manufacturing). manufacturing).4.607% 3.336% 2.687% 3.41% 7.5% 2.84% 1.55% Basic iron and (Basic iron and steel (Manufacturing). steel products manufacturing).4.482% 6.972% 2.687% 3.20% 7.5% 2.84% 1.55% Steel casting (Iron and steel (Iron and steel (Iron and steel (Iron and steel (Iron and steel casting and forging). casting and forging). casting and forging). casting and forging). casting and forging).4.483% 1.500% 2.687% 3.49% 4.7% 2.84% 1.55% Steel pipes and (Steel pipes and (Manufacturing). tubes tubes manufacturing).3.326% 2.232% 2.249% 3.60% 5.6% 0.86% 0.76% Pulp paper and (Pulp paper and (Manufacturing). paperboard paperboard manufacturing).2.985% 2.054% 1.702% 1.22% 3.8% 1.94% 0.61% Paints (Paint (Paint and coating (Paint (Paint (Manufacturing). manufacturing). manufacturing). manufacturing). manufacturing).2.708% 2.947% 1.702% 1.36% 2.6% 1.94% 0.76% Soap and (Soap and other (Manufacturing) detergents detergent manufacturing).Page 76 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Industry NSW1 Victoria Queensland2 WA3 SA4 Tasmania New Zealand5 4.516% 2.745% 2.456% 3.33% 4.3% 2.84% 1.62% Glass and glass (Glass and glass (Manufacturing). products products manufacturing).2.851% 3.772% 1.832% 2.87% 4.7% 1.85% 1.62% Cement (Cement and lime (Cement and lime (Cement and lime (Cement and lime (Cement & Lime manufacturing). manufacturing). manufacturing). manufacturing). Manufacturing).Clothing 4.110% 2.022% - 3.020% 1.438% 3.33% 3.9% 2.12% 0.79% manufacturing2.868% 0.891% 1.584% 2.25% 2.9% 1.94% 0.81% Beer (Beer and malt (Beer and malt (Beer & malt manufacturing). manufacturing). manufacturing).2.831% 1.580% 1.925% 1.50% 3.5% 1.76% 0.99% Hotels (Pubs, taverns and (Accommodation) (Pubs, taverns and (Pubs, taverns and (Pubs, taverns & bars). bars). bars). bars).Bread 3.785% 3.173% 2.985% 4.04% 7.5% 1.94% 1.37% manufacturingFootwear 4.265% 5.474% 1.438% 2.17% 4.6% 2.12% 0.79% manufacturing5.055% 3.238% 2.456% 3.69% 7.5% 3.29% 1.68% (Aged care (Retirement village Nursing homes residential operation). services).Department stores 2.080% 1.703% 1.241% 2.48% 2.5% 1.76% 0.65%0.566% 0.320% 0.247% 0.32% 0.50% 0.45% 0.08% (General practice (General practice (General practice (General practice (General practice Medical practice medical services). medical service). medical services). medical services). medical services). 0.541% (Specialist medical services).Page 77 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Industry NSW1 Victoria Queensland2 WA3 SA4 Tasmania New Zealand5 0.771% 0.672% 0.568% (Secondary 0.80% 1.4 1.94% 0.27% (No distinction is education). (No distinction is (Secondary (Secondary Secondary made between made between education). education). schools – Private private and private and government government schools). schools).0.771% 1.256% 0.568% (Secondary 0.80% 1.4 1.94% 0.27% (No distinction is education). (No distinction is (Secondary (Secondary Secondary made between made between education). education). schools - private and private and Government government government schools). schools). 1 - New South Wales - Average levy/premium rate excludes GST and additional costs arising from The New Tax System. All industry premium rates quoted include GST. 2 - Queensland - Published rates exclude stamp-duty and GST. Average premium rates include stamp-duty and exclude GST. 3 - Western Australia - All published and premium rates are exclusive of GST. 4 - South Australia - All listed rates are exclusive of GST. All other listed rates include GST and The New Tax System effects. 5 - New Zealand - All published levy rates are exclusive of GST and excludes residual levy.Page 78 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20104.2.2 Premium setting: Notes relating to the industry rates comparison table As it is difficult to make exact comparisons between states, the following qualifications should be noted:  Industry classifications vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. For example, Victorian industry classifications are based on the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) ASIC code, and WA and NSW on ANZSIC. SA industry classifications are based on the ABS code and are progressively being aligned to ANZSIC, with some alterations designed specifically for SA localised conditions.  On 1 July 1997, Queensland introduced an industry classification system based on the ANZSIC system, with some alterations specifically designed for Queensland. The classifications have been named the WorkCover Industry Classifications. On 1 July 2010, WorkCover Queensland moved from ANZSIC 1993 to ANZSIC 2006 to better reflect the evolution of technology and changes in industry during that period. The ABS uses ANZSIC 2006 in most of its economic collections and for the compilation of the national accounts. Current rates are published by Gazette notice.  On 30 June 2001, NSW introduced an industry classification system based on the ANZSIC system (WorkCover Industry Classification – WIC), with some alterations specifically designed for NSW. All WIC rates were reduced by up to 30% between June 2005 and June 2008. Current industry classes and rates were published in a NSW Gazette notice on 18 June 2010. Refer to the Insurance Premiums order on the WorkCover NSW website, WorkCover Authority of New South Wales, (http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Pages/default.aspx).  Levy/Premium category comparisons are done on a ‘best match’ basis and should not be regarded as exact equivalents. The number of self-insurers varies across the different jurisdictions. Both SA and NSW have large numbers of self-insurers, which means that the proportion of workers centrally covered by these schemes is lower than in some other jurisdictions:  NSW: 43 self-insurers, 17 group self-insurers, 7 specialised1 (or industry specific) insurers and separate arrangements covering most public sector employers.  SA: 67 self-insurers plus most of the SA Public Sector and Government instrumentalities.  Victoria: 36 self-insurers.  Queensland: 24 self-insurers.  WA: 27 self-insurers. Self insurers are not part of the premium setting process in WA.  Tasmania: 13 self-insurers and a separate insurance fund covering most public sector agencies.  Commonwealth: 29 self-insurers (as at 30 June 2010). Self insurers are not part of the premium setting process in the Commonwealth.  New Zealand: 136 self-insurers, which accounts for 400 employers in total. Self insurers are not part of the levy/premium setting process in NZ. In some jurisdictions, particular industries have traditionally been excluded from the central system. For example, in NSW the coal industry is excluded: Charges in addition to the workers’ compensation premium may be levied in some jurisdictions. An example is the Dust Diseases surcharge in NSW, which is levied from time 1 Specialised insurers have a licence to underwrite workers compensation risks specific to a particular industry or class of business or employer. They take responsibility for the payment of their claim liabilities and for the management of those claims. The specialised insurer class of insurance is unique to NSW. Specialised insurers comprise around 2% of the NSW workers compensation system based on premium income.The licensing arrangements for specialised insurers are not referred to in the following tables and text, except where specifically noted. The overall licensing and administrative requirements pertaining to specialised insurers is similar to self- insurers.Page 79 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 to time as funding requirements for these diseases warrant. A work health and safety fee is additional to the levy (premium) payable in SA. Jurisdictions vary in their application of GST to premiums. NSW published industry rates include 10 per cent GST. Other jurisdictions generally exclude GST from their published industry premium rates. The maximum and minimum figures given for experience-rated premium rates represent the extent to which the published rate may be varied according to the various forms of experience rating based on claims rate in a given period:  The experience rating in NSW and Victoria is based on the size of the employer’s tariff premium.  The extent to which insurance companies may discount or load premiums according to experience may vary. For example, amendments to WA’s legislation, effective from 4 January 2005, mean that recommended premium rates can be surcharged up to 75 per cent, and with the WorkCover WA Authority’s (Board) approval can be surcharged in excess of 75 per cent. There are no limitations on discounting.  Figures given for highest and lowest experience-rated premium rates should be treated with some caution. Those for SA represent actual maximums and minimums, and the lowest experience rate in Queensland represents theoretical limits that would only rarely be reached in practice.  New Zealand does not have experience rating but will have from 1 April 2011. The bonus and penalty system in SA was cancelled effective 1 July 2010. WorkCoverSA is currently consulting with employers on potential new employer payment methods, including an experience rated premium system and retro-paid loss system similar to those used in NSW.4.2.3 Calculation of industry rates Each jurisdiction calculates its industry rates differently, by calculating certain claims performance elements, with some jurisdictions also including current industry premium rates. The NT and the ACT do not provide industry premium rates due to the legislation giving insurers the power to set their own industry premium rates, which do not have to be gazetted. The information below outlines how each jurisdiction calculates their industry premium rates. NSW In 2009-2010, NSW had 536 industry classes. Rates are calculated by external actuaries using objective, data-based rating methodology, based on recent wages declared and claims costs. An actuarial model is applied to small industry classes. The rates are calibrated to achieve the target collection rate.Victoria Each industry’s rate is calculated based on claim cost rates and claim frequency rates over a five year period with 12 months of development. The rates are calibrated to achieve the average premium rate.Queensland There are currently 561 WorkCover Industry Classifications (WIC). Rates are annually calculated based on an actuarially verified methodology considering seven years of wages and claims data. WA Recommended premium rates are determined annually according to independent actuarial analysis of claims and wages data provided by current and former approved insurers and self-insurers. The actuarial analysis includes:  a calculation of relative premium ratesPage 80 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 examination of the adequacy of the declared outstanding claims reserves  an analysis of insurers’ expense and contingency allowances  a projection of the expected incurred cost of claims for the year  a calculation of the amount of premium expected to meet the cost of claims, and  a calculation of the implied uniform percentage variation in the relative premium rates to generate the required premium income.SA Each industry’s levy rate is calculated by apportioning the average levy rate on the basis of claim cost rates with 24 month development. The number of past years included in the calculation of cost rates varies depending on industry size, with smaller industries requiring longer experience periods and vice versa. The relativities for each industry are manually reviewed and adjusted to allow for trends and significant changes in cost rates.Tasmania WorkCover Tasmania is required to publish suggested premium rates for employers and licensed insurers. The objective is to ensure full funding, minimisation of cross subsidisation and increased transparency in the premium setting process. The actuarial analysis includes:  analysis of claim numbers, claim frequency and claim size  calculation of required premium pool  examination of effect of legislative change  analysis of economic assumptions and insurers expense and profit assumptions, and  a comparison with insurer filed rates.New Zealand In New Zealand, there are 535 classification units and 117 levy risk groups. For each classification unit, the levy relativities are compared by year for the last four years. As a result of this comparison (and taking into account such things as the impact of large claims, the number of years experience for a new classification unit, the volume of claims, and so on) the classification unit will either stay within the same levy risk group or be moved to another.The credibility-adjusted levy rate relativity of each levy risk group is the expected ultimate cost of claims expressed as a percentage of wages for the levy risk group, compared with the expected ultimate cost of claims as a percentage of wages for all levy risk groups. All the expected ultimate cost of claims and wage quantities used for this calculation are weighted averages of the most recent six years of experience. The levy rate relativities are credibility- adjusted (as required) to the self-insurers, then to the levy risk groups, then to the industry groups, and finally to the aggregate rate. The absolute level of the levy rates is set so that the expected costs of the Scheme will be met.The classification unit levy rates shown are fully-funded levy rates.4.3 Definition of remuneration for the purpose of premiums Remuneration is the basis for insurers to quantify workers’ compensation premiums, which are paid by employers annually. Premiums are expressed as a percentage of an employer’s total payroll. It is therefore important to understand how each jurisdiction defines ‘remuneration’.Page 81 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 4.5 – Definition of remuneration as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Definition of remunerationTotal gross earnings (before tax) and some other payments as outlined in the Wages New South Wales Definition Manual.Gross wages, salaries (including overtime and loadings), bonuses, commission, fringe Victoria benefits and superannuation. The Remuneration Checklist outlines payments further.Total gross wages, salaries, superannuation contributions and other payments as outlined Queensland in the Wages Definition Manual.All gross wages, salaries, commissions, bonuses, overtime, allowances and the like, directors fees and all other benefits paid (whether at piece work rates or otherwise, and Western Australia whether paid in cash or in kind) to, or in relation to, a worker before the deduction of income tax.Payments made to or for the benefit of a worker (quantified in monetary terms). The South Australia guideline Remuneration Inclusions/Exclusions (A Guide to Remuneration) identifies what is included as remuneration.Wages are used for defining premiums. Wages include the monetary value of all payments Tasmania made to a worker, whether in cash or in kind, in return for the worker’s labour. Wages are defined in the Guideline on the Definition of Wages, and s96A of the Act.Not in legislation but guidance material suggests: Wages, Salaries and Remuneration includes: Wages, salary, overtime, shift and other allowances, over-award payments, bonuses, commissions, payments for public and annual holidays (including loadings), payments for sick leave, payments for long service leave (including a lump sum payment instead of long service leave), including but not limited to:Northern Territory  the market value of board and lodging and electricity provided by the employer for the worker  the total value of any salary sacrificed amounts, for example motor vehicles, (including fringe benefits applicable to these salary sacrifices)  superannuation contributions that would be payable to a worker as wages or salary if the worker so elected (e.g. salary sacrificed superannuation). Not regulated at 30 June 2009 but will be regulated from 30 June 2010. The ACT Wages and Earnings Guide (based on the WorkCover NSW Wages Definition Manual: October 2003) is available from www.workcover.act.gov.au. This guide assists insurers, employers Australian Capital and employees to ensure consistency in wages declarations. Wages includes salary, Territory * overtime, shift and other allowances, over award payments, bonuses, commissions and any other payments/sums that the employer has been accustomed to pay to the worker (see also AIMS Insurers’ Data Dictionary (May 2002 Edition)).Gross wages/salaries including overtime that is regular and required (also including condition of-service payments normally covered by sick leave, holidays, long service leave) Commonwealth and generally any taxable allowances. Comcare Excludes employer superannuation contributions, one off payments and bonuses – generally, non-taxable allowances.Commonwealth Not defined, but generally taken to be gross wages, salaries and all other remuneration Seacare including pay in respect of holidays, sick leave and long service leave.Page 82 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Definition of remunerationCommonwealth Not applicable DVAEarnings as an employee mean all gross source deduction payments (i.e. taxable wages) of the person, but does not include social security benefit, student allowance, redundancy payment, retiring allowance or superannuation scheme pension.Earnings as a self-employed person is defined as their annual assessable income, after New Zealand expenses are deducted, that results from personal exertions. This definition includes Private Domestic Workers.Earnings as a shareholder-employee is defined as any earnings as an employee, and/or any further salary representing payment for services provided as an employee or director of the company.* as at 30 June 2010 4.4 Employers’ excess Some schemes require employers to pay an excess before the workers’ compensation insurer begins making compensation payments. In some cases, employers may ‘buy out’ their excess. The type and amount of excess payable by employers varies between jurisdictions as Table 4.6 demonstrates.Table 4.6 – Employers’ excess as at 30 September 2010 Cost of Jurisdiction Excess Period of incapacity Buyout option benefitsYes: – s160 One week’s weekly - Excess is waived if the (1987 Act) and compensation. claim is reported to a Insurance Scheme Agent within 5 New South Wales Premiums days of the employer Order. becoming aware of the injury. Yes – First 10 days. First $592 of Yes – 10% of premium for Victoria s125A(3). medical policy commencing costs. 1/7/08.Yes – s65. The lesser of: $1228.20 No. (max).  100% of Queensland full-time adult's ordinary time earnings (QOTE), or Queensland  the injured worker's weekly compensation rate.QOTE is currently $1,228.20 from 1 July 2010.Western Australia No. - - -Yes – s46 and First 14 calendar days - s33. incapacity in payment of South Australia income maintenance per worker per calendar year.Page 83 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Cost of Jurisdiction Excess Period of incapacity Buyout option benefitsYes – s97(1A). First weekly payment. First $200 of Yes – subject to the other approval of the Tasmania May be extended up to first benefits. WorkCover Tasmania 4 weekly payments. Board - s97(1C).Northern Yes – s56. Employer has to pay first - - Territory day.Not prescribed under legislation but may be negotiated between employer and insurer. Australian Capital Employers are liable for weekly compensation payments from date of injury until the insurer Territory * is notified of the injury - s95.Commonwealth No. - - - ComcareCommonwealth Not prescribed under legislation but may be negotiated between employer and insurer. SeacareCommonwealth No. - - - DVAEmployer has to pay for New Zealand Yes – s98. - - the first week. * As at 30 June 20104.5 Self-insurer arrangements Each jurisdiction provides for employers to self-insure for workers' compensation. This allows companies to manage and pay for all their employees' claims for work-related fatality, injury and illness, rather than paying premiums to insurers to take on those responsibilities. Self-insured companies must conform to each jurisdiction's specific legislative requirements, such as the level of benefits payable to injured employees, but self-insurance gives them financial freedom to fund and manage their own workers’ compensation liabilities. All workers' compensation jurisdictions in Australia and New Zealand, except Seacare, allow employers to self-insure if they meet certain requirements; the most critical of which is the financial capacity to fully fund future liabilities. Regulatory authorities in each jurisdiction also need to be satisfied that self-insuring employers have adequate work health and safety, injury management and RTW arrangements, as well as the capacity to effectively manage workers' compensation without external involvement.Once employers self-insure they no longer pay workers’ compensation premiums. However, they are still required to pay a levy that is a fair contribution towards the overheads of administering the scheme.Self-insuring employers can self manage the claims management and rehabilitation of their injured workers and have responsibility for meeting all of their claim liabilities. Self-insurers have to reapply to self-insure after a period of time.The tables below outline the self-insurance approval process, application requirements, ongoing licence requirements, and exiting requirements for each jurisdiction. Table 4.7 illustrates the number of self-insurers in each jurisdiction and the number of employees covered by self-insurance. Note that Seacare and DVA do not have self-insurance arrangements and these have been deleted from tables 4.7 to 4.24.Page 84 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 4.7 – Total workers’ compensation coverage by jurisdiction as at 30 September 2010 Employees % of % of covered by Employees No of self No. of self- employees employers Jurisdiction workers’ covered by ins. ins. covered by covered by compn self-ins. licences Employers2 self-ins. self-ins. 2008-0913 008 600 650,000 17% 60, plus 7 43 self- n/a. (approx).3 specialised insurers, 17 insurers. group self- insurers with New South Wales 103 subsidiaries and 7 specialised insurers. 2 447 8004 145 400 - 36 157 0.09% 5 Victoria (approx).1 857 900 181 748 10% 24 237 0.16% Queensland (approx).Western 1 047 700 97 314 - 27 27 - AustraliaSouth Australia 705 100 - 36.5% 67 67 0.35%Tasmania 211 800 12 6476 6.1% 13 13 N/A.109 800 4725 4.3% 5 Government N/A. Northern - is an exempt Territory employer. - Australian Capital Territory 110 300 - - 8 - 0.07% *Commonwealth 362 300 160 000 44% 29 29 13% of Comcare (Cth total)7. employers. New Zealand 1 784 4208 - - - 136 0.03%* as at 30 June 2010 1 - Comparative Performance Monitoring Report, twelfth edition, includes Seacare and ACTPS employees under Commonwealth. These figures have inherent inaccuracies due to the comparatively high standard errors in the estimates involved. 2 - The figures in these tables aim to give the reader an indication of the number of self-insurers in each scheme. For exact details on self-insurance statistics, readers should contact the relevant jurisdictional authority. 3 - Includes number of employees covered by self and specialised insurer workers’ compensation arrangements. 4 - For Victoria this figure does not include the self-insured employee numbers. This figure is provided in the next column and is an estimate only based on current FTE figures. 5 - Self-insurers represent 8.15% of the Victorian scheme by remuneration. Although there are a relatively small number of self- insured bodies corporate, they represent some of the largest companies in Victoria. The two biggest self-insurers, in terms of employee numbers, are Coles and Woolworths. 6 - Employees covered by self-insurance excludes employees covered by State Service Workers’ Compensation Fund (24 781 employees). 7 - Contractors working for the Commonwealth will be recorded against their State of usual residence and hence all employed persons are recorded as being covered by workers’ compensation, again in these figures there is an inherent potential degree of inaccuracy. 8 - For New Zealand this figure includes self-insurers and self-employed persons who are covered by the Scheme. The laws and regulations which must be satisfied to become a self-insurer vary significantly between jurisdictions. In addition, if an employer operates in more than one jurisdiction, it Page 85 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 must apply separately for self-insurance in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. As at 30 September 2010, there is no mutual recognition between the jurisdictions. If an employer qualifies for self-insurance in one jurisdiction it does not automatically qualify for recognition in another jurisdiction. 4.5.1 Criteria for becoming a self-insurer All jurisdictions impose a number of requirements for organisations to be eligible to self- insure. Tables 4.8 and 4.9 provide a comparison of these requirements. Table 4.8 – Number of Employees Threshold for Self-insurance Eligibility as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Number of employees500 permanent staff including full-time and part-time. WorkCover may use its discretion to New South Wales grant a licence to an employer which does not meet this requirement if such an employer currently holds a self-insurer licence issued by another workers’ compensation jurisdiction.Victoria Not applicable.Queensland 2000 full time Queensland workers.Western Australia Not applicable.There is no formal number specified in the legislation, but the number of workers is South Australia relevant to the decision to grant or renew self-insurance. By policy employment of not less than 200 workers in South Australia is considered adequate without further evidence. Tasmania Not applicable.Northern No limits. TerritoryAustralian Capital Not applicable. Territory *Commonwealth As per any Ministerial section 100 guidelines. ComcareNo specific minimum employee number. New Zealand In practice, the pricing mechanism makes entry to the programme not financially viable to employer whose standard levy is less than NZ$150 000. * as at 30 June 2010All jurisdictions apply financial/prudential requirements to establish the long term financial viability of the organisation. Table 4.9 shows the financial and prudential requirements for self-insurance eligibility requirements across Australia.Table 4.9 – Financial and Prudential Requirements for Self-insurance Eligibility as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Financial / prudential requirements New South Wales Workers Compensation Act 1987, Part 7, Div 5 A self-insurer must have sufficient financial resources to meet its liabilities and be able to Page 86 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Financial / prudential requirements demonstrate long term financial viability by way of audited financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for the previous five years. WorkCover must be satisfied that self-insurers: (i) are adequately capitalised, without any undue reliance on external borrowings - i.e. are conservatively geared (ii) have a strong and sound financial position based on net tangible assets (iii) have a sound profit history and positive cash flow. In determining financial viability and strength, WorkCover is not restricted to the exclusive use of the above financial indicators.Accident Compensation Act 1985, Part VConsideration given to both primary and secondary indicators dependent on industry sector i.e. Manufacturing, Finance, Retail, Transport & Other. Primary indicators: Balance Sheet Test (0.9 – 1.3), Current Liquidity(0.8 – 1.0), Quick Victoria Liquidity (0.5 – 0.6), Interest Coverage (2 – 4), Return on Investment (8 -10%), Claims liabilities as % of Net Assets (4%), Gearing Ratio (55-80%), Bad Debt Ratio (2%). Secondary indicators: Excess Capital (10%), Stock Turnover (3.5-5%), Debtor Turnover (46-50%), Revenue Growth (2-16%) & Labour Costs (33%), Customer Loan ration (50), Net Interest Margin (1.5) & Operating Costs to Revenue (65%). s71, s 72, s 75 Queensland Long-term financial viability. s164 & s165Self-insurers are to maintain adequate financial resources to comply with the requirements of the WCIM Act 1981.There are Guidelines for the Approval and Review of Self-Insurers that specify the financial resources required. Self-insurers are to provide audited financial statements, which Western Australia include:  Balance Sheet Test (i.e. total tangible assets/total liabilities)  quick liquidity (i.e. current assets less stock/current liabilities)  current liquidity (i.e. current assets/current liabilities)  interest coverage (net profit before tax/net interest expense)  return on investment (net profit before tax/total equity)  claims liability as a percentage of net assets (outstanding claims/net assets), and  gearing ratio (loan capital/total capital employed). s60 & s61 Net worth of $50 million or higher South Australia  gearing ratio of 2.0 or lower  liquidity ratio of 1.3:1 or higher  profitability ratio of 10% per annum on shareholders funds, and  positive rating by a mercantile agency of risk lower than the industry average.Tasmania Part IX, Div 2, s105In granting a self-insurer permit, the Board is to take into account the applicant’s financial history and ability to satisfy such prudential standards as the Board determines - s105(2).Summary of financial indicators is to be extracted from the financial statements in the employer’s most recent annual report. Financial statements have to be prepared in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards, and financial statements were audited Page 87 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Financial / prudential requirements in accordance with Australian Auditing Standards. Summary of financial indicators are:  net worth: current assets, non-current assets, current liabilities, non-current liabilities  liquidity ratio: current assets, current liabilities  equity debt: current liabilities, non-current liabilities, shareholders funds  return on equity  profitability. Copies of three most recent annual reports and audited financial statements. Historical financial information to cover the applicant’s trading period from commencement to date, complying with Australian Accounting Standards and the Corporations Regulations. Provide Forecast Financial Information, which consists of statement of financial performance; statement of financial position; statement of cash flows, to cover a forecast 12-month trading period. s119 & s120Financial viability of the employer - s119(3)(d), which is to be demonstrated through:  the provision of the company’s three latest detailed annual balance sheets, including Northern profit and loss statements, together with notes and their auditor’s report thereon Territory  an actuarial report on the company, which details its current NT workers’ compensation liabilities and ability to meet both its current and expected liabilities under the Act  reinsurance cover of an unlimited amount in excess of the company’s liability of $1 million (indexed) for any one event, and  a three year history of the company’s Northern Territory workers’ compensation claims.Workers Compensation Regulation 2002, Part 10Copy of employer’s annual report and balance sheet for the previous 3 years. Actuarial report, containing:  estimate of current outstanding liability in relation to compensable injuries  estimate of the total of the employer’s expected liability for each year in relation to Australian Capital which the employer is applying to be a self-insurer, and Territory *  estimate of the total of the expected payments in satisfaction of the employer’s liability for compensable injuries that will be made for each year in relation to which the employer is applying to be a self-insurer. A written statement by the employer that the employer will be able to meet present and future claims under the Act for which the employer is, or is expected to be liable.Part VIIIFinancial:  Provide independent actuarial estimate of the liabilities that the licensee is likely to incur over the first 12 and 24 months of the licence.  Provide previous 5 years’ audited statements.  Quality assets and liabilities will be assessed.  Up to date independent valuations of plant, property and equipment may be required.  Provide certification from principal officer that they are not aware of any likely events Commonwealth which may materially impact on the suitability of the applicant for approval. Comcare Prudential:  Must have actuary prepare a liability report to Commission’s requirements.  Must estimate outstanding liability at the end of the first 2 years’ of licence and the level of guarantee required.  Must recommend a level of provisions to be made in to accounts and appropriate reinsurance arrangements and comment on suitability of arrangements.  Licensee required to obtain bank or other guarantees in the form required by the Commission and before the commencement of the licence. Page 88 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Financial / prudential requirements s185Employers must provide evidence to prove their solvency and their ability to meet their obligations under the programme prior to acceptance in to the programme. ACC is required to satisfy itself in respect of an employers net worth, that the employer’s contingent liabilities are not excessive, that it has satisfactory solvency, liquidity and profitability ratios over a period of time (usually three years). The measures are: New Zealand  it has substantial net worth  that its contingent liabilities are not excessive (details to be provided including an evaluation as to likely crystallisation of those liabilities)  it has an appropriate working capital ratio based on current assets divided by current liabilities  it has an appropriate equity to debt ratio, and  it has an appropriate return on equity. These figures should, where possible, be provided for the 3 financial periods preceding the application and include best estimates for at least the then current financial period and the next financial period (“period” normally meaning a year).* as at 30 June 2010 4.5.2 Approval ProcessTable 4.10 – Applications process as at 30 September 2010. Jurisdiction Applications Process1. Acknowledge receipt of the application fee. 2. Validate application information and request for missing or additional information required for the review. 3. Review application in different areas including financial, injury and claims management New South Wales (case management), and data management and, conduct OHS management system audit. 4. Prepare Board Submission to recommend either approving or rejecting the application. 5. Prepare a letter to notify the applicant of either granting the licence with the date of commencement or rejecting the application.Assessment of organisation’s eligibility to apply is undertaken:  The body corporate must be the ultimate holding company in Australia, and  Must satisfy prescribed minimum requirements as to financial strength and viability. Victoria If eligible, the organisation may submit an application for approval to WorkSafe Victoria. The assessment of the application may include on-site audits, interviews and inspections.Pre-application eligibility fee must be paid as prescribed in the schedule 4 of the ACA.Queensland The application must— (a) be made to the Authority in the approved form, and (b) for a group employer—be made by all the members of the group wanting to be licensed, and (c) be accompanied by the fee prescribed under a regulation.The Authority must decide an application within 6 months of receiving it. The Authority may issue or renew a licence to be a self-insurer to a single employer only if satisfied that— (a) the number of full-time workers employed in Queensland by the employer is at least 2000; and (b) the employer’s occupational health and safety performance is satisfactory, and (c) the licence will cover all workers, employed in Queensland, of the employer; and (d) the employer has given the Authority the unconditional bank guarantee or cash deposit required; and (e) the employer has the reinsurance cover required; andPage 89 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Applications Process (f) all workplaces of the employer— (i) are accredited workplaces; or (ii) if not accredited workplaces— (A) are adequately serviced by a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator who is in Queensland and employed by the employer under a contract (regardless of whether the contract is a contract of service); and (B) have workplace rehabilitation policies and procedures; and (g) the employer is fit and proper to be a self-insurer.In deciding whether a single employer or group employer is fit and proper, the Authority may consider any relevant matter and must consider the following matters— (a) whether the single employer or group employer is, and is likely to continue to be, able to meet its liabilities; (b) the long-term financial viability of the single employer or group employer evidenced by any relevant consideration including, for example, its level of capitalisation, profitability and liquidity; (c) the resources and systems that the single employer or group employer has in Queensland for administering claims for compensation and managing rehabilitation of workers; (d) whether the single employer or group employer will be able to give the information the Authority may require in the way the Authority may require; (e) for an application for renewal of a licence—whether the self-insurer has performed its functions, or exercised its powers reasonably. Employer submits application to Authority.  Authority reviews and considers the application for self-insurer status.  Authority provides recommendation on the application to the Minister. Western Australia  The Governor, on recommendation of the Minister, may exempt an employer.Refer to WorkCover WA’s Guidelines for the Approval and Review of Self-Insurers for more information.The application process and its progress will consist of a number of steps as outlined below. An indicative time line for the process and requirements are outlined in the Code:  Must satisfy prescribed minimum requirements as to financial strength and viability.  Unlikely to be accepted if employs less than 200 employees.  Application, accompanied by a fee, is submitted for evaluation and consideration.  Written confirmation by the employer that they have received a copy of the Code, have understood and are prepared to be bound by the Code as a term and condition of registration as a self-insured employer.  WorkCover appoints one or more evaluators to evaluate the application.  The evaluators meet with the employer to outline and discuss the requirements of the evaluation process (see Chapter 8 for details on the evaluation process).  The evaluation process proceeds until WorkCover determines whether the employer South Australia has met all appropriate Standards and criteria.  The employer and WorkCover agree on a target date for commencement of self-insured employer registration if the application is successful.  An actuarial evaluation is obtained to cover both the value of the existing claims liability and to estimate the likely liability that may be incurred during the first year of self- insured employer registration.  The employer and WorkCover agree the terms and conditions for the management of transitional liabilities (including all the necessary financial calculations and adjustments).  The Board of WorkCover or considers the application, and if appropriate, grants self- insured employer registration.  The employer submits the required financial guarantee, and evidence of the existence of the excess of loss insurance policy.  Commencement of self-insured employer registration for an initial period of two years.Tasmania An employer must make application to the WorkCover Tasmania Board on the approved form accompanied by:  Completed financial indicators form.  Desktop review of financial information by an independent expert.  Copies of the organisation’s last three annual reports.Page 90 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Applications Process  Evidence of high level injury management practices.  Evidence of high level claims management practices.  Evidence of the organisation’s capacity to meet the necessary data reporting requirements.Northern Employer to write to Authority for approval to self-insure – s120. Territory Submit application to the Office of Regulatory Services.  The Office of Regulatory Services will undertake the approval process.  Once approval process has been undertaken, the Office of Regulatory Services will Australian Capital make a recommendation to the Minister. Territory *  Once the Minister has made their decision, the applicant will be notified.  Should the application be successful, the applicant must complete and return an Acceptance Form within 14 days of the date of notification.Process for applying for eligibility By Ministerial declaration and provided that the Minister is satisfied that it would be desirable for the Act to apply to employees of a corporation that:  is, but is about to cease to be, a Commonwealth authority, or  was previously a Commonwealth authority, or  is carrying on business in competition with a Commonwealth authority or with another corporation that was previously a Commonwealth authority. If the corporation is so declared by the Minister, the corporation is then eligible to apply to Commonwealth the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission (the Commission) for a licence. Comcare Note: Since December 2007 there has been a moratorium on the Minister considering eligibility.Process for applying to become a self-insurer  Once a corporation is declared an eligible corporation by the Minister, it may then apply to the Commission for a licence under section 102 of the SRC Act.  The Commission will consider the application and may grant a licence under ss103 and 104 of the SRC Act. Employer completes an application form providing supporting financial, business and health and safety information.  Notifies all staff in writing about their intention to join.  Consult with employee representatives about intention to join.  Co-ordinate staff and documentation for the health and safety audit (completed by an New Zealand ACC approved independent auditor) using the approved audit tool. Submit application to ACC (the Manager):  ACC will undertake the approval process.  Once approval process has been undertaken, ACC makes decision.  The applicant will be notified.* as at 30 June 2010Table 4.11 – Costs (Application and Ongoing) as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction CostsOne-off cost on application of $25 000 for Single Self-Insurer licence, $30 000 for Group Self-Insurer licence. New South Wales Insurers are required to contribute to the WorkCover Authority Fund under section 39 of the Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Act 1998 and to the Dust Diseases Fund under section 6 of the Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942 on an annual basis. Victoria Application fee as prescribed in the schedule 5 of the Accident Compensation Regulations 2001. Page 91 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction CostsApplication fee applies to all applications and is calculated as the lesser of:  an amount equal to 0.033%of the assessment remuneration of the employer as defined in schedule 5 of the ACA. calculated by reference to the most recent financial year preceding the date on which the application is made, or  $48,780 (subject to indexation).A self-insurer must pay contributions into the WorkCover Authority Fund in accordance with section 146 of the ACA. Quarterly contributions payable by a self-insurer are determined by WorkSafe based on the rateable remuneration return submitted by a self-insurer pursuant to the Ministerial Order made under section 142A(3) of the ACA.Initial set up fee: . $15 000 application fee for single employers. Queensland . $20 000 application fee for group employers. Levy is paid each financial year.Self-insurers are required to contribute annually to the Authority’s General Account. The Western Australia contribution is a percentage (fixed by the Authority) of the total amount of the notional premium of the self-insurer. The minimum contribution is $40 000. A one off application fee applies of $5000 (plus GST) plus $5 (plus GST) per worker employed by the applicant in the state. Fee to increase effective 1 November 2010 to $10 000 plus $15 per worker plus GST.  Yearly special levy payable by self-insurer is a percentage of the levy that would have South Australia been payable if they were not a self-insurer and may be differentiated between different self-insured employers by reference to: 1. the application of the natural consequences model 2. application of remedial levy paid to reflect additional cost to WorkCover of administering the Act where self-insured employers do not comply with their obligations as a self-insured employer.No application fee. Tasmania Requirement to make annual contributions to the WorkCover Tasmania Board and the Nominal Insurer Fund.There is no cost to employers to lodge a self-insurer application. The only fee for employers is for an actuarial assessment to be provided to NT WorkSafe’s actuary. Once a self-insurer, will be required to pay the Territory an amount determined by the Authority as a contribution towards: Northern  administration costs of the Work Health Court Territory  administration costs of the Supreme Court associated with proceedings under the Act  costs incurred by the Authority in providing a mediation service, and  cost of printing scheme documents.They are also subject to contribution to the Nominal Insurer based on market share.Application fee to be a self-insurer - $6007.27 (updated each year) and approval fee - $6007.27. Pay the cost of an audit conducted on behalf of the Minister to establish that the employer Australian Capital has adequate resources to meet the employers expected liabilities. Territory * Pay the cost of an investigation by the Minister to assess the employer’s injury management programs and personal injury plans.Appropriate audit costs and application fee on renewal of licence.CommonwealthPage 92 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Costs  One off application fee based on size, complexity, need for external financial assessment etc.  Annual licence fee payable. The fee varies based on contributions to regulatory Comcare management of the SRC Act scheme with special emphasis on issues relevant to licensees, plus costs specifically applicable to oversighting the licence compliance evaluation program for each licence, and the size of the licensee. There is an OHS contribution to meet regulatory activities in workplace safety.Pay a portion of the pre-entry audit costs. New Zealand Cost of the independent audit of Health and Safety.* as at 30 June 2010 The majority of jurisdictions require an applicant for a self insurance licence to meet a minimum standard for work health and safety, rehabilitation and/or workers’ compensation. In determining the minimum standard required for work health and safety most agencies require the employer to have in place an work health and safety management system or arrangements (i.e. NSW, Victoria, NT, ACT and Commonwealth), which is then audited against an work health and safety audit tool (see Table 4.18). The work health and safety audit tool varies significantly across the jurisdictions. NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and the Commonwealth measure the self-insurer’s performance against the National Self-Insurers OHS Audit Tool. Queensland requires a satisfactory work health and safety performance although no audit tool is stipulated. In SA compliance is required with the Self Insurer Standards which can be found at Annexure A to the Code.Table 4.12 – Work Health and Safety Requirements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Work Health and Safety Requirements Workcover will measure the applicant’s performance against the National Self-Insurers New South Wales OHS Audit Tool. The applicant must satisfy all requirements, in 3 out of 5 categories during the initial OHS audit and achieve 75% conformance for each of the categories audited. Safety Management Systems are audited against the National OHS Audit Tool for all new applicants and current self-insurers. Victoria Compliance with OHS Act 2004 – Inspectorate field interventions including enforcement activity, prosecutions and incident notifications. Claims frequency rates and claims costs. The Authority must ask the chief executive of the department within which the Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995 is administered to prepare a report about the employer’s work health and safety performance. Queensland  All workplaces of the employer must be adequately serviced by a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator who is in Queensland and employed by the employer under a contract (regardless of whether the contract is a contract of service) and have workplace rehabilitation policies and procedures. Western Australia Work health and safety requirements are handled by WorkSafe WA.Compliance with the Self Insurer Standards which can be found at Annexure A to the South Australia Code.Tasmania Must have an established work health and safety management system.Page 93 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Work Health and Safety Requirements Upon application to self insure, a National Audit Tool (NAT) audit report is provided by a certified auditor or evidence of JAS-ANZ certification against AS/NZ 4801:200 and the National Audit Tool. Must undertake annual self audits using NAT and forward results to the WorkCover Tasmania Board. (Where certification under a JAS-ANZ certification program has been achieved, the annual self audit will not normally be required).Evidence that the company’s NT operation has in place a work health and safety Northern management system and evidence that the company’s work health and safety policy has Territory been brought to the attention of the company’s NT workers.Compliant with employer’s duties under Work Safety Act 2008. Copy of work health and safety policy and evidence that is has been brought to the attention of the employer’s workers. Australian Capital Territory * Has in place a work health and safety management system that complies with Australian Standard 4801. Written statement by the employer that the employer will be able to meet its obligations under the Act in relation to injury management programs and personal injury plans.Previous 12 months performance in conforming and complying with work health and safety, rehabilitation and workers’ compensation. The following will be examined:  Performance record under the OHS Act and all the requirements of any applicable laws of a State or Territory with respect to health and safety of employees, in relation to recorded injury rates, provision of notification and reports, investigations/inspections, audits and any breaches in prosecution. Commonwealth  Obligations as a rehabilitation authority, especially in relation to any rehabilitation Comcare guidelines issued by Comcare (s41 of Act).  Claims management obligations, including payment of premium, record of early lodgement of claims to claims manager, provision of relevant employment information and quick and accurate payment of employee benefits, in accordance with workers’ compensation legislation.Self-insurers are audited against the National Self-Insurer OHS Audit Tool.An audit of an employer’s health and safety systems and practices is carried out as part of the entry requirements. A comprehensive entry audit is undertaken in order to satisfy ACC that an employer has the capacity and capability to manage and administer claims at least to the same standard New Zealand as ACC. Every Accredited Employer must agree to provide to each employee, without charge, a written statement, in plain English, that specifies the procedures and requirements under its contract in relation to the lodging of claims, provision of treatment, handling of claims, assessment of incapacity, assessment of capacity for work, and dispute resolution.* as at 30 June 2010 In addition to the prudential requirements, employers are required to take out bank guarantees, or similar guarantees, to cover outstanding claims liabilities. Table 4.13 shows the guarantee requirements for self-insurance eligibility requirements across Australia.Table 4.13 – Self-Insurance guarantee requirements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Bank guarantees / prudential margins New South Wales Initial security equivalent to tariff premium (WIC rate X estimated wages) for the ensuing twelve months plus a prudential margin of 50%. WorkCover has discretion to seek additional security if it believes circumstances are warranted. For subsequent reviews 150% of self-insurer liabilities including a prospective component for the 12 months post Page 94 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Bank guarantees / prudential margins balance date.150% of the assessed liability or $3.0 million (whichever is greater).When determining the quantum coverage of a guarantee that a self-insurer must have in Victoria force at all times given by an Authorised Deposit-Taking Institution (“ADI”) in respect of its assessed liability, the valuation of the self-insurer’s assessed liability must include a prospective component.Provision of an unconditional bank guarantee or cash deposit of 150% of estimated claims Queensland liability, or $5 million (whichever is the greater).Bank guarantee to be determined by the Authority upon application or review. The minimum level for the bond is $1 million or 150% of the central estimate of outstanding claims liability, whichever is greater.Western Actuarial assessments of outstanding claim liability are required on an annual basis and Australia used to determine security amounts.In the first year of approval the amount of bond will be rounded to the next million. Subsequent years the amount shall be rounded up in accordance with the Authority’s approval methodology.Outstanding liability multiplied by a prudential margin of 2. It is revised annually in South Australia accordance with an actuarial report the employer must submit within 3 months after the end of the financial year. Minimum guarantee applies 2010 - $730 000 indexed.For self-insurers with less than 3 years experience: Bank guarantee equal to: Yr 1: Notional Premium x 100% Yr 2: Notional Premium x 140% Yr 3: Notional Premium x 180% + the greater of: Tasmania 30% of the adjusted notional premium, or the quantum of the catastrophe deductible (per event retention), or $500 000. For self-insurers with more than 3 year’s experience: Minimum of 150% of central estimate of outstanding claims liabilities or $1m whichever is greater.Northern 150% of self-insurer liabilities on application and as assessed at each review. TerritoryGuarantee from an authorised deposit-taking institution for the greater amount of: Australian  $750 000, or Capital Territory *  an amount calculated by an actuary to be the estimate of outstanding claims liability at the balance date, plus a prudential margin of 30%.Commonwealth Comcare The guarantee must be for an amount calculated by the actuary as the greater of: a) the 95th percentile of Outstanding Claims Liabilities at the Balance Date and the addition of one reinsurance policy retention amount, or b) the 95th percentile of projected Outstanding Claims Liabilities in 12/18/24* months time from the Balance Date and the addition of one reinsurance policy retention amount. subject to a minimum amount of $2 500 000. *Note: actual licence will specify: 12 months for licences in the 6th or more year of licence; 18 months for licences in the 4th – 5th year of licence; 24 months for licences in the 1st – 3rd Page 95 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Bank guarantees / prudential margins year of licence.No formal security is taken. No legislative provision to allow formal security arrangements like debentures over assets, bank bonds or guarantees or any other third party guarantees. New Zealand An employer must prove it has the ability to meet its programme obligations completely in its own right in order to be accredited.* as at 30 June 2010Jurisdictions vary in the extent of self-insurance licence coverage from single companies or also including fully owned subsidiaries.Table 4.14 – Self-Insurance restraints on company structure as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Restraints on company structureUnder a group licence there is no provision for selective inclusion of subsidiaries by the applicant. The legislation specifies that only wholly owned subsidiary companies are to be included in the group licence. For group licences the applicant company would generally be the New South Wales ultimate holding company in Australia. For group licences a cross guarantee or a holding company guarantee is required.Victoria Holding company and all wholly owned subsidiaries.Group licences are restricted to groups of employers that are made up as follows: Queensland  employers who are in the same industry and have a pre-existing stable business relationship, or  related bodies corporate (as defined by the Corporations Act 2001).Western Not applicable. AustraliaA group of employers may apply for registration as a group of self-insured employers South Australia providing they are related corporations. Registration must include all related corporations.Tasmania Not applicable.Northern Not applicable. TerritoryAustralian Licence for each legal entity, wholly owned subsidiaries can be included on licence. Capital Territory *Commonwealth A licence is required for each legal entity. ComcareAny ‘employer’ in New Zealand is eligible to become ‘accredited’ provided they are able to meet the eligibility requirements outlined in regulation. Eligibility is not confined by structure. Therefore any employer entity, including by way of example a company (including a consolidated group of companies), a partnership, an incorporated society, a New Zealand Government, State Owned Entities, District Hospital Boards, Local Government Authorities and Incorporated Societies. A group of employers may become accredited where each member of the group meets the definition of a subsidiary company, as determined by the Companies Act. Any subsidiary where ownership is greater than 50% is able to be a member of the accredited group.* as at 30 June 2010Page 96 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Self-insurers are required to carry excess of loss insurance to cover catastrophic events. Table 4.15 shows the excess loss requirements for self-insurers across Australia.Table 4.15 - Self-insurer excess of loss requirements, as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Excess of loss requirementsA self-insurer must obtain and maintain unlimited reinsurance cover during the currency of the licence, so as to restrict its liabilities under the Workers Compensation Act 1987 and independently of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 to a maximum amount approved by WorkCover in respect of any one event. The reinsurance cover must be provided by an insurance company authorised by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority.New South Wales A retention amount under the above policy or policies, provided that it is within the range of $100 000 to $1 000 000 per event is acceptable to WorkCover. Retentions in excess of $1 000 000 will require prior approval by WorkCover. In such instances WorkCover will require the self-insurer to undertake and provide an assessment of the likely cost of risk retention and the appropriateness of the level of retention sought as part of the approval process.Victoria There is no minimum. Max $5 million. No other exclusions.Retention of reinsurance for an unlimited amount in excess of the self-insurer’s liability for each event that may happen during the period of reinsurance. The self-insurer’s liability Queensland must be not less than $300 000 and not more than the limit set by the Authority’s board on application by the self-insurer.Common law and catastrophe insurance policy for a minimum of $50 million for any one Western Australia claim or series of claims arising out of one event.Self-insurers need to maintain an excess of loss insurance policy that must satisfy:  $100 million on the sum insured  a deductible of not less than $500 000 per event or series of events, and South Australia  if the self-insured employer elects to include a stop loss excess or aggregate excess, such stop loss or aggregate excess must not be less than the higher of: . three times the individual incident excess, or . 10% above the average incurred the claim cost for the prior 3 years.Excess of loss policy for a minimum amount of $50 million and power of attorney over Tasmania policy.Northern Not applicable. TerritoryAustralian Capital Reinsurance of at least $50 000 cpi indexed for a single event to cover the employer’s Territory * future liability under the Act.Commonwealth Variable retention based on actuarial advice. ComcareACC provides Stop Loss Cover within a range of 160% to 250% of the defined risk. Stop Loss Cover is mandatory for Full Self Cover employers and optional for the Partnership New Zealand Discount Plans. Any other reinsurance is prohibited under the legislation. The accredited employer is required to carry the risk of work place injury with no ability to offload any of this risk.* as at 30 June 2010Page 97 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Normally self-insurers case-manage their own employees, however some jurisdictions allow them to outsource this function. Table 4.16 shows the outsourcing of case management arrangements Australia.Table 4.16 - Outsourcing of Case Management as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Outsourcing allowedWorkCover may use its discretion to approve outsourcing arrangements for injury and claims management and data lodgement to a suitably qualified third party, subject to it being satisfied that such an arrangement will not lead to a decrease in established service standards to injured workers. New South Wales Any outsourcing of injury and claims management and data lodgement requires the prior approval of WorkCover. Notwithstanding any approved outsourcing arrangement, WorkCover will hold the licensee responsible for maintaining a satisfactory standard of injury and claims management and administration.A self-insurer may appoint a person approved by the Authority to act as the agent to carry Victoria out the functions - Parts III (dispute resolution) and IV (payment of compensation).Queensland Yes - s92(4).Yes - Section 17 the Schedule contained in the Guidelines for the Approval and Review of Western Australia Self-Insurers.South Australia Decisions must be made by the self insurer itself and this cannot be delegated.Tasmania Yes.Northern Not applicable. TerritoryAustralian Capital An employer is able to outsource their vocational rehabilitation services to an approved Territory * rehabilitation provider.Licensees are allowed to outsource their claims management if they receive authorisation Commonwealth from Commission. Licence does not cover claims with a date of injury which pre-dates the Comcare date of the licence and the licensee must continue to manage these claims as per state/territory arrangements.Although Accredited Employers may, with the consent of the Manager, retain third party New Zealand providers to assist in the management of workplace injuries this is subject to them maintaining direct personal involvement with the claimant.* as at 30 June 2010 4.5.3 Ongoing licence requirements Self-insurance lends itself to self-regulation, providing that adequate control measures are put in place from the outset, and a continuous reporting programme is followed. Periodic reporting can be used to monitor performance, with the degree of auditing linked to a self- insurer's performance. The better the performance, the lesser the need for intervention. Table 4.17 shows the reporting requirements across Australia.Page 98 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 4.17 - Self-insurer Reporting Requirements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Reporting requirementsSelf insurers must notify WorkCover, in writing and within 10 business days, of becoming aware of any change in the effective control of the Licensee or any change in ownership of the Licensee exceeding 20% of its shareholding. Group self-insurers must notify within 10 business days of acquisitions and dispositions of wholly owned subsidiaries employing in NSW.Annual report (including audited financial statements) to be provided within 4 months of the self-insurer’s financial year end. A self- insurer must provide WorkCover with an actuarial report completed by an actuary in accordance with PS300 on an annual basis certifying the amount of total claims liability incurred as a self-insurer. The actuary must adopt the assumptions advised by WorkCover regarding the appropriate discount rate and claims administration expenses in determining the total claims liability.New South Wales Self-insurers must make adequate provision in their audited financial statements for their NSW workers’ compensation liability. Evidence of currency of excess of loss policy. Details of actual and forecast annual wage, WorkCover Industry Classification and employee numbers for calculation of contributions to the WorkCover Authority Fund. Self-insurers are also required to provide monthly claims data in a form approved by WorkCover and within the timeframes specified by WorkCover. Self insurers are required to report Case Management self-audit results annually and lodge any revised injury management program to WorkCover. Annual reporting requirements under the National Self-Insurer OHS Audit Tool including self-audit results.Victoria Data to be submitted by 31 August each year. Data required is:  workplace location  predominant industry  number of workers  estimated remuneration  remuneration (by 30 September each year )  whether the workplace opened or closed during the reporting period  Quarterly Electronic Data Transfer (Claims Information).Self-insurers are also required to report annually:  self-insurer self audit (OHS & claims management) proposal  audit results (non-conformance reports)  audited financial statements/annual report  actuarial assessment of claims liabilities.Self-insurers must also notify WorkSafe within 28 days of any of the following occurrences:  a body corporate is under official management, is commenced to be wound up or ceases business  a body corporate is a target company  a receiver is appointed in respect of property or part of the property of the body corporate  a body corporate enters into a compromise or scheme arrangement with its creditors  an approved holding company ceases to be a holding company  a subsidiary of an approved holding company moves to Comcare  a body corporate becomes or ceases to be a subsidiary of an approved holding company.Self-insurer must submit a statement on rateable remuneration by 31 August of each year.Self-insurers must also notify WorkSafe within 28 days of any of the following occurrences:  the employer ceases to be the holding company in relation to any of the subsidiaries, or  a subsidiary ceases to be a subsidiary of the employer, or  a subsidiary of the employer: (a) becomes a non-WorkCover employer, orPage 99 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Reporting requirements (b) ceases to be a non-WorkCover employer, or (c) is partly acquired by another company, or  the employer acquires a subsidiary, or  the employer undergoes a corporate res-structure, or  the employer acquires the assets or the employers of another company but not the company itself, or  the employer becomes a subsidiary of another body corporate, or  the employer is under official management, is commenced to be wound up or has ceased to carry on business, or  a receiver is appointed in respect of the property or part of the property of the employer under the Corporations Act, or  the employer enters into a compromise or scheme of arrangement with its creditors, or  the employer is a target within the meaning of the Corporations Act.Required to submit claims data (as per the Workers’ Compensation Insurers’ Interface Data Queensland Specifications available at qcomp.com.au) to Q-COMP by the 10th day of the following month.Pursuant to section 103A of the Act, self-insurers are required to provide any statistical Western information, records and reports (including quarterly and annual returns) requested by Australia WorkCover WA, within such reasonable time as specified. A $2,000 penalty may apply where information, false in any material particular, is provided. All claims data must be reported by Electronic Data Interchange on a fortnightly basis. Must provide annual audited financial statements within 5 months of the end of the financial year. South Australia Must provide annual actuarial valuation within 3 months of the end of the financial year. Must provide evidence of the existence of Excess of Loss insurance within 3 months of the commencement of each policy year. Monthly claims payment data to be submitted by the 21st of each month. Must provide annual financial statements to the Board within 5 months of end of financial year. Tasmania Claim forms must be submitted to the Board within 5 days of receipt. Must advise in advance of any proposed changes to the company's structure or legal entity. Must undertake to continue to provide data after ceasing to be self-insurer.Northern Self-insurers are required to provide monthly claims data as well as annual consolidated and Territory financial viability data. Must provide claims, payments and estimates data on-line on a monthly basis 10 days after Australian the last working day in any month. Capital Territory * Must provide a monthly report on policy data details 10 days after the last working days in any month. Commonwealth Comcare The licensee is to meet the following performance standards and be judged against performance measures under each standard:  commitment and corporate governance  planning  implementation  measurement and evaluation  management systems review and improvement. The licensee must certify in writing to the Commission by specified dates, the estimation of the liability to pay compensation and other amounts under the SRC Act, provision in its accounts for meeting liabilities and the capacity to meet any single claim up to the reinsurance policy retention amount.Page 100 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Reporting requirementsThe licensee must commission a written liability report in respect of each financial year and calculated at the end of that year. The licensee must lodge with the Commission a copy of:  reports required under Division 1 of Part 2M.3 of the Corporations Act 2001  any periodic financial information regarding the affairs of the Licensed Corporation for a financial year that it is required to give to any financial market as defined in the Corporations Act 2001  any reports or information outlined in the prudential conditions.The Accredited Employer must regularly report to the Manager on claims, entitlements and New Zealand expenses arising during the Cover Period and ensuing Claim Management Period. At the end of each month, and no later than 5 working days.* as at 30 June 2010 The work health and safety audit tool varies significantly across the jurisdictions. NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and the Commonwealth measure the self-insurer’s performance against the National Self-Insurers OHS Audit Tool. Queensland requires a satisfactory occupational health and safety performance; however, no audit tool is stipulated. In South Australia compliance is required with the Self Insurer Standards which can be found at Annexure A to the Code. Table 4.18 shows auditing requirements across Australia.Table 4.18 – Work Health and Safety Auditing Requirements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction AuditingWorkCover will conduct a Work Health and Safety Management System audit at time of self-insurance application against the National Self-Insurers OHS Audit Tool. Routine New South Wales WorkCover audits every 3 years thereafter or more frequently if required. Annual self-audit requirements.Annual self-audit requirements for the duration of the licence period – Claims Management & Occupational Rehabilitation & Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. Victoria Regulatory audit at time of application – Occupational Health and Safety & Occupational Rehabilitation.Queensland Insurance performance management plan.Western Australia Not applicable.Evaluation (work health and safety and injury management/rehabilitation) against the standards will be carried out in preparation for each registration renewal, and at other times should something come to WorkCover’s attention that indicates a need for a further South Australia evaluation. WorkCover also monitors self-insured employers throughout non-renewal years. Multi-national self-insurers can elect to be evaluated against the NAT for OHS but they must be evaluated against the standards for injury management/rehabilitation.Tasmania Work health and safety management system to be self-audited annually, with the use of the National Audit Tool as the audit tool. Annual self-audits on injury and claims management systems using injuryMAP as the audit tool.Page 101 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction AuditingNorthern Generally annual self reporting. TerritoryAustralian Capital May be audited for performance against Workers’ Compensation Regulation 2002. Territory * Pre and post licence evaluations occur in the period approaching and immediately after the grant of licence. External audits in work health and safety, rehabilitation and claims management are performed in the first year a licence is granted and in the last year of each licence period. External audits of licensees in other years are based on a ’tier’ model framework. Licensees are required to audit themselves every year and, unless granted self audit status, present the results to Comcare for desktop auditing. Commonwealth Comcare  Where using a contracted claims management service provider the licensee is required to audit that provider each year and within 6 weeks of the completion of each performance audit, give the Commission a written report on the claims manager’s performance.  Must co-operate with, and give assistance to, the Commission or its representatives in respect of any audits and evaluations conducted by the Commission or its representatives.Monitoring and audit programme includes:  A review of the reporting of claims details and expenditure, to be utilised to provide regular comparative benchmarking reports for the Manager and the individual Accredited Employer.  Onsite audits at least annually of individual Accredited Employer claims management performance.  Regular meetings between the account manager of the Manager and the Accredited Employer (the frequency of which will depend on the experience of the individual New Zealand Accredited Employer).  In the discretion of the Manager and in conjunction with the annual audit programme, a claimant satisfaction survey to determine overall claimant satisfaction with the Accredited Employers Programme.  Active liaison with Accredited Employer's workplace employee representatives (if any).  Monitoring of the ongoing solvency of the Accredited Employer and its expected ability to meet its obligations under the Accreditation Agreement.  Annual health and safety audit using approved audit tool.* as at 30 June 2010Self-insurer companies are obliged to comply with workers’ compensation legislation to at least the same extent as premium-paying companies to maintain their self-insurer status. Licensees may have extra conditions imposed on them which also require compliance measures.Table 4.19 – Compliance with Legislation as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Compliance with LegislationSelf-insurers must comply with all statutory requirements and conditions of licence for licence continuity. Failure to meet such requirements may constitute a basis for licence New South Wales suspension, cancellation or non-renewal. Before taking such action, WorkCover will provide the self-insurer a reasonable opportunity to rectify any breach.Victoria WorkSafe will monitor the employer’s compliance with the Accident Compensation Act 1985, a Ministerial Order, the regulations, any terms and conditions of approval and other legislation (e.g., the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004) throughout the licence period. An annual performance report is provided to each self-insurer with information on a range of indicators (and where possible benchmarked against comparable employers and/or other self-insurers or WorkSafe Agents); including but not limited to claims Page 102 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Compliance with Legislation frequency rates, claims costs, injured worker satisfaction survey and self-audit results.A licence may be subject to: (a) the conditions prescribed under a regulation, and Queensland (b) any conditions, not inconsistent with the Act, imposed by the Authority: (i) on the issue or renewal of a licence, or (ii) at any time during the period of the licence.WA WorkCover monitors self-insurer activities and performance and conducts periodic checks to ascertain if self-insurers maintain an acceptable level of compliance against the Guidelines for the Approval and Review of Self-Insurers and the Workers Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981. Western Australia If a satisfactory performance is not indicated, a nominated person of the self-insurer may be called before the Authority to show just cause why the approval and exemption of the self-insurer should not be cancelled in accordance with sections 165 and 166 of the Act.Self-insurers must comply with all statutory requirements and conditions of registration for registration continuity. Failure to meet such requirements may result in reduction, South Australia revocation or non-renewal of self-insured registration. Furthermore, any proven systemic abuse of a delegation under the Act may result in the delegation being removed.Self-insurers must comply with permit conditions imposed by the Board. A self-insurer who fails to comply with, or contravenes any permit condition is guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding 100 penalty units - s107. Tasmania The Board may revoke or suspend a permit if it is satisfied that the self-insurer has failed to comply with any provisions of the Act and the failure constitutes a significant breach of the Act or the self –insurer has been convicted of an offence against the Act - s111.Northern The Authority may at any time, in its absolute discretion, by notice in writing to an approved Territory insurer or self-insurer, revoke or suspend approval. Continue to meet obligations under the Act and Regulations, and any other protocol approved by the Minister that relates to self-insurance. Australian Capital Ensure that workers’ compensation claim form, register of injuries and early injury Territory * notification form comply with Workers’ Compensation Insurer’s Form Specifications. Comply with Workers’ Compensation Insurers Download Specifications.Licensee must comply with the requirements of:  The SRC Act, Regulations and any other applicable guidelines issued by the Commission under s73A of the SRC Act in respect to rehabilitation and compensation. Commonwealth  Commonwealth OHS Act and any applicable laws of the States or Territories with Comcare respect to the safety and health of employees.  Any such guidelines dealing with covert surveillance of employees.  Conditions of licence relating to financial reporting and prudential arrangements.Licensee must comply with the requirements of:  The AC Act, Regulations and any other applicable guidelines issued by ACC. New Zealand  The Privacy Act 1993.  Health Information Privacy Code 1994.  The Code of ACC Claimants’ Rights.* as at 30 June 2010 The duration of self-insurer licences varies across jurisdictions. Table 4.20 shows the duration of self insurance licences across Australia.Page 103 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 4.20 - Duration of Self-insurer Licences as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Duration of licenceA licence will be granted for a standard period of 3 years and be capable of renewal for further New South Wales three-year terms. WorkCover has discretion to grant licences for shorter terms if it believes circumstances are warranted. Initial approval is for a period of three years and any subsequent approvals are for four years unless WorkSafe in its discretion determines that approval has effect for a period of Victoria six years. Terms and conditions may be placed against the organisation as part of the approval.Original licence issued for a period of two years, on renewal, licence period can be up to Queensland four yearsNo initial duration, however Section 165 of the Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981 requires that self-insurance arrangements be reviewed at least once Western Australia a year or when so required by the Minister. The review of an exemption will be based on adherence to the conditions of approval set out under the Guidelines for the Approval and Review of Self-Insurers.Licence (registration) granted for an initial period of two years. A self-insurer may apply to South Australia WorkCover to renew its registration for further periods. Maximum period of registration for each renewal is three years.Initially one year and then depending on outcome of audit, it can range from one year to Tasmania three years.Northern One year. TerritoryAustralian Capital Up to three years. Territory *Commonwealth Initially a period for two years and then four years. ComcareApproval may be for one to three years at the employer’s option. New Zealand Annual reviews are undertaken in order to ensure entry (including prudential) requirements are being maintained.* as at 30 June 2010Table 4.21 – Ongoing Licence Requirements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Ongoing Licence RequirementsSelf-insurers must comply with all statutory requirements and conditions of licence for licence continuity. WorkCover undertakes ongoing monitoring and review of self-insurers. New South Wales Self-insurers provide specified information four months after their financial year end to enable an annual review (refer Table 4.18 Reporting Requirements).Victoria Refer to auditing requirements. Guarantee given by an authorised deposit-taking institution at all times during period of licence guaranteeing payment of amounts not less than the amount of the assessed liability* in cases of self-insurer failing to meet its liabilities. Have in force at all times a contract of insurance for contingent liabilities.Page 104 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Ongoing Licence RequirementsFor the purpose of determining the assessed liability, a prospective component must be included in the valuation of the self-insurer’s assessed liability. Ability to provide data in the format and at time intervals required by Q-COMP.  A self-insurer must supply to Q-COMP summary information about the claims they have processed on their system. When requested, provide copies of: Queensland  documents relating to all claims made  documents that may assist in assessing the quality and timeliness of claims and rehabilitation management  documents may assist in assessing the self-insurers financial situation  any other documents required to be kept under the licence.Self-insurers are required to meet their financial, reporting and claims management obligations as specified under the Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act Western Australia 1981 and the Guideline for the Approval and Review of Self-Insurers. Refer to tables 4.10, 4.12, 4.14 and 4.18 for further information. Self-insurers must comply with all statutory requirements and conditions of registration for South Australia registration continuity.Tasmania Not applicable.Northern Not applicable. TerritoryEmployer to give information to the Minister reasonably required in writing about workers’ Australian Capital compensation, vocational rehabilitation and occupational health and safety to allow the Territory * Minister to assess the employer’s continuing suitability to be a self-insurer.Commonwealth Comcare Comply with any written directions given by the Commission. If claims are managed by a claims manager, provide a copy of the Commission’s directions to the claims manager. Advise and provide a copy of the initiating process to Comcare as soon as possible of any court proceedings in relation to a matter arising in respect of a claim. Must notify Comcare in writing immediately that the licensee becomes aware: (a) licensee has not complied with, or not likely to comply with, a condition of the licence (b) of any event that may materially impact upon its sustainability to hold a licence, including its capacity to meets its liabilities under the SRC Act or of any material change in financial position (c) any material change to its legal structure, ownership or control (d) of any significant change in its employee numbers or significant change in the risk profile of the work undertaken by its employees. Provide Commission upon request, information relating to the licensee’s operations. Ensure claims manager complies with the conditions of the licence. Be accountable for all claims management policies issued by the claims manager. Notify the Commission in writing as soon as possible after it becomes aware that the claims manager has done, or omitted to do, something which has the effect that the licensee is, or likely to be, in breach of a term or condition of the licence. Must enter into and maintain a written contract with the claims manager and provide a copy of the contract to the Commission. Obligations imposed by the licence must be written into the contract between the licensee and the claims manager.Page 105 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Ongoing Licence RequirementsProvide a yearly guarantee. Maintain an appropriate level of reinsurance.Comply with any written directions given by ACC. Advise ACC of:  any serious ongoing claim or claims with a duration < 12 months, as soon as practicable  any insolvency event  any report from Occupational Health and Safety (Department of Labour)  anything that could contribute to ACC reviewing the status of the employer  provide a copy of the initiating process to ACC as soon as possible of any court proceedings in relation to a matter arising in respect of a claim. New Zealand Provide ACC upon request, information relating to the licensee’s operations. Ensure claims manager complies with the conditions of the licence. Retain overall responsibility for claim and case management. Notify ACC in writing as soon as possible after it becomes aware that the claims manager has done, or omitted to do, something which has the effect that the licensee is, or likely to be, in breach of a term or condition of the licence. Must enter into and maintain a written contract with the claims manager and provide a copy of the contract to the ACC.* as at 30 June 2010Table 4.22 – Other Matters for Ongoing Licence Requirements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Other MattersNew South Wales -A self-insurer should notify WorkSafe as soon as they become aware of any strategically Victoria significant matter.Queensland -In addition to the information provided in table 4.22, Self-insurers must demonstrate adequate expertise to determine claims within the State in the time limits specified. Effect weekly payments within the frequency specified. Carry out responsibility with respect to injury management. Submit accurate and timely statistical returns/information. Western Australia Provide and maintain:  copy of organisational chart  demonstration that an injury management programme is in place  information management systems utilised by the self insurer are able to meet the compliance standards as defined in the Q1 specifications including the provision of data and returns.South Australia -Tasmania -Northern Territory Ongoing satisfactory demonstration of the employer’s ability to:  provide the statistical and other information requiredPage 106 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Other Matters  provide financial contributions as requested, and  adequately provide for and manage the company’s Northern Territory workers’ compensation claims. Adequate expertise to determine claims within the Territory in the time limits specified. Effect weekly payments within the frequency specified. Carry out responsibility with respect to injury management. Submit accurate and timely statistical returns/information.Australian Capital - Territory *Commonwealth - ComcareNew Zealand -* as at 30 June 2010 4.5.4 Renewal/Surrendering/Exiting requirements Self-insurance is not without risk, the predominant one being that if self-insurers fail, then governments may have to meet the costs of workers' compensation liabilities. Employers may, for a range of reasons, wish to cease being a self-insurer. Some jurisdictions impose penalties on employers who choose to leave their scheme or surrender their self insurance licence and move to the Comcare scheme.Table 4.23 - Requirements for surrendering a self-insurer licence as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Requirements for surrendering a self-insurer licenceSelf-insurers must submit the request in writing to WorkCover. WorkCover will consider the request under s212 and s183 of the Workers Compensation Act 1987. WorkCover meets with the self-insurer to discuss the process of surrendering the licence. WorkCover requires a written undertaking from the self-insurer to comply with WorkCover’s licensing policy requirements as outlined in policy item 15 which states: (a) Should a self-insurer no longer hold a licence, it will still be held responsible for the management of the tail of claims incurred whilst licensed as a self-insurer. (b) The former licensee will be expected to manage and administer run off claims in a New South Wales professional manner and continue to co-operate in the provision of claims data and other specified information to WorkCover. Run-off arrangements will be subject to WorkCover approval. Security held by WorkCover and other guarantee arrangements will remain in force until WorkCover is satisfied that all claims have been discharged or adequately provided for pursuant to section 216 of the Workers Compensation Act 1987. Legislation pursuant to section 213 of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 now allows WorkCover to require additional security from former self-insurers.Victoria Where a self-insurer requests that their licence be revoked or in the case where WorkSafe revokes an approval, WorkSafe assumes the liability in respect of the tail claims. An approval may be revoked if:  the employer is no longer capable of meeting its claim liabilities as and when they fall due, or  the employer becomes the subsidiary of another body corporate, or  the employer is not fit and proper to be a self-insurer, or  the employer requests that the approval be revoked, or  the employer has failed to comply with:  the ACA, or  terms and conditions of approval, or  a Ministerial Order, orPage 107 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Requirements for surrendering a self-insurer licence  any other subordinate document. The former self-insurer must ensure all claims and other relevant information is given to WorkSafe and all new claims are lodged with WorkSafe. Where WorkSafe assumes liability for tail claims, the liability shall, within 28 days after being assumed by WorkSafe be assessed by an actuary appointed by WorkSafe; or if the self-insurer fails to permit the actuary to inspect their books to enable that assessment to be made, be the amount determined by WorkSafe. The amount of the liability assessed or determined is a debt due to WorkSafe by the self- insurer and is payable within 28 days after the date of the assessment or determination. If the self-insurer fails to pay the amount due within the period, WorkSafe may recover that amount under the guarantee. Where the liability of the self-insurer is assessed or determined, WorkSafe shall undertake an assessment of the tail claims liabilities at the end of each year for during the liability period. WorkSafe must give notice in writing to the employer stating the amount of liability assessed. If the revised assessment at the end of the third year exceeds the initial assessment, the employer must pay the difference to WorkSafe. If the revised assessment is less than the initial assessment, WorkSafe must pay the difference to the employer. This process will be repeated at the end of the six year liability period and if the revised assessment at the end of the sixth year exceeds the assessment at the end of third year, the employer must pay the difference to WorkSafe. If the revised assessment is less than the assessment at the end of the third year, WorkSafe must pay the difference to the employer. If the self-insurer does not intend to renew the licence, the self-insurer must advise the Authority of that fact at least 20 business days before the current licence period ends. If a self-insurer’s licence is cancelled, the premium payable by the former self-insurer is to be calculated in the way prescribed under a regulation. The self-insurer must forward on to WorkCover all claims and related documentation for compensation, and any claims that would have been lodged with the self-insurer are to be lodged with WorkCover. If the Authority considers it appropriate, the Authority may, at the request of a former self- insurer, allow the former self-insurer to continue to have functions and powers previously had by the former self-insurer.Recovery of ongoing costs from former self-insurer If after the cancellation of a licence, WorkCover pays compensation or damages, or incurs management costs in managing claims for which a self-insurer is liable, this is a debt due to WorkCover by the self-insurer.Queensland Debts are payable within 20 business days after WorkCover’s written demand for payment. WorkCover may recover the debt from the unconditional bank guarantee or cash deposit if the former self-insurer fails to pay the debt within the period or authorises WorkCover to do so in writing.Assessing liability after cancellation WorkCover must appoint an actuary to assess the former self-insurer’s liability. The amount of liability assessed and management costs are a debt due to WorkCover and are payable within 20 business days after the date of assessment. If the former self-insurer fails to pay the debt within the period, WorkCover may recover the debt from the unconditional bank guarantee or cash deposit.Return of bank guarantee or cash deposit after cancellation When a self-insurer’s licence is cancelled and they consider that all accrued, continuing, future and contingent liabilities have been discharged or adequately provided for, the self- insurer may, by written notice, ask the Authority to return the balance of the bank guarantee or cash deposit.Page 108 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Requirements for surrendering a self-insurer licenceAn employer or group of employers that cease to be exempt is required to insure in accordance with section 160 of the Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act Western Australia 1981. Where cancellation occurs, the bond will be held until all claims relevant to the period of self-insurance are satisfied.South Australia Assumption of liabilities WorkCover must undertake the liabilities of any self-insured employer that ceases to be registered as a self-insured employer. However, WorkCover has the discretion to delay this transfer. WorkCover will ordinarily determine to delay the transfer of the self-insured employer’s liabilities if it is satisfied of the ability of the employer to continue to manage and bear financial responsibility for the balance of its liabilities for a period of up to 3 years. Where WorkCover assumes the liabilities of a self-insured employer, either in whole or part, it is entitled to receive a payment from the employer equal to the capitalised value of all outstanding liabilities multiplied by that same prudential margin applied on calculating financial guarantees. WorkCover may recover the amount of liabilities undertaken by WorkCover either as a debt due to WorkCover or as a claim, in the event the employer is wound up.Payment WorkCover may, at its discretion, give a self-insured employer whose registration is ceasing a choice as to whether to pay the capitalised sum from its own resources, or to have the financial guarantee provided during the period of self-insured employer registration paid to WorkCover. Any shortfall in the financial guarantee relative to the assessed value of the liabilities will be payable by the employer to WorkCover as a debt. If the employer elects to pay the capitalised sum from its own resources, WorkCover will retain the financial guarantee for such period as WorkCover determines is necessary to ensure that no part of the payment received by WorkCover is subject to repayment pursuant to the laws relating to insolvency or bankruptcy.Run off of claims Where WorkCover is satisfied of the ability of the employer to continue to manage and bear financial responsibility for any claims by its Workers in relation to compensable disabilities, it may allow the former self-insured employer to retain responsibility for such liabilities for such a period as WorkCover determines appropriate (a ‘run off’). Where WorkCover deems a run off to be appropriate or necessary in the circumstances, WorkCover may also determine that the former self-insured employer continues to exercise some or all of its delegated powers and discretions. If a former self-insured employer is permitted to run off its claims and continue to exercise its delegated powers and discretions, WorkCover may require the former self-insured employer to enter into an agreement with WorkCover. Without limitation, WorkCover will ordinarily consider the following circumstances as being suitable circumstances in which to allow the former self-insured employer to run off its claims: (i) Employers that have substantially reduced their workforce but which have performed their self-insured employer duties and obligations in accordance with the requirements of the Act and its term and conditions of registration. (ii) A subsidiary of a self-insured employer is sold and the subsidiary or the self-insured employer has sufficient resources and financial security to run off its claims. (iii) An employer closes down its operations in the state, but remains a viable company operating interstate. WorkCover will evaluate the former self-insured employer’s compliance with the Act, Standards and the agreement and may terminate the run off if WorkCover considers there are substantive grounds for doing so. Upon cessation of the run off period, WorkCover will appoint an Actuary to assess the value of the claims existing at that time in order to calculate the capitalised sum (if any) the Page 109 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Requirements for surrendering a self-insurer licence employer must pay to WorkCover.Agreement In circumstances where WorkCover has decided not to undertake all of the liabilities of the former self-insured employer and to continue the delegation of powers and discretions to the former self-insured employer, WorkCover may require the former self-insured employer to enter into an agreement with WorkCover. Where appropriate, the agreement will ordinarily: (i) identify the circumstances and conditions under which the employer is permitted to retain its liabilities and exercise its delegated powers and discretions (ii) prescribe the consequences of any change in the circumstances or breach of any conditions imposed by WorkCover in such circumstances (iii) plan for the takeover of any residual liabilities by WorkCover, and (iv) provide for operational requirements that must apply, including the provision of an appropriate form of financial guarantee and the maintenance of appropriate qualitative Standards during the period of run off and exercise of delegated powers. The employer must apply for registration as a registered employer with WorkCover within fourteen (14) days of the cessation of its registration as a self-insured employer.Tasmania Not applicable.Northern No specific requirements in place. TerritoryUnder s94 of the Workers Compensation Regulation 2002, the Minister may revoke or Australian Capital suspend a self-insurers exemption. This must be done in writing and is effective 7 days Territory * after notice has been given - r95.Commonwealth A licensee may request the Commission to revoke its licence at a date from which it no Comcare longer wishes to hold such a licence under the SRC Act.ACC has the right to terminate in respect of:  any insolvency event, or New Zealand  a material breach, if the Accredited Employer no longer complies with the framework of the AC Act.* as at 30 June 2010Table 4.24 – Penalties for exiting scheme (including moves to Comcare scheme) as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Penalties for exiting the scheme (and/or moving to Comcare scheme)Workers Compensation Act 1987 s208AA provides for contributions to the Insurance Fund to be made by employers who on or after 1 July 1998 became or becomes a self-insurer. As an alternative to the making of a contribution to the Insurance Fund, the self-insurer may enter into an agreement with WorkCover to assume responsibility for the outstanding claim liabilities that would otherwise be payable by the licensed insurer who previously insured the employer. New South Wales Penalties exiting State scheme and moving to Comcare scheme Extra charges: N/A. Time for payment: N/A. Specific review provisions: N/A. Penalties: N/A.Victoria Accident Compensation Act 1985 - s165 Application: Former premium payers and self-insurers. Specific reference to exiting Page 110 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Penalties for exiting the scheme (and/or moving to Comcare scheme) employers who join the Comcare scheme. Applies from 1 July 2005. Tail claims: Scheme assumes liability and seeks value of assessed tail claim liabilities from exiting employers. Actuarial assessment every year for 6 years by an actuary appointed by WorkSafe and employer must pay any assessed increase in the cost of tail claims at the end of the third and sixth year. Extra charges: Actuarial charges and any extra assessment if employer disputes the WorkSafe assessment. Time for payment: 28 days to pay tail claim liability. Specific review provisions: Employer may appoint its own actuary to review WorkSafe’s final revised assessment of liability. Legal proceedings seeking a review under the Administrative Law Act 1978 are excluded. Penalties: Interest payable on unpaid amounts as per the Accident Compensation Act 1985.Workers’ Compensation & Rehabilitation Act 2003 - s105B Application: Solely to former self-insurers who join the Comcare scheme. Tail claims: The employer’s State licence continues for 12 months after exit and they retain liability for tail claims. After 12 months, WorkCover takes over responsibility for pre- exit tail claims and seeks contribution from employer or authorises the employer to continue to manage and pay for these claims. Extra charges: Levy fee for 12 months, share of actuary charges, and share of any arbiter costs. Queensland Time for payment: Interim payment 12 months after exit date needs to be made within 20 business days of receiving written assessment from WorkCover. Four years following licence cancellation, WorkCover and the employer must each appoint an actuary to recalculate the amount of liability. The employer must pay WorkCover the difference between the interim payment and the recalculation amount, plus interest on the difference from the day the whole of the interim payment was made. Specific review provisions: If WorkCover and the employer cannot agree on the recalculated amount they may refer to an arbiter. Penalties: No penalties specified for late payment.Western Australia No specific provisions in place.Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986 - s50, s67AA A discontinuance fee was put in place in 2008 under section 67AA of the WRC Act and the regulations under it at the time. These regulations were however disallowed by Parliament South Australia in July 2010. There has been no discontinuance fee in place since then. WorkCoverSA and the South Australian Government plan to consult with self-insured employers on possible alternatives in the near future. Any employer wishing to obtain updates on this matter should contact WorkCover. Tasmania No specific provisions.Northern No penalties. TerritoryAustralian Capital No specific provisions. Territory *Commonwealth Not applicable. ComcareNew Zealand Not applicable.* as at 30 June 2010Page 111 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20105. Coverage and Eligibility for Benefits Workers’ compensation coverage differs between each jurisdiction. The key aspect of workers’ compensation coverage is to ensure that workers who should be covered for workers’ compensation are covered. Determining whether a person is covered by workers’ compensation depends on the definitions of:  workers  deemed workers  injury, and  workplace. 5.1 Definition of worker To be eligible for compensation a person injured in the workplace must fall within the definition of worker in their jurisdiction. Table 5.1 – Definition of worker as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Definition of ‘worker’A person who has entered into or works under a contract of service or a training contract with an employer (whether by way of manual labour, clerical work or otherwise, and whether the contract is expressed or implied, and whether the contract is oral or in writing) – s4(1) (1998 Act) but excluding: a) certain members of the Police Force covered by the Police Superannuation Fund b) a person whose employment is casual, that is, for 1 period only of not more than 5 working days, and who is employed otherwise than for the purposes of the employer's New South Wales trade or business c) certain officers of religious or voluntary associations where remuneration is less than $700 per year d) certain registered participants in a sporting organisation covered under the Sporting Injuries Insurance Act 1978 but also including certain classes of persons who are deemed by s5 and Schedule 1 to be workers. a) a person (including a domestic servant or an outworker) who has entered into or works under a contract of service or apprenticeship or otherwise with an employer whether by way of manual labour, clerical work or otherwise and whether the contract is express or implied, is oral or is in writing Victoria b) a person who is deemed to be working under a contract of service c) a person deemed to be a worker d) a school student undertaking work experience or workplace training e) a TAFE student undertaking practical placement – s5(1).A worker is an individual who works under a contract of service. A person who works under a contract, or at piecework rates, for labour only or substantially for labour only is a worker. In particular, any person who works for another person under a contract (regardless of whether the contract is a contract of service) is a “worker” unless the person can satisfy all three elements of a results test, or it can be shown that a personal services business determination is in effect for the person under the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cth). Queensland The three elements of the results test to be satisfied are that:  The person performing the work is paid to achieve a specified result or outcome  The person performing the work has to supply the plant and equipment or tools of trade needed to perform the work, and  The person is, or would be, liable for the cost of rectifying any defect in the work performed.Western Australia Any person who has entered into or works under a contract of service or apprenticeship with an employer, whether by way of manual labour, clerical work, or otherwise and whether the contract is expressed or implied, is oral or in writing. The meaning of worker Page 112 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Definition of ‘worker’ also includes: a) any person to whose service any industrial award or industrial agreement applies, and b) any person engaged by another person to work for the purpose of the other person’s trade or business under a contract with him for service, the remuneration by whatever means of the person so working being in substance for his personal manual labour or services – s5(1). a) a person by whom work is done under a contract of service (whether or not as an employee) South Australia b) a person who is a worker by virtue of section 103A c) a self-employed worker, and includes a former worker and the legal personal representative of a deceased worker. Any person who has entered into, or works under, a contract of service or training agreement with an employer, whether by way of manual labour, clerical work or Tasmania otherwise, and whether the contract is express or implied, or is oral or in writing, and  Any person or class taken to be a worker for the purposes of the Act – s3(1).Contract or agreement of any kind to perform work or a service. Northern Territory Exclusions apply for people who supply an ABN – s3.Individual who has entered into or works under a contract of service with an employer, whether the contract is expressed or implied, oral or written – s8(1).The Act devotes an entire chapter (Chapter 3) to defining and identifying a worker in Australian Capital general and certain categories of workers. The Minister may additionally make a Territory* declaration to deem persons in certain occupations to be workers.Note: From 30 June 2010 amendments clarifying the broad definition of worker will commence.“Employee” - a person employed by the Commonwealth or by a Commonwealth Authority whether the person is so employed under a law of the Commonwealth or of a Territory or under a contract of service or apprenticeship. Commonwealth Comcare Also a person who is employed by a licensed corporation if a person performs work for that corporation under a law or a contract and the person would, if the corporation were not licensed, be entitled to workers’ compensation in connection of that work – s4 & s5.Seafarer (person employed in any capacity on a prescribed ship or the business of the ship, other than: a pilot, a person temporarily employed on the ship in port, or a person Commonwealth defined as a special personnel in s283 of the Navigation Act), trainee, person attending Seacare approved industry training or registering availability for employment or engagement on a prescribed ship – s4.Commonwealth Member or former member of the Permanent Forces, Reserves, or cadets of the Australian DVA Defence Force who has rendered service on or after 1 July 2004.An earner is a natural person who engages in employment for the purposes of pecuniary gain, whether or not as an employee s(6) (also includes employees on unpaid parental leave, self-employed persons and employees who have purchased weekly compensation New Zealand and employees who ceased work in the 28 days prior to incapacity, and who had an agreement to start work within three months of the date of incapacity or within 12 months for seasonal workers).* as at 30 June 2010Page 113 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20105.1.1 Definitions of deemed workers A deemed worker for workers’ compensation purposes is a person who performs work for another in circumstances that fall outside of the general statutory definition of worker in a jurisdiction, but who is deemed by legislation to be a worker in order to receive a workers’ compensation benefit.Over time there has been a decline of employment under traditional arrangements. As new working arrangements have emerged, jurisdictions have modified the definition of ‘workers’ to ensure that workers under these arrangements are properly covered by workers’ compensation. Table 5.2 provides the definition of deemed worker in each jurisdiction.Table 5.2 – Definition of deemed worker as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Definition of deemed workerSchedule 1 of the 1998 Act lists the twenty-one specific circumstances in which persons are deemed to be workers: 1 Workers lent or on hire. 1A Outworkers. 2 Other contractors. 2A Contractors under labour hire services arrangements. 3 Rural work. 4 Timbergetters. 5 Salespersons, canvassers, collectors and others. 6 Tributers. 7 Mine employees. New South Wales 8 Mines rescue personnel. 9 Jockeys and harness racing drivers. 10 Drivers of hire-vehicles or hire-vessels – contract of bailment. 11 Caddies and others employed through club. 12 Shearers’ cooks and others. 13 Fire fighters in fire district. 14 Workers at place of pick-up. 15 Boxers, wrestlers, referees and entertainers. 16 Voluntary ambulance workers. 17 Ministers of religion. 18 Ministers of religion covered by policies. 19 Participants in training programs.Circumstances under the Act where a person may be deemed to be a worker: (i) Timber contractors – s6(1). (ii) Drivers of passenger vehicles – s7. (iii) Contractors – s8. (iv) Independent contractors – s9 and s10. (v) Subcontractors and their workers – s10A. (vi) Sharefarmers – s11. (vii) Declared workers of religious bodies and organizations - s12. (viii) Secretaries of co-operative societies - s13. (ix) Crown employees, Ministers, government members, judicial officers, bail justices, Victoria public corporation members, retired police reserve members - s14. (x) Municipal councillors - s14AA. (xi) Persons engaged at places of pick-up for the purposes of being selected for work (e.g. fruit pickers) – s15. (xii) Jockeys and track riders, riders and drivers in mixed sports gatherings – ss16(4) & 16A. (xiii) Outworkers - s17. (xiv) Sailors – s81(2). (xv) Workers participating in deemed training programs – s5(4A) to s5(4E). (xvi) Other types of deemed workers – s5.Queensland Circumstances under the Act where a person may be deemed to be a worker: (i) Workers lent or on hire (including labour hire firms and holding companies – Schedule 2 (1.6). (ii) Sharefarmers – Schedule 2 (1.3).Page 114 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Definition of deemed worker(iii) Salespersons – Schedule 2 (1.4). (iv) Labour workers – Schedule 2 (1.1). (v) Contractors and workers of contractors – Schedule 2 (1.5).Circumstances under the Act where a person may be deemed to be a worker: (i) Workers lent or let on hire – s5(1). (ii) Contract in substance for personal manual labour or service – s5(1). (iii) Workers under an industrial award or agreement – s5(1). (iv) Deceased worker – s5(1). (v) Police officer – s5(1) (Who suffers an injury and dies as a result of that injury). Western Australia (vi) Clergy – s8, s9 and s10. (vii) Tributers - s7. (viii) Jockey – s11A. (ix) Crown workers – s14(2). (x) Certain persons deemed workers – s175AA. (xi) Working directors – s10A.The definition of “contract of service” in s3(1) of the WRCA includes: “a contract, arrangement or understanding under which one person (the worker) works for another in prescribed work or work of a prescribed class”.Current classes of work prescribed for the purposes of the WRCA, include:  building work (other than wall or floor tilers)  cleaning work  council driving  taxi and hire car driving  transport driving  work as an entertainer South Australia  work as an outworker  work as a licensed jockey  work as a minister, priest or member of another religious order (except Anglican, Catholic, Lutheran and Uniting churches or the Salvation Army)  work as a Review Officer appointed under the WRCA. Under section 103 of the WRCA, the Corporation may also extend the application of the WRCA to self-employed persons.Under section 103A of the WRCA, the Crown is the presumptive employer of volunteers of a prescribed class. To date only Country Fire Service volunteers are prescribed by regulation)Circumstances under the Act where a person may be deemed to be a worker: (i) Contractors where the work exceeds $100 and is not incidental to a trade or business regularly carried on by the contractor – s4B. (ii) Services of workers lent or on hire – s4A. (iii) Police volunteers – s6A. (iv) Volunteers performing fire-fighting operations and fire prevention operations – s5. (v) Volunteers providing ambulance services – s6. (vi) Port and harbour persons engaged at places of pickup – s25(4). Tasmania (vii) Salespersons, canvassers and collectors – s4C. (viii) Luxury hire car drivers and taxi drivers – s4DA & s4DB. (ix) Jockeys- s4DC. (x) Specified clergymen – s3(4). (xi) Participants in training programs – s4D. (xii) Persons in relationship prescribed to be relationship between employer and worker – s4E. (xiii) Prescribed classes of volunteers – s6B. (none are prescribed for the purpose of 6B).Northern Territory Circumstances under the Act and Regulations where a person may be deemed or prescribed to be a worker: (i) Subcontracting – s127.Page 115 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Definition of deemed worker (ii) Workers of householders – s3(5). (iii) Working directors – s3(3). (iv) Jockeys – r3A(1)(b). (v) Taxi drivers – r3A(1)(c). (vi) Community work and volunteers – s3(4). (vii) Persons specifically prescribed by the Regulations. (viii) Family members - s3(2). (ix) Emergency service volunteers - s3(7). (x) Volunteer fire fighters - s3(8) and s3(8A).Circumstances under the Act where a person may be deemed to be a worker: (i) Casuals (in certain instances) – s10. (ii) Regular contractors – s11(1). (iii) Subcontracting – s13. (iv) Trainees – s14. Australian Capital (v) Outworkers – s15. Territory * (vi) Timber contractors – s16. (vii)Family day care carers – s16A. (viii) Religious workers – s17. (ix) Volunteers – s17A. (x) Commercial voluntary workers – s18. (xi) Public interest voluntary workers – s19.Comcare: The following persons are deemed to be employees of the Commonwealth, provided they perform certain duties: (i) the Commissioner of the Australian Federal Police (AFP), Deputy Commissioner of the AFP or an AFP worker (ii) a member of the Defence Force in certain circumstances, or (iii) a person who is the holder of or is acting in: a) an office established by a law of the Commonwealth, or b) an office that is established by a law of a Territory (other than an ACT enactment Commonwealth or a law of the Northern Territory) and is declared by the Minister to be an office Comcare to which the SRC Act applies – s5(2).The SRC Act deems certain categories of persons to be employees of the Commonwealth and the Minister may declare persons who engage in activities or perform acts at the request of the Commonwealth or a licensee as employees – s5(6).At the request of the Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), The Minister may make a written declaration that persons may be taken to be employees of the ACT government when engaging in certain activities – s5(15).Commonwealth The Act does not include any category of ‘deemed’ worker. SeacareThe Defence Minister may make a written determination for the purposes of the MRCA that a person, or a class of persons, is a member of the Australian Defence Force ("declared Commonwealth member") if that person engages, or has engaged, in activities, or who performs, or has DVA performed, acts at the request or direction of the Defence Force; or for the benefit of the Defence Force; or in relation to the Defence Force, under a requirement made by or under a Commonwealth law - s8.An earner is a natural person who engages in employment for the purposes of pecuniary New Zealand gain, whether or not as an employee – s6.* as at 30 June 2010Page 116 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20105.1.2 Coverage for independent contractors and labour hire workers Table 5.3 - Coverage for independent contractors and labour hire workers as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Are individual contractors covered Are labour hire workers covered under under legislation? legislation?Not unless contractor is a deemed worker Yes, labour hire firm held to be employer. pursuant to Schedule 1, 1998 Act.The final arbiter of whether a contractor is a deemed worker is the Workers’ Compensation Commission and this is decided on the individual facts of each case. WorkCover may also apply tests New South Wales determined by other Courts. One relevant test is whether the contract can be construed as a ‘contract of service’ (which would usually result in a finding that the person is a worker) or a ‘contract for services’ (which would usually result in a finding that the person supplying the services is not a worker.No, if employed under contract for service; Yes, labour hire firm held to be employer. Victoria they are covered if enter into any form of contract of services. Queensland No, if employed under contract for services. Yes, labour hire firm held to be employer.Western Australia No, if employed under contract for services. Yes, labour hire firm held to be employer. Yes, if undertake prescribed work or work of Yes, labour hire firm held to be employer. South Australia a prescribed class. No, if employed under contract for services. Yes, labour hire firm held to be employer. Tasmania Exception where contract is for work not related to a trade or business - s4B.Northern No, if ABN supplied, otherwise yes. TerritoryNo, if employed under contract for services. Yes , where the individual is not an However, there are provisions for the executive officer of the corporation and: coverage of regular contractors.  the individual has been engaged by the labour hirer under a contract for services to work for someone other Aust Capital than the labour hirer Territory *  there is no contract to perform work between the individual and person for who work is to be performed  the individual does all or part of the work.Commonwealth No, if employed under contract for service. Possibly, according to definition of nature of Comcare contract.Commonwealth Seacare No, compensation only through Possibly, according to definition of nature ofPage 117 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Are individual contractors covered Are labour hire workers covered under under legislation? legislation? employment of employees. contract.Commonwealth Only if a "declared member" - s8. Only if a "declared member" (s8). DVANew Zealand Yes. Yes, labour hire firm held to be employer.* as at 30 June 2010 5.1.3 Treatment of sportspersons and sporting injuriesAll jurisdictions that cover sporting activities in their workers’ compensation legislation refer to the professional side of the sport only. Comcare and DVA have no direct reference to sport-related injuries. As New Zealand’s scheme has much broader coverage, there is no distinction made between sport-related and any other injury; all receive the same cover. Similarly, in NSW, coverage for workers’ compensation depends on whether the person is within the definition of a 'worker', it being noted that persons who might otherwise be workers are excluded where they are covered by the Sporting Injuries Insurance Act 1978. A full comparison of all jurisdictions can be found in Table 5.4 below.Professional SportsVirtually all jurisdictions (apart from New Zealand) exclude professional sportspersons from obtaining workers’ compensation, unless their work (and their remuneration) is unrelated to the main sporting activity, e.g. administrative or promotional activities, or they deem sportspersons to be workers under their Act. Only the NT covers professional sportspersons who earn above a certain amount each year. Despite the general exclusions, some jurisdictions deem certain sportspersons related to horse-racing and boxing to be workers under their Act.Amateur SportsInjuries received from participation in amateur sporting activities that are related to the workplace either through venue, timing or support can be compensated where the injury ‘arises out of or in the course of employment’ or similar qualification. Each claim for an injury sustained during a sporting or leisure activity would be decided on its own merits in accordance with the principles outlined below and relevant case law applicable at the time the claim is considered.In assessing claims for injuries arising out of sporting activities, jurisdictions would consider issues such as:  level of employer support  where the activity was conducted  when the activity was conducted, and  the nature of, and requirements of, employment– this will be important in relation to jobs requiring a certain level of physical fitness, for example emergency services personnel.New Zealand’s scheme covers all sports injuries, regardless if they have any connection to the workplace, hence the above points are not applicable.In NSW, registered participants of a sporting organisation that is recognised by the Sporting Injuries Committee under the Sporting Injuries Insurance Act 1978 are not within the definition of a 'worker' while participating in authorised activities. However, the following sports people are deemed "workers" under NSW workers’ compensation legislation:Page 118 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 jockeys and harness racing drivers  boxers, wrestlers, referees and entertainers, and  caddies and others employed through a club for the purposes of any game or recreation.Table 5.4 - Treatment of sportspersons and sporting injuries as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Treatment of Sportsperson and Sporting InjuriesA sporting participant meeting the definition of a “worker” is covered under the Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Act 1998 unless he/ she is a registered participant of a sporting organisation (within the meaning of the Sporting Injuries Insurance Act 1978) while: (i) participating in an authorised activity (within the meaning of that Act) of that organisation, or (ii) engaged in training or preparing himself or herself with a view to so participating, or (iii) engaged on any daily or periodic journey or other journey in connection with the registered participant so participating or the registered participant being so engaged, if, under the contract pursuant to which the registered participant does any of the things referred to above in this paragraph, the registered participant is not entitled to remuneration other than for the doing of those things. New South Wales The Sporting Injuries Insurance Act 1978 provides coverage for serious injury and death while participating in an authorised activity to persons who are registered members of a sporting organisation that is recognised by the Sporting Injuries Committee. The Sporting Injuries Insurance Act 1978 exemption to the definition of “worker” contained within the Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Act 1998 does not apply to the following "deemed workers":  jockeys and harness racing drivers  boxers, wrestlers, referees and entertainers  caddies and others employed through a club for the purposes of any game or recreation.Accident Compensation Act 1985 s16 (1) Except as provided in sub-section (4), where a person is engaged by an employer to participate as a contestant in a sporting or athletic activity, neither the employer or self- insurer nor the Authority or authorised insurer is liable to pay compensation for an injury received by the person if— a) the injury is received while the person is— (i) participating as a contestant in a sporting or athletic activity; (ii) engaged in training or preparation with a view to so participating; or (iii) travelling between a place of residence and the place at which the person is so participating or so engaged. (4) A person— a) engaged to participate as a rider in a horse race at a race meeting held under the Rules of Racing of Racing Victoria; or b) who, not being an apprentice or the owner or trainer of the horse to be ridden, holds a licence, permit or approval to ride granted in accordance with the Rules of Racing of Racing Victoria and who agrees to do ride work on a horse at any racecourse or training Victoria track or in the environs of a racecourse or training track — shall be deemed for the purposes only of this Act while participating as such a rider or doing such riding work to be a worker solely employed by Racing Victoria and the amounts paid to the person in respect of so participating or doing shall be deemed to be remuneration.Accident Compensation Act 1985 s16A: If a person is engaged to participate as- (a) a rider in a horse race or pony race; or (b) a driver in a harness race- conducted as part of a mixed sports gathering within the meaning of the Racing Act 1958 held in accordance with section 19 of the Racing Act 1958- (c) the rider or driver is deemed, for the purposes of this Act, while so participating, to be a worker; and the club, association or body of persons holding the mixed sports gathering is deemed, for the purposes of this Act, to be the employer of the rider or driver.Page 119 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Treatment of Sportsperson and Sporting InjuriesWorkers Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003 Schedule 2 Part 2 – Persons who are not workers 2 A person who performs work under a contract of service as a professional sportsperson is not a worker while the person is— a) participating in a sporting or athletic activity as a contestant; or Queensland b) training or preparing for participation in a sporting or athletic activity as a contestant; or c) performing promotional activities offered to the person because of the person’s standing as a sportsperson; or d) engaging on any daily or other periodic journey in connection with the participation, training, preparation or performance.Workers Compensation and Injury Management Act 1981 s11 - Exclusion of certain persons who are contestants in sporting or athletic activities Notwithstanding anything in section 5 and subject to section 11A, a person is deemed not to be a worker within the meaning of the Act while he is, pursuant to a contract- a) participating as a contestant in any sporting or athletic activity; b) engaged in training or preparing himself with a view to his so participating; c) engaged in promotional activities in accordance with the contract pursuant to which he so participates; or d) engaged on any regular journey, daily, or other periodic journey, or other journey in connection with his so participating or being so engaged, if, under that contract, he is not entitled to any remuneration other than remuneration for the doing of those things. Western Australia s11A - Jockeys 1. Notwithstanding section 11, for the purposes of this Act “worker” includes a person licensed as a jockey under the Racing and Wagering Western Australia Act 2003- a) riding a horse in any race run under the management of a racing club registered under the Racing and Wagering Western Australia Act 2003; or b) engaged on a racecourse in riding work, or carrying out the usual duties of a jockey, for a trainer licensed as a trainer under the Racing and Wagering Western Australia Act 2003, and Racing and Wagering Western Australia is, for the purposes of this Act, deemed to be the employer of such a person. 2. The earnings of a person included as a worker under subsection (1) shall be deemed to be equal to the rate of wages, including special allowances, prescribed for stable foremen under the Horse Training Industry Award 1976 as made under the Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 of the Commonwealth and amended from time to time.South Australia Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986 - s58 1. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act, but subject to subsection (2), where — a) a worker is employed by an employer solely— (i)to participate as a contestant in a sporting or athletic activity (and to engage in training or preparation with a view to such participation); or (ii)to act as a referee or umpire in relation to a sporting or athletic contest (and to engage in training or preparation with a view to so acting); and b) remuneration is not payable under the contract of employment except in respect of such employment, a disability arising out of or in the course of that employment is not compensable.2. This section does not apply to— a) a person authorised or permitted by a racing controlling authority within the meaning of the Authorised Betting Operations Act 2000 to ride or drive in a race within the meaning of that Act; or b)a boxer, wrestler or referee employed or engaged for a fee to take part in a boxing or wrestling match; or c)a person who derives an entire livelihood, or an annual income in excess of the prescribed amount, from employment of a kind referred to in subsection (1)(a)3. In this section— the prescribed amount means— a) in relation to 1987—$27 200;Page 120 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Treatment of Sportsperson and Sporting Injuries b) in relation to a subsequent year—a sum (calculated to the nearest multiple of $100) that bears to $25 000 the same proportion as the Consumer Price Index for the September quarter of the immediately preceding year bears to the Consumer Price Index for the September quarter, 1985.Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 s7. Exclusion of certain persons who are contestants in sporting activities. A person is deemed not to be a worker within the meaning of the Act while he is, pursuant to a contract – a) participating as a contestant in any sporting or athletic activity; b) engaged in training or preparing himself with a view to his so participating; or Tasmania c) travelling in connection with his so participating or being so engaged – if, under that contract, he is not entitled to any remuneration other than remuneration for the doing of those things.Jockeys Section 7 does not apply to jockeys and apprentices whilst engaged in riding at a race meeting or official trial or whilst riding in a training session for a licensed trainer – s4DC.Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2008 3. Interpretation (10) Notwithstanding anything in this Act, a person shall be deemed not to be a worker for the purposes of this Act while he or she is, in pursuance of a contract – a) participating as a contestant in a sporting or athletic activity; b) engaged in training or preparing himself or herself with a view to his or her so participating; or c) travelling in connection with his or her so participating or being so engaged, unless, under the contract, he or she is entitled to remuneration of not less than the prescribed amount per year or at a rate that, if the contract continued for a year, would result in his or her receiving remuneration of not less than that amount. Northern Territory From Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 20083A. Definition of “worker” (1) For the purposes of paragraph (b) of the definition of “worker” in section 3 of the Act – (b) a natural person who is authorised by a club, within the meaning of Part III of the Racing and Betting Act, to ride or drive a horse or pony for a fee or reward or provide services as a stable-hand on a racecourse licensed under that Part, while the person is so engaged (whether or not on a racecourse).5. Prescribed amount For the purposes of section 3(10) of the Act, the prescribed amount is 65% of the annual equivalent of average weekly earnings. Workers Compensation Act 1951 s84 Compensation for sporting injuries A person is not entitled to receive compensation for an injury sustained as a result of the person’s engagement in professional sporting activity. Australian Capital Territory * S177 Premiums—remuneration for professional sporting activity An employer is not liable to pay any part of a premium for a compulsory insurance policy calculated by reference to the remuneration payable to an employee for engaging in professional sporting activity.Nothing specific in legislation. The Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 Commonwealth provides that in the case of an injury, compensation is payable where the injury ‘arises out Comcare of or in the course of employment.’Nothing specific in legislation. The Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 Commonwealth provides that in the case of an injury, compensation is payable where the injury ‘arises out Seacare of or in the course of employment’. Page 121 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Treatment of Sportsperson and Sporting InjuriesThe Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 has similar provisions to the SRCA Commonwealth in this regard. Each claim for an injury sustained during a sporting or leisure activity will be DVA decided on its own merits in accordance with the principle of “relatedness to service” and relevant case law applicable at the time the claim is considered.The Accident Compensation Act 2001 provides broad cover for personal injury and makes New Zealand no distinction in coverage between sport-related injury and any other injury. However, injuries that are not work-related are not funded through levies collected from employers. * as at 30 June 2010Page 122 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20105.1.4 Workers’ compensation arrangements for government employersTable 5.5 Workers’ compensation arrangements for government employers as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Legislation Self-insurance Claims managers PremiumsWorkers’ Several different types of cover are Funding for budget dependent agencies Compensation available to public sector employers in is based on benchmark premiums, an Act 1987 NSW: industry based best practice standard. Workplace Injury  NSW Self-Insurance  All claims are handled Management Corporation (previously known as by claim agents, which are approved and Workers’ NSW Treasury Managed Fund) is a insurers on behalf of SICorp. Compensation self insurance scheme owned and Act 1998. underwritten by the NSW Government for all participating New South budget dependent agencies. Wales  A number of agencies  Claims managed by and state owned corporations are the self-insured organisation. self-insured with WorkCover NSW.  Specialised Insurers  Claims managed by are licensed in similar fashion to self- StateCover Mutual. insurers but organised on an industry basis - most local councils are insured through StateCover Mutual, a specialised insurer in NSW.Accident Bodies corporate and the Municipal Each government agency chooses one Government agencies must have Compensation Association of Victoria can apply to of the agents appointed to manage worker's compensation insurance and Act 1985. become self-insurers in Victoria. claims in Victoria to manage claims on pay premiums to the WorkCover fund. Government agencies, are neither, and their behalf Victoria therefore cannot become self-insurers Employers, including government Administration of policies and the under Victorian legislation. agencies, may change agents once per calculation of premium is the same as for year if they believe another agent will private sector employers. provide better service.Queensland Workers’ Local governments can apply for self- All claims are handled by WorkCover All employers are required to pay a Compensation insurance. State Government Owned Queensland. * premium for a workers’ compensation and Corporations and other statutory bodies policy.* Rehabilitation were able to self-insure until a 1998 Act 2003 government directive stating they were to remain with the WorkCover system. Departments of government cannot Page 123 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Legislation Self-insurance Claims managers Premiums apply for single self-insurance licences unless all departments are joined in the licence.Workers’ Agencies are underwritten by the All government agency claims are All government agencies must have Compensation Insurance Commission of WA through handled by RiskCover. workers’ compensation coverage with Western and Injury the “RiskCover” fund. No government RiskCover. Premiums are paid direct to Australia Management Act agencies are directly self insured. RiskCover.1 1981.Workers’ The Crown and any agency or Crown agencies assume the role of the Crown agencies are required to pay an Rehabilitation instrumentality of the Crown is deemed compensating authority in respect of the administrative levy each year to meet the and to be a self-insured employer under management of workers' compensation. costs associated with scheme South Australia Compensation Section 61 of the Act and are therefore administration. Act 1986. meets all of the costs associated with worker’s compensation claims.Workers’ The Crown and any agency or Claims administration is undertaken by a The Fund operates on a cost recovery Rehabilitation instrumentality of the Crown is deemed Fund Administration Agent, Marsh Pty basis with contributions set to ensure and to be an exempt employer under Ltd, who is engaged under contract. adequate financial provision for the cost Compensation Sections 97(9) and 114(5) of the Act and of risk now and into the future. The level Act 1988. is therefore self- insured and meets all of of Agencies contributions is determined the costs associated with worker’s by an independent actuary to reflect their compensation claims. risk exposure, claims experience and nominated excess amount.* Tasmania The Tasmanian Risk Management Fund is a whole-of-government self-insurance arrangement for funding and managing the insurable liabilities of inner-Budget agencies.The Fund is administered by the Department of Treasury and Finance.Northern Territory Workers Northern Territory employers can apply Majority of claims are managed by All employers are required to hold a Rehabilitation to become a self-insurer. There is no Territory Insurance Office (TIO) (an workers’ compensation policy to cover all and reference to government departments. insurers approved by Northern Territory employees.2 Compensation WorkSafe), in partnership with the Dept Act 2008. The majority of the NTPS is 'insurance of Business and Employment (DBE) and exempt' and is treated as a self insurer. the parent agency. The NTPS pays a feePage 124 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Legislation Self-insurance Claims managers Premiums for this service. Some agencies are insured commercially, and the insurer manages these claims.Safety, All ACT Government workers are All government claims are handled by A premium is paid to Comcare annually. Australian Rehabilitation covered under the COMCARE scheme. Comcare. Capital and Territory * Compensation Act 1988 (Cth).Safety, Commonwealth Authorities (defined in All government claims except those Commonwealth entities, other than those Rehabilitation the Act) may be granted a licence to covered by self - insurance are managed 2 licensed Commonwealth authorities and self insure which may include self by Comcare. pay experienced based premiums to Compensation management of claims. Claims by the 2 licensed authorities are Comcare annually. Act 1988. managed in-house by those authorities. Commonwealth Departments of state are not such Comcare authorities and are not eligible to apply.Note: current licensed authorities are Australia Postal Corporation and Reserve Bank of Australia.Seafarers Not applicable. Act does not apply to employees Act does not apply to employees Rehabilitation covered by the Safety, Rehabilitation covered by the Safety, Rehabilitation Commonwealth and and Compensation Act 1988. and Compensation Act 1988. Seacare Compensation Act 1992.Military Not applicable. The MRCC with the assistance of the Not applicable. Rehabilitation DVA administers the scheme. Commonwealth and DVA Compensation Act 2004.New Zealand Accident New Zealand employers can apply to All government claims except those Government employers pay levies to Compensation become an Accredited Employer to self covered by Accredited Employers are ACC like all other employers unless they Act 2001. manage claims through the Partnership managed by ACC. are Accredited Employers. Programme. There is no reference to government departments. Claims by Accredited Employers are Page 125 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Legislation Self-insurance Claims managers Premiums managed by those employers, either in- house or by a contracted third-party administrator.* as at 30 June 2010 1 - There is no direct reference to government departments in the WA Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Act. RiskCover provides workers' compensation coverage of government agencies through provisions of the Insurance Commission of Western Australia Act 1986. 2 - There has been no direct reference to government departments. This is an overview of what is stated in the different pieces of legislation.5.1.5 Workers’ compensation arrangements for Judges and Members of ParliamentTable 5.6 Workers’ compensation coverage for Judges and Members of Parliament as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Coverage for judges Coverage for Members of ParliamentCovered as state government employees Members and electorate officers are covered by insurance arranged with the NSW Treasury Managed Fund which includes personal accident insurance and workers’ compensation New South insurance in connection with their electorate or parliamentary duties. Members need to satisfy Wales the Treasury Managed Fund and, if subject to dispute the Treasurer, that they were on duty at the time of the accident.Victoria Covered as state government employees. Section 14(2) of the Accident Compensation Act 1985 provides that politicians are covered.Covered as state government employees. All Members have personal accident indemnity cover on a twenty-four hour basis. Members are indemnified in the event of injury, as defined, resulting in death. Queensland The cover is administered by the Under Treasurer. (Clause 2.4 Members’ Entitlements Handbook). Western Covered as state government employees. Not covered for workers' compensation, although insurance is taken out by the Joint house Australia Committee, consistent with personal injury insurance.Covered as state government employees. Not covered for workers' compensation, although an administrative arrangement provides the South Australia equivalent of workers' compensation Tasmania Covered as state government employees. Workers' compensation is not provided to Members of Parliament. Members of Parliament are eligible for personal accident cover in the event of an injury whilst in service to the Page 126 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Coverage for judges Coverage for Members of Parliament Government. Cover is provided by the Tasmanian Risk Management Fund (TRMF). The TRMF provides no-fault personal accident cover for Ministers and Members of Parliament who suffer or aggravate an injury which arises out of, and in the course of, their official parliamentary duties or contract a disease for which their official parliamentary duties was the major contributor.Northern Covered as state government employees. Covered - treated as employees of the NT government. TerritoryAustralian Covered as government employees Not covered under the legislation. Capital Territory *Separate arrangements. Separate arrangements. Commonwealth Comcare Section 5(8) of the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Section 5(8) of the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988 (Cth) excludes Act 1988 (Cth) excludes judges from coverage under that Act. members of parliament and Ministers of State from coverage under that Act.Commonwealth Not applicable. Not applicable. SeacareCommonwealth Not applicable. Not applicable. DVACovered as any other employee under the Accident Covered as any other employee under the Accident Compensation Act 2001. New Zealand Compensation Act 2001.* as at 30 June 2010Page 127 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20105.2 Definition of ‘work’ An entitlement to workers’ compensation is reliant on the relationship of a worker’s injury to work. The definition of work is therefore very important, as each jurisdiction deals differently with the concept of ‘work’. Injuries which occur on work premises during working hours are easily identifiable as occurring at work; however, it is not always simple to determine whether or not a person was at work when injured. There are variations among the jurisdictions regarding whether they provide workers’ compensation coverage for people who are injured on:  journeys to and from work  work related travel  breaks spent at the work premises, and  breaks spent out of the work premises.Table 5.7 outlines how each jurisdiction defines the concept of work.Table 5.7 – Selected concepts of ‘work’ as at 30 September 2010 Journeys to and Jurisdiction Work related travel Breaks – onsite Breaks –offsite from workYes, some Yes, covered by s4 Yes – 1987 Act, s11. Yes – 1987 Act, s11. restrictions – 1987 definition of Act, s10. ‘personal injury New South Wales arising out of or in the course of employment’ - 1987 Act.No – s83. Yes, some Yes – s83. Yes – s83. Victoria restrictions – s83.Yes, some Yes – s34. Yes – s34(1)(c). Yes – s34(1)(c). Queensland restrictions – s35.Western No – s19(2). Yes – s19(1). Yes. Yes. AustraliaGenerally no. Only Yes – s30. Yes, if the break is No. where there is a real authorised – s30(3). and substantial connection between South Australia the employment and the accident out of which the disability arises – s30(5).No, some Yes – s25(6). Yes – s25(6). No, some Tasmania exceptions – s25(6). exceptions – s25(6).Northern Yes, some Yes – s4. Yes – s4. Yes – s4. Territory restrictions – s4.Australian Capital Territory Yes – s36. Yes – s36. No reference. No reference. *Page 128 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Journeys to and Jurisdiction Work related travel Breaks – onsite Breaks –offsite from workCommonwealth No, some Yes – s6(1)(d). Yes - s6(1)(b). No. Comcare exceptions – s6(1C).Commonwealth Yes – s9(e). Yes – s9(e). Yes – s9(b). Yes – s9(b). SeacareYes, if rendering Yes, if rendering Yes, if rendering Yes, if rendering Commonwealth defence service – defence service – defence service – defence service – DVA s27. s27. s27. s27.Yes, some Yes – s28(1)(a). Yes – s28(1)(b). Yes, some New Zealand restrictions - s28(1) restrictions. (b).* as at 30 June 2010 5.3 Definition of injury Workers’ compensation schemes generally provide that a worker is entitled to workers’ compensation if they have suffered an injury which arises out of or in the course of employment. It is therefore essential for workers to establish that they have suffered an injury as defined in the relevant legislation. Although the everyday ordinary meaning of injury is any harm caused to a person’s body as the result of any form of trauma, each jurisdiction places limits on the term injury and defines it differently. To determine whether an incident falls within the definition of injury the following factors need to be considered:  relationship to employment  contribution of employment  aggravation and acceleration  diseases  industrial deafness  definition of work  retirement provisions  exclusionary provisions (general), and  exclusionary provisions (psychological injuries).Most schemes cover acknowledged industrial illnesses, in specified circumstances, for which a reverse onus of proof applies. These are usually specified in Acts or regulations and examples include:  poisoning by various chemicals  pathological manifestations due to radium and other radioactive substances  zoonotic diseases such as Q-fever (contracted in any work done at abattoirs, slaughterhouses and knackeries involving contact directly or indirectly with animals or tissues of animals)  tenosynovitis (contracted in any process or occupation connected with the preparation preserving, canning or bottling of jams, sauces, fruits, pickles or other similar foods for human consumption), and  primary epitheliomatous cancer of the skin.Page 129 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20105.3.1 Relationship to employment Where an incident has occurred in the workplace, it needs to be determined that there is a relationship between the injury and employment before the worker can claim workers’ compensation.Legislation in each jurisdiction dictates the relationships that must exist and the table below outlines the relationship required. Due to the breadth of coverage in New Zealand for a person to access personal benefits, a work relatedness test is not such a critical issue for employees.Table 5.8 – Definition of injury and relationship to employment as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Definition of injury and relationship to employmentNew South Wales “ . . . personal injury arising out of or in the course of employment . . .” – 1998 Act, s4.Victoria “ . . . an injury arising out of, or in the course of, any employment . . .” – s82(1).Queensland “ . . . a personal injury arising out of, or in the course of, employment . . .” – s32(1).“ . . . a personal injury by accident arising out of or in the course of the employment . . .” – Western Australia s5.South Australia “ . . . disability arises out of, or in the course of employment . . .” – s30.“Injury includes- 1. a disease; and 2. the recurrence, aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation or deterioration of any pre- existing injury or disease where the employment was the major or most significant contributing factor to that recurrence, aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation or Tasmania deterioration.”“An injury, not being a disease, arising out of, or in the course of employment” – s25(1)(a).“an injury, which is a disease, to which his employment contributed to a substantial degree”- s25(1)(b).Northern “ . . . a physical or mental injury . . . out of or in the course of employment . . .” – s3 & s4. Territory“a physical or mental injury (including stress) . . . includes aggravation, acceleration or Australian Capital recurrence of a pre-existing injury . . . arising out of, or in the course of, the worker’s Territory * employment . . .” – s4 & s31.“ . . . a physical or mental injury arising out of, or in the course of, the employee’s Commonwealth employment . . .’, or Comcare '... an aggravation of a physical or mental injury (other than a disease) ...'” - s5A. “ . . . a physical or mental injury arising out of, or in the course of, the employee’s Commonwealth employment . . .’, or Seacare '... an aggravation of a physical or mental injury (other than a disease) ...'” - s3. Commonwealth DVA Refer ss27, 29(1), 29(2) and 30 of MRCA. 1. '...any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury).' or (being a disease) '...(a) any physical or mental ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition (whether of sudden onset or gradual development); or (b) the recurrence of such an ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition;':  resulted from an occurrence that happened whilst rendering service;  arose out of, or was attributable to, any service rendered;Page 130 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Definition of injury and relationship to employment  due to an accident not occurring or a disease not being contracted but for rendering service while a member; or but for changes in the person’s environment consequent upon rendering defence service while a member;  resulted from an accident that occurred whilst travelling, while a member rendering peacetime service but otherwise than in the course of duty, on a journey to a place for the purpose of performing duty; or away from a place of duty upon having ceased to perform duty;  arising from treatment provided by the Commonwealth.2. (being an aggravation of an injury, or its signs and symptoms) '... the aggravation of a physical or mental injury.' or (being an aggravation of a disease, or its signs and symptoms) '...the aggravation of such an ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition;':  contributed to in a material degree by, or was aggravated by, any defence service rendered by the person while a member after he or she sustained the injury or contracted the disease; aggravated by treatment provided by the Commonwealth.A work-related personal injury is a personal injury that a person suffers — New Zealand (a) while he or she is at any place for the purposes of his or her employment – s28. * as at 30 June 2010 5.3.2 Contribution of employment A worker’s employment has to contribute to a certain extent to injury before a worker is entitled to workers’ compensation. The extent of contribution varies among the jurisdictions. Table 5.9 outlines how employment has to contribute to an injury in each jurisdiction before a worker is entitled to workers’ compensation.Table 5.9 – Contribution of employment to injury as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Contribution of employmentNo compensation is payable under this Act in respect of an injury unless the employment New South Wales concerned was a substantial contributing factor to the injury – 1987 Act, s9A(1).Compensation is not payable in respect of the following injuries unless the worker’s employment was a significant contributing factor to the injury: a) a heart attack or stroke injury Victoria b) a disease contracted by a worker in the course of employment (whether at, or away from, the place of employment) c) a recurrence, aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation or deterioration of any pre-existing injury or disease – s82(2B) & s82(2C).A significant contributing factor – s32(1). QueenslandWestern Australia To a significant degree (for diseases only) – s5.South Australia A substantial cause (for psychiatric disabilities only) – s30A(a).To a substantial degree, that is, employment is the ‘major or most significant factor ’ (for diseases only) – s3(2A). Tasmania Employment being the major or most significant contributing factor is also a requirement in relation to injuries that are a recurrence, aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation or deterioration of any pre-existing injury or disease.Northern Territory To a material degree, (for diseases – s4(6) and gradual process – (s4(5)).Page 131 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Contribution of employmentAustralian Capital A substantial contributing factor – s31(2). Territory *Comcare: To a significant degree (for diseases) – s5B, with matter to be taken into Commonwealth account being set out in a non-exclusive list and with ‘significant’ being defined as Comcare “substantially more than material”.Commonwealth To a material degree (for diseases) – s10(1). SeacareDe minimis material contribution required ("arose out of, or was attributable to") – MRCA, Commonwealth ss27b & 27c. DVA In a material degree (for aggravations only): – MRCA, ss27d & 30.Not required, except for work-related gradual process, disease, or infection suffered by the New Zealand person – s20(2)(e).* as at 30 June 2010 5.3.3 Aggravation and acceleration Sometimes employment is not the cause of an original injury, however work can aggravate or accelerate a pre-existing injury. As at 30 September 2010, aggravation and acceleration of existing injuries are covered in all jurisdictions. 5.3.4 Diseases Diseases are classed differently from physical injuries. Diseases include any physical or mental ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition, whether of sudden or gradual development. As the definition of ‘disease’ is interpreted differently in each jurisdiction, all jurisdictions, except Queensland, have in their legislation tables of diseases which are deemed to be caused through work.Page 132 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 5.10 – Occupational Diseases as prescribed at 30 September 2010AGENT NSW1 VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth2 NZ Occupational Diseases caused by exposure to agents arising from work activities chemical agents Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused alcohols, glycols or by alcohols, alcohols, glycols by alcohols, ketones glycols or ketones. or ketones. glycols or ketones. Antimony Poisoning by poisoning or its antimony or a sequelae compound of antimony [antimony or its antimony; any of preparations or the sequelae of compounds]. such a poisoning. Arsenic poisoning Arsenic poisoning Arsenic poisoning Arsenic poisoning Poisoning by Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases of a type by arsenic or its or its sequelae [arsenic or its or its sequelae arsenic or its toxic by arsenic or its arsenic or a by arsenic or its generally accepted compounds, and [arsenic or its preparations or [arsenic or its compounds. toxic compounds. compound of toxic compounds. by the medical arsenic its sequelae. preparations or compounds]. preparations or arsenic; any of the profession as compounds]. compounds]. sequelae of such caused by arsenic a poisoning. or its toxic compounds. Carbon monoxide Poisoning by Carbon monoxide Poisoning by Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused poisoning. cyanogen poisoning or its asphyxiants: by asphyxiants: carbon monoxide. by asphyxiants: compounds. sequelae. carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide Poisoning by hydrogen cyanide Poisoning by hydrogen or its toxic hydrogen cyanide or its toxic asphyxiants: carbon carbon monoxide. sulphide, derivatives, or a compound of derivatives, monoxide, Diseases caused hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen hydrogen cyanide. hydrogen hydrogen sulphide, by asphyxiants: nitrogen. sulphide. Poisoning by sulphide. hydrogen cyanide carbon monoxide, hydrogen hydrogen cyanide sulphide. or its toxic derivatives or hydrogen sulphide, Poisoning by Poisoning by Poisoning by Benzene Poisoning by Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases of a type benzene or its benzol, its benzol. poisoning (i.e. benzene or its by benzene or its benzene, a by benzene or its generally accepted homologues, their homologues, or its poisoining by toxic homologues. toxic homologues.. homologue of toxic homologues. by the medical nitro- and amido- nitro and amido benzene or its benzene or a profession as Poisoning by a benzene derivatives, and its derivatives, and homologues or nitro-derivative or caused by benzene homologue of sequelae. the sequelae of their nitro- and amido-derivative or its toxic benzol. these poisonings. amdio- of benzene; any of homologues. derivatives) and its the sequelae of sequelae. such a poisoningPage 133 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW1 VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth2 NZ Poisoning by Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases of a type beryllium or its by beryllium or its beryllium or a by beryllium or its generally accepted toxic compounds. toxic compounds. compound of toxic compounds. by the medical beryllium beryllium; any of profession as the sequelae of caused by beryllium such a poisoning. or its toxic compounds. Poisoning by Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused Chronic renal failure cadmium or its by cadmium or its cadmium or a by cadmium or its diagnosed as toxic compounds. toxic compounds. compound of toxic compounds. caused by metals cadmium cadmium; any of such as cadmium or the sequelae of copper, including such a poisoning. via welding fumes. Carbon bisulphide Poisoning by Poisoning by Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases of a type poisoning. carbon bisulphide. carbon disulphide. by carbon carbon bisulphide. by carbon generally accepted bisulphide. disulphide. by the medical carbon disulphide profession as caused by carbon bisulfide or its toxic compounds. Chrome ulceration Chrome ulceration Chrome ulceration Poisoning by Diseases caused Chrome ulceration Diseases caused Diseases of a type or its sequelae [chromic acid or or its sequelae chromium or its by chromium or of skin or mucous by chromium or its generally accepted [chromic acid, bichromate of [chromic acid, toxic compounds. its toxic membrane; any of toxic compounds. by the medical bichromate of ammonium, bichromate of compounds. the sequelae of profession as ammonium, potassium or ammonium, such an ulceration caused by chrome chromium potassium or sodium or their potassium or [chromic acid, or its toxic sodium or their preparations]. sodium or their bichromate of compounds. preparations]. preparations]. ammonium, potassium or sodium or their preparations]. Copper poisoning Copper poisoning Poisoning by Chronic renal failure or its sequelae or its sequelae copper or a diagnosed as [copper or its [copper or its compound of caused by metals copper preparations or preparations or copper; any of the such as cadmium or compounds]. compounds]. sequelae of such copper, including a poisoning. via welding fumes. Diseases of a type generally accepted by the medical Ethylene oxide profession as caused by ethylene oxide. Poisoning by Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases caused fluorine fluorine. fluorine or its toxic by fluorine or its by fluorine or its compounds. toxic compounds. toxic compounds. halogen derivatives Poisoning by the Poisoning by the Poisoning by a Halogen poisoning Poisoning by the Diseases caused Poisoning by a Diseases caused Diseases of a type of aliphatic or halogen derivates halogen derivates halogen derivates (ie poisoning by toxic halogen by the toxic halogen derivate by toxic halogen generally accepted aromatic of hydrocarbons of of hydrocarbons of of a hydrocarbon the halogen derivatives of halogen of a hydrocarbon derivatives of by the medical hydrocarbons the aliphatic the aliphatic of the aliphatic derivatives of aliphatic or derivatives of of the aliphatic aliphatic or profession as Page 134 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW1 VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth2 NZ series. series. series. hydrocarbons of aromatic aliphatic or series. aromatic caused by the toxic the aliphatic hydrocarbons. aromatic hydrocarbons. halogen derivatives series) and its hydrocarbons. of hydrocarbons of sequelae. the aliphatic series. Poisoning by lead, Lead poisoning or Lead poisoning Lead poisoning or Poisoning by lead Diseases caused Poisoning by lead Diseases caused Diseases of a type its alloys or its sequelae [lead [lead, or its its sequelae [lead or its toxic by lead or its toxic or a compound of by lead or its toxic generally accepted compounds, and or its preparations preparations or or its preparations compounds. compounds. lead; any of the compounds. by the medical lead its sequelae. or compounds]. compounds]. or compounds]. sequelae of such profession as a poisoning. caused by lead or its toxic compounds. Poisoning by Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases of a type manganese or its by manganese or manganese or a by manganese or generally accepted toxic compounds. its toxic compound of its toxic by the medical manganese compounds. manganese; any compounds. profession as of the sequelae of caused by such a poisoning. manganese or its toxic compounds. Poisoning by Mercury poisoning Mercury poisoning Mercury poisoning Poisoning by Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases of a type mercury or its or its sequelae [mercury, or its or its sequelae mercury or its toxic by mercury or its mercury or a by mercury or its generally accepted amalgams or [mercury or its preparations or [mercury or its compounds. toxic compounds. compound of toxic compounds. by the medical mercury compounds, and preparations or compounds]. preparations or mercury; any of profession as its sequelae. compounds]. compounds]. the sequelae of caused by mercury such a poisoning. or its toxic compounds. Poisoning by Poisoning by Poisoning by Benzene Poisoning by nitro- Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases of a type benzene or its benzol, its trinitrotoluene or poisoning (i.e. or amino- or by nitro- and benzene, a by toxic nitro- and generally accepted homologues, their homologues, or its by benzol or its poisoining by chloro- derivatives amino-derivatives homologue of amino-derivatives by the medical nitro- and amino- nitro- and amido- nitro and amido nitro and amido benzene or its of benzene or its of benzene or its benzene or a of benzene or its profession as derivatives of derivatives, and its derivatives, and derivatives homologues or derivatives. homologues. nitro-derivative or homologues. caused by nitro- and benzene sequelae. the sequelae of (dinitrobenzol, their nitro- and amido-derivative amido- toxic these poisonings. aniline and amdio- of benzene; any of derivatives of others). derivatives) and its the sequelae of benzene or its sequelae. such a poisoning. homologues. Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases caused nitroglycerine or nitroglycerine or by nitroglycerine by nitroglycerine other nitric acid other nitric acid or other nitric acid or other nitric acid esters esters. esters. esters. organic solvents Chronic solvent- induced encephalopathy diagnosed as caused by organic solvents, particularly styrene, toluene, xylene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride or white spirit. Peripheral Page 135 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW1 VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth2 NZ neuropathy diagnosed as caused by organic solvents such as n- hexane, carbon disulphide, or trichloroethylene, pesticides such as organophosphates; acrylamide. Poisoning by Nitrous fumes Poisoning by Poisoning by an nitrous fumes. poisoning and its nitrous fumes. oxide of nitrogen; oxides of nitrogen sequelae. any of the sequelae of such a poisoning. Phosphorus Phosphorous Phosphorus Phosphorus Poisoning by Diseases caused Poisoning by Diseases caused Diseases of a type poisoning by poisoning or its poisoning poisoning or its phosphorus or its by phosphorus or phosphorus or a by phosphorus or generally accepted phosphorous or its sequelae [phosphorus, or its sequelae toxic compounds. its toxic compound of its toxic by the medical phosphorus compounds, and [phosphorous or preparations or [phosphorus or its compounds. phosphorus; any compounds. profession as its sequelae. itspreparations or compounds]. preparations or of the sequelae of caused by compounds]. compounds]. such a poisoning. phosphorus or its toxic compounds. Diseases of a type generally accepted tungsten by the medical profession as caused by tungsten. Zinc poisoning or Zinc poisoning or Poisoning by zinc its sequelae [zinc its sequelae [zinc or a compound of zinc or its preparations or its preparations zinc; any of the or compounds]. or compounds]. sequelae of such a poisoning. Arsenic, phosphorus, lead, mercury or other other chemical mineral poisoning agents at work not [arsenic , mentioned in the phosphorus, lead, preceding items. mercury, or other mineral, or their preparations or compounds]. Noise induced Noise induced Hearing Hearing impairment hearing loss. hearing loss. impairment caused by noise caused by noise.Page 136 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW1 VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth2 NZ Pathological Pathological Pathological Pathological Disease caused Diseases caused Pathological Diseases caused Diseases of a type manifestations of manifestations manifestations manifestations by ionizing by ionizing condition caused by ionising generally accepted a kind that are due due to radium and due to: due to: radiations. radiations. by: radiations. by the medical other radioactive profession as to or contributed to (a) radium and (a) radium and (a) radium or other by: substances, or X- caused by ionising ionizing radiations rays. other radioactive other radioactive radioactive radiations. (a) radium and substances. substances. substance, or other radioactive (b) X-rays. (b) X-rays. (b) X-rays. substances. (c) Lasers. (b) X-rays. Effects of vibration Diseases caused Diseases caused Hand-arm vibration vibration (disorders (including by vibration by vibration syndrome of muscles, Raynaud’s (disorders of (disorders of diagnosed as tendons, bones, phenomenon and muscles, tendons, muscles, tendons, caused by hand joints, peripheral dead hand). bones, joints, bones, joints, and/or arm blood vessels or peripheral blood peripheral blood vibration. peripheral nerves) vessels or vessels or peripheral nerves). peripheral nerves). Avascular Compressed air Compressed air Diseases caused Diseases caused Necrosis or its illness. illness including by work in by work in work in compressed sequelae. avascular necrosis compressed air. compressed air. or decompressed [underground, air underwater, high altitude]. Effects of Diseases caused by insolation other physical [prolonged agents at work not exposure to mentioned in the sunlight]. preceding items. Effects of electrical currents.AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZ Biological agents and infectious or parasitic diseases Anthrax Anthrax infection. Anthrax. Anthrax. Anthrax. Anthrax. Anthrax. Anthrax infection. Brucellosis. Brucellosis Brucellosis. Brucellosis. Brucellosis (Undulant fever). diagnosed as Brucellosis caused by working with animals or their carcasses. Hepatitis B. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis viruses B. Human HIV (s31F). immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Page 137 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZ Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis. Leptospirosis diagnosed as Leptospirosis caused by working with animals or their carcasses. Q fever. Q fever as caused Communicable Ankylostomiasis Infectious or Q fever. Ankylostomiasis Occupational Orf diagnosed as by the micro- diseases. [mining]. parasitic diseases [mine]. infectious or caused by working organism Coxiella contracted in an parasitic diseases Endemic typhus. AIDS. Q fever [exposure with animals or their burnetii (also occupation where [health or laboratory carcasses. known as Scrub typhus. Q fever. there is a to Coxiella work, veterinary Rickettsia burneti), particular risk of burnetii ]. work, handling of Streptococcus suis in any of its Brill’s disease. exposure to the animals]. diagnosed as Septic poisoning Diseases caused by clinical agent responsible. caused by working Swineherds or its sequelae other biological manifestations with animals or their disease. [from meat, meat agents at work not [abattoirs, carcasses. products, animal mentioned in the slaughterhouses, Plague. byproducts]. proceeding items. knackeries]. Mite dermatitis. Scrub itch. Septic poisoning AIDS (s31F). or its sequelae [from meat, meat products, animal products]. Occupational Asthma or Occupational Occupational asthma caused by asthmatic attacks asthma caused by asthma diagnosed sensitizing agents [dust of red pine, sensitizing agents as caused by or irritants inherent western red cedar, or irritants. recognised Asthma caused by to the work process. blackwood, flour, sensitising agents recognized flour dust]. inherent in the work sensitizing agents process such as, but or irritants inherent not limited to, to the work process isocyanates, certain wood dusts, flour dusts, animal proteins, enzymes and latex. Bronchopulmonary Byssinosis.3 Bronchopulmonary Bronchopulmonary Byssinosis diseases caused by diseases caused by diseases caused by diagnosed as dust of cotton cotton, flax, hemp cotton dust caused by working bagassosis. 3 (byssinosis), flax, or sisal dust. (byssinosis), or flax, with cotton, flax, hemp, sisal or sugar hemp or sisal dust. hemp, or sisal dust. cane. Bronchopulmonary Hard metal Bronchopulmonary diseases caused by pneumoconiosis. diseases caused by hard-metal dust 3 hard-metal dust.Page 138 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZ Chronic obstructive coal dust Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases pneumoconiosis. pulmonary disease caused by inhalation 3 diagnosed as of coal dust, dust caused by coal, from stone quarries, silica, cotton dust or Farmer’s lung. 3 wood dust, dust grain dust. from cereals and agricultural work, dust in animal stables, dust from textiles, and paper dust, arising from work activities Aluminosis. 3 An asthmatic condition caused Diseases of the lung by fu mes resulting caused by from the primary aluminium aluminium smelting process. Extrinsic allergic Extrinsic allergic Extrinsic allergic Extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by alveolitis caused by alveolitis and its alveolitis diagnosed the inhalation of the inhalation of sequelae [exposure as caused by work organic dusts or organic dusts. to the inhalation of involving the microbially organic dusts]. inhalation of organic contaminated dusts. aerosols, arising from work activities asbestosis.3 Asbestosis, with Asbestosis. Pneumoconioses Asbestosis. Pneumoconioses Pneumoconioses caused by caused by 3 or without caused by silica silicosis. Pneumoconiosis, sclerogenic mineral sclerogenic mineral mesothelioma. dust (silicosis, Pneumoconiosis including silicosis. dust (silicosis, dust (silicosis, Silicosis, with or anthraco-silicosis, [matter]. Pneumoconioses asbestosis). anthraco-silicosis, anthraco-silicosis, caused by without pulmonary asbestosis) and asbestosis) and fibrogenic mineral tuberculosis. Asbestosis. silico-tuberculosis, silico-tuberculosis, dust (silicosis, provided that provided that anthraco-silicosis, slilcosis is an slilcosis is an asbestosis) essential factor essential factor causing the causing the resultant resultant incapacity, incapacity or death. impairment or death.3 Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconioses talcosis. [mineral dusts]. [matter]. diagnosed as caused by non- 3 berylliosis. caused by tin, iron fibrogenic mineral oxide, barium or dust cobalt. silico- Silicosis, with or Silicotuberculosis. silico-tuberculosis silico-tuberculosis Silicotuberculosis tuberculosis. 3 without pulmonary [see above]. [see above]. tuberculosis.Page 139 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZ asbestos related pleural diseases. 3 Other respiratory disease not asbestos induced mentioned in the carcinoma. 3 preceding items. mesothelioma. 3Occupational allergic contact dermatitis diagnosed Allergic contact as caused by dermatoses and recognised contact urticaria sensitising agents caused by other inherent in the work recognized allergy- process such as, but provoking agents not limited to, nickel arising from work and other metals, activities not rubber additives, included in other resins, petroleum items distillates, solvents, soaps, detergents, and plant allergens. Vitiligo diagnosed as caused by para- Vitiligo caused by tertiary-butylphenol, other recognized para-tertiary- agents arising from butylcatechol, para- work activities not amylphenol, included in other hydroquinone, or the items monobenzyl or monobutyl ether of hydroquinone. Dermatitis Any dematosis, Dermatitis [dust of Skin diseases venenata [contact ulceration or injury blackwood]. caused by physical, with vegetable or to the mucous chemical or mineral matter]. membranes of the biological agents at mouth or nose work not included Other skin diseases wholly or partly under other items. caused by physical, produced or chemical or aggravated by biological agents at contact with or work not included inhalation or under other items. ingestion of irritating dusts, solids, gases or fumes or mineral or vegetable irritants or ray burn.Page 140 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZ Chronic Tenosynovitis Tenosynovitis tenosynovitis of (inflammation of [hand, forearm]. hand and wrist due the tendon to repetitive sheaths of the movements, forceful hand, wrists, exertions and forearm or elbow. extreme postures of the wrist Olecranon bursitis Subcutaneous due to prolonged cellulitis or acute pressure of the bursitis over the elbow region elbow [mining]. Subcutaneous Prepatellar bursitis cellulitis or acute due to prolonged bursitis arising at stay in kneeling or about the knee position (beat knee) [mining].AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZ Occupational cancer Cancer caused by the following agents Asbestos induced Asbestosis, with Mesothelioma. Primary malignant Lung cancer or Mesothelioma. Lung cancer or Lung cancer or carcinoma. 3 or without neoplasm of the mesotheliomas mesotheliomas mesothelioma mesothelioma. Lung cancer. mesothelium caused by caused by diagnosed as (diffuse asbestos. asbestos. caused by asbestos. asbestosis. 3 mesothelioma) of Asbestos the pleura or of the asbestos related peritoneum. pleural disease. 3 mesothelioma. 2 Listed as a Bladder cancer carcinogen diagnosed as (Causes Bladder caused by 2- cancer) under naphthylamine, OHS (Hazardous benzidine, 4- Substances) aminobiphenyl, N,N- Beta-naphthylamine Amendment. Bis (2-chloroethyl)- (Carcinogenic 2-naphthylamine, Substances) other aromatic Regulation 1997. amines, or poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.Page 141 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZ Listed as a Lung cancer carcinogen diagnosed as (Causes lung caused by bis cancer) under (chloromethyl) ether Bis chloromethyl OHS (Hazardous (and chloromethyl ether (BCME) Substances) methyl ether), Amendment cadmium, coke oven (Carcinogenic emissions, nickel, Substances) radon, silica or soot. Regulation 1997. Lung cancer diagnosed as caused by bis (chloromethyl) ether Coal tars, coal tar (and chloromethyl pitches or soots methyl ether), cadmium, coke oven emissions, nickel, radon, silica or soot. Lung cancer Causes lung diagnosed as cancer, caused by bis (Protection of (chloromethyl) ether the (and chloromethyl Coke oven Environment methyl ether), emissions Operations cadmium, coke oven (Clean Air) emissions, nickel, Regulation radon, silica or soot. 2002).Person sensitised Lung cancer to nickel diagnosed as develops caused by bis dermatitis, (chloromethyl) ether Irritating to the (and chloromethyl eyes, nose and methyl ether), Nickel Compounds throat. Lung cadmium, coke oven effects, including emissions, nickel, chronic radon, silica or soot. bronchitis, reduced lung function, and lung cancer.Page 142 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZ Primary Primary Epitheliomatous Primary Primary squamous Primary Primary Primary Primary epitheliomatous epitheliomatous cancer or ulceration epitheliomatous cell carcinoma of epitheliomatous epitheliomatous epitheliomatous epitheliomatous cancer of the skin cancer of the skin of skin or the cancer of the skin skin due to cancer of the cancer of the skin cancer of the skin cancer of the skin [from tar, pitch, [exposure to tar, corneal surface of handling or use of exposure to tar, skin caused by [exposure to tar, caused by tar, pitch, diagnosed as bitumen, mineral pitch, bitumen, the eye due to tar, tar, pitch, bitumen, pitch, mineral oil, tar, pitch, pitch, bitumen, bitumen, mineral oil, caused by tar, pitch, Tar, pitch, bitumen, oil, paraffin, or mineral oil, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, anthracene or bitumen, mineral mineral oil, anthracene or the bitumen, mineral oil, mineral oil, compounds, paraffin or mineral oil, paraffin paraffin or compounds, oil, anthracene paraffin or a compounds, anthracene or the anthracene, or the products or compounds, or compounds, compounds, products, or or the compound, products, or compounds, compounds, residues thereof]. products, or products, or products, or residues of these compounds, product, or residues of these products, or products or residues of these residues of those residues of those substances. products, or residue of any of substances. residues of these residues of these substances]. substances. substances]. residues of these those substances. substances substances. substances]. Primary epitheliomatous cancer of the skin diagnosed as caused by shale oil. Vinyl chloride Angiosarcoma of the monomer listed liver diagnosed as as a carcinogen caused by vinyl (Causes cancer) chloride monomer. under OHS Vinyl chloride (Hazardous Substances) Amendment (Carcinogenic Substances) Regulation 1997. Sensitization Sino-nasal dermatitis, carcinoma chronic diagnosed as obstructive lung caused by working disease. with wood dust. Wood dust Hodgkin’s lymphoma diagnosed as caused by wood dust. 3 Cancer caused by Naso-pharyngeal other agents at work carcinoma not mentioned in the diagnosed as preceding items.. caused by formaldehyde. Laryngeal carcinoma diagnosed as caused by sulphuric acid mists or organicPage 143 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZ solvents. Lung cancer diagnosed as caused by bis (chloromethyl) ether (and chloromethyl methyl ether), cadmium, coke oven emissions, nickel, radon, silica or soot. Bladder cancer diagnosed as caused by 2- naphthylamine, benzidine, 4- aminobiphenyl, N,N- Bis (2-chloroethyl)- 2-naphthylamine, other aromatic amines, or poly- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Nystagmus [any Miners' nystagmus work in or about a mine]. Legislation and or Workers Accident Workers’ Workers Workers Workers Workers Safety, Accident instrument Compensation Compensation Act Compensation and Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Compensation Rehabilitation and Compensation Act Regulation 2003. s87. Injury management Compensation Act Compensation Act and Regulation 2003 Compensation Act 2001 s30(3), 60 – Act 1981 – 1986 – Schedule 1988 – Schedule Compensation – Schedule 1. 1988 s7(1). Schedule 2. Schedule 3. 2. 4. Act – Schedule Workers’ Victoria 1. Compensation Government Safety, (Dust Diseases) Gazette No.92 – Rehabilitation and Act 1942. 3 Friday, 30 August Compensation 1985. (Specified Diseases) Notice 2007 (1) .Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 s10(1)..Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 Notice of Declarations and Page 144 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010AGENT NSW VIC WA SA TAS NT ACT* Common’lth NZSpecifications 25/05/1993. * as at 30 June 2010 1 - Poisons legislation in New South Wales only allows regulation of ‘scheduled’ substances. In order to regulate substances in Appendix C of the Poisons Standard, these substances have been added into Schedule 7. http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/resources/publichealth/pharmaceutical/poisons_list_pdf.asp 2 – Includes Seacare. 3 - Dust Diseases Covered by the Workers' Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942. The Workers' Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942 provides compensation to people who have developed one of the following diseases or a pathological conditional of the lungs, pleura or peritoneum that may cause one of the following dust diseases through occupational exposure to the relevant dust as a worker in New South Wales: Aluminosis, Asbestosis, Asbestos induced carcinoma, Asbestos related pleural disease (ARPD), Bagassosis, Berylliosis, Byssinosis, Farmers' Lung, Hard Metal Pneumoconiosis, Mesothelioma, Silicosis, Silico-tuberculosisPage 145 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20105.4 Definition of Permanent Impairment Pre-requisite to determining the level of permanent impairment is the understanding that impairment should not be determined until the claimant has reached a point of maximum medical improvement. This is the point at which the impairment has become static, or is not likely to remit despite medical treatment. In addition to the principles of assessment contained in the AMA Guides, scheme legislation also provides substantive guidance on how to determine whether an impairment is permanent. Table 5.11 lists the legislative definitions of permanent impairment and also the criteria by which an injury is judged to be permanent. Table 5.11 – Statutory definitions of permanent impairment as at 30 September 2010Definition of ‘permanent’ and Statutory criteria for determining Jurisdiction ‘impairment’ whether an impairment is permanent Assessments are only to be conducted Sections 65 and 65A of the Workers when the medical assessor considers that Compensation Act 1987. the degree of permanent impairment of the injured worker is fully ascertainable. The permanent impairment will be fully ascertainable where the medical assessor considers that the person has attained New South Wales maximum medical improvement. This is considered to occur when the worker’s condition has been medically stable for the previous three months and is unlikely to change by more than 3%WPI in the ensuing 12 months with or without further medical treatment (i.e. further recovery or deterioration is not anticipated).As per AMA Guides. Section 91(1A) Accident Compensation Act 1985: Despite anything to the contrary in the AMA Guides, an assessment under subsection (1) of the degree of impairment resulting from an injury must be made- (a) after the injury has stabilised; and (b) subject to subsection (7) based on the worker’s current impairment as at the date of the assessment, including any changes in the signs and symptoms following any medical or surgical treatment undergone by the worker in respect of the injury. Victoria Section 91(1B) Accident Compensation Act 1985: The AMA Guides apply in respect of an assessment under 3.3d of Chapter 3 of the AMA Guides as if the following were omitted- “with the Injury Model, surgery to treat an impairment does not modify the original impairment estimate, which remains the same in spite of any changes in signs or symptoms that may follow the surgery and irrespective of whether the patient has a favourable or unfavourable response to treatment”.Page 146 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Definition of ‘permanent’ and Statutory criteria for determining Jurisdiction ‘impairment’ whether an impairment is permanent Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Act 2003: Act 2003: s38 Meaning of permanent impairment s179 Assessment of permanent impairment A permanent impairment, from injury, is an impairment that is stable and stationary 1. An insurer may decide, or a worker and not likely to improve with further may ask the insurer, to have the medical or surgical treatment. worker’s injury assessed to decide if the worker’s injury has resulted in a degree of permanent impairment. 2. The insurer must have the degree of permanent impairment assessed— (a) for industrial deafness—by an audiologist; or (b) or a psychiatric or psychological injury—by a medical assessment tribunal; or Queensland (c) for another injury—by a doctor. 3. The degree of permanent impairment must be assessed in the way prescribed under a regulation and a report must be given to the insurer stating— (a) the matters taken into account, and the weight given to the matters, in deciding the degree of permanent impairment; and (b) any other information prescribed under a regulation. Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Regulation 2003: - Division 3, Entitlement to compensation for permanent impairment. - Schedule 2, Table of injuries.No statutory definition. No statutory criteria for determining whether Western Australia impairment is permanent – this is based on medical opinion.The WorkCover Guidelines state: WRCA:“The meaning given to the word 43A(2) An assessment— ‘permanent’ in various decisions of the (a) must be made in accordance with the courts includes: WorkCover Guidelines; and a) for a long and indeterminate time but (b) must be made by a legally qualified not necessarily forever medical practitioner who holds a current b) more likely than not to persist in the accreditation issued by the Corporation for foreseeable future.” the purposes of this section.South Australia “The permanent impairment will be fully ascertainable where the assessor considers the worker has attained maximum medical improvement. This is generally considered to occur when the worker’s condition has been medically stable for the previous three months and is likely to be stable for the foreseeable future, with or without further medical treatment (i.e., further recovery or deterioration is not anticipated, but can include temporary fluctuations).”Page 147 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Definition of ‘permanent’ and Statutory criteria for determining Jurisdiction ‘impairment’ whether an impairment is permanent The WorkCover Tasmania Guidelines state: No statutory criteria. “ it must be shown that the problem has been present for a period of time, is static, well stabilised, and is unlikely to change substantially in future months regardless of treatment being undertaken or that will be undertaken.” However where impairment assessment is Tasmania a prerequisite for access to common law, and where strict time limits apply, a medical assessor may undertake an assessment where the impairment does not meet the definition of ‘permanent’ to verify that the level of impairment will not be less than the statutory threshold. (Under amendments which commenced on 1 July 2010, the threshold for access to common law is 20% WPI).Section 70 of the Workers Rehabilitation Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation and Compensation Act defines permanent Act Regulations, regulation 9 prescribes the impairment as: AMA 4th edition. “permanent impairment means an Other than as provided by AMA 4 there is Northern Territory impairment or impairments assessed in no legislative guidance as to when an accordance with the prescribed guides, as impairment becomes permanent. being an impairment or combination of impairments of not less than 5% of the whole person”.Section 51 Workers Compensation Act Part 4.4 Workers Compensation Act 1951. 1951 is based on the concept of loss arising from a compensable injury. “Loss” is defined to mean loss of a thing or Australian Capital permanent loss of use or efficient use of the Territory * thing. The definition also includes permanent musculoskeletal impairment and loss, damage, impairment, disfigurement or disease lists in Schedule 1 of the Workers Compensation Act 1951.Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act (1988) Act (1988)- s4 s24(2) permanent means likely to continue For the purpose of determining whether an indefinitely. impairment is permanent, Comcare shall Commonwealth have regard to: Comcare impairment means the loss, the loss of the a) the duration of the impairment; use, or the damage or malfunction, of any b) the likelihood of improvement in the part of the body or of any bodily system or employee’s condition; function or part of such system or function. c) whether the employee has undertaken all reasonable rehabilitative treatment for the impairment; and d) any other relevant matters.Commonwealth Seacare Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 Act 1992 s3 s39(2) impairment means the loss, the loss of the For the purpose of determining whether an use, or the damage or malfunction, of any impairment is permanent, the employer part of the body or of the whole or part of must have regard to the following matters:Page 148 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Definition of ‘permanent’ and Statutory criteria for determining Jurisdiction ‘impairment’ whether an impairment is permanent any bodily system or function. a) the duration of the impairment; b) the likelihood of improvement in the employee’s condition; c) whether the employee has undertaken all reasonable rehabilitative treatment for the impairment; d) any other relevant matters.Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 Act 2004S68(1)(b)(ii) s73 permanent means likely to continue Deciding whether an impairment is likely to indefinitely. continue indefinitely.S5 For the purposes of subparagraph 68(1)(b) impairment, in relation to a person, means (ii) and subparagraphs 71(1)(b)(ii) and (2) the loss, the loss of the use, or the damage (a)(ii), in deciding whether an impairment Commonwealth or malfunction, of any part of the person’s suffered by a person is likely to continue DVA body, of any bodily system or function, or of indefinitely, the Commission must have any part of such a system or function. regard to: a) the duration of the impairment; and b) the likelihood of improvement in the one or more service injuries or diseases concerned; and c) whether the person has undertaken all reasonable rehabilitative treatment for the impairment; and d) any other relevant matters.AC Act 2001 defines ‘impairment as “a loss, Requires permanence and stability of a loss of use, or derangement of any body condition being assessed by a medical part, organ system or organ function.” practitioner; or New Zealand after two years since the date of injury, a medical practitioner certifying that the claimant’s condition has not stabilised, but it is likely that there is permanent impairment resulting from the injury. * as at 30 June 2010 5.4.1 Industrial deafness Industrial deafness is generally examined separately from other forms of injuries. All jurisdictions have an impairment threshold in place for industrial deafness, which means that an injured worker is not entitled to lump sum compensation until they reach the threshold level. Table 5.12 illustrates the industrial deafness provisions in each jurisdiction.Table 5.12 – Industrial deafness provisions as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Industrial deafness provisionsNew South Wales At least 6% binaural total hearing loss – 1987 Act, s69A.No specific level of hearing loss required to claim compensation (e.g. medical expenses) Victoria 10% hearing loss and further hearing loss required for lump sum impairment benefit – ACA, ss 89, 91 & 98C.Queensland Not for the first 5% – s125.Page 149 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Industrial deafness provisionsAt least 10% hearing loss for first election – s24A. Western Australia Further 5% for subsequent elections – s24A.A lump sum for non-economic loss is only payable if there is a 5% or greater whole person South Australia impairment. There are no specific thresholds relating to hearing loss.Tasmania 5% binaural hearing impairment – s72A(3).Northern Impairments no less than 5% – s70. TerritoryAustralian Capital 6% hearing loss (boilermakers deafness or similar deafness) – s64(1). Territory *Commonwealth Binaural hearing loss of 5% – s24(7A). ComcareCommonwealth 10% hearing loss – s39(7). SeacareCommonwealth At least 5 impairment points hearing loss – s69(a). DVANew Zealand 6% binaural hearing loss – s26(1A).* as at 30 June 2010 5.4.2 Modifications to AMA Permanent Impairment Guidelines Each of the schemes listed below substitute or remove sections of their respective editions of the AMA Guide. The necessity for these modifications is primarily due to differences in Australian and US clinical practice, but they are sometimes also the result of differences in legislative processes. Table 5.13 illustrates the particular approach taken by the various schemes to substitute or remove assessment criteria from the Guide. Page 150 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 5.13 – Permanent Impairment Guides as at 30 September 2010Jurisdiction Edition of Format Substituted/removed Authorisation of the Guide AMA Guidelines 5th Ed. Modifier.1 WorkCover Guides for the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment Section 376 of the Workplace Injury Management modify several Chapters in AMA5 And Workers Compensation Act 1998.Removed: Ch18 Pain.Substituted:  AMA 4 – Vision. New South Wales  Ch 11 WorkCover Guides for the Evaluation of PI 3rd Edition Psychiatric and Psychological Disorders.  Evaluation of Permanent Impairment due to Hearing Loss adopts the methodology indicated in the WorkCover guides (Chapter 9) with some reference to AMA5 (Chapter11, pp 245-251), but uses National Acoustic Laboratory (NAL) Tables from the NAL Report No 118, Improved Procedure for Determining Percentage Loss of Hearing, January 1988.Victoria 4th Ed. Designator.2 Statutory removal: Chapter 15 Pain. Section 91(8) Accident Compensation Act 1985.Statutory Guideline Substitutions: Chapter 9 section 9.1a Hearing replaced with the Improved Section 91(4) Accident Compensation Act 1985. Procedures for Determination of Percentage Loss of Hearing (1988 Edition or later prescribed edition).Chapter 14 Mental and Behavioural Disorders replaced with The Section 91(6) Accident Compensation Act 1985. Guide to the Evaluation of Psychiatric Impairment for Clinicians.Omit from section 3.3d of Chapter 3: “with the Injury Model, surgery to Section 91(1B) Accident Compensation Act 1985. treat an impairment does not modify the original impairment estimate, which remains the same in spite of any changes in signs or symptoms that may follow the surgery and irrespective of whether the patient has a favourable or unfavourable response to treatment”.Replaced with: the degree of impairment resulting from an injury must Section 91(1A) Accident Compensation Act 1985. be made after the injury has stabilised and based on the worker’s current impairment as at the date of the assessment, including any changes in the signs and symptoms following any medical or surgical treatment undergone by the worker in respect of the injury.Page 151 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Edition of Format Substituted/removed Authorisation of the Guide AMA Guidelines Specified assessments of spinal impairment are to specify the whole Section 91(7AA) Accident Compensation Act 1985. person values derived in accordance with section 3.3 of Chapter 3 of the AMA Guides.Statutory Guideline Extensions : Section 91(6A) Accident Compensation Act 1985. Impairment Assessment in Workers with Occupational Asthma. Clinical Guidelines to the Rating of Impairments arising from Infectious Section 91(6B) Accident Compensation Act 1985. Occupational Diseases Queensland 4th Ed. Modifier.1 Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Regulation 2003.5th Ed. Modifier.1 Removed: Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Chapter 18 AMA5 regarding assessment of pain is excluded. Act 1981 Section 146R WorkCover Guides Substituted: WorkCover WA may issue directions with respect Chapter 14 AMA5 – Mental and behavioural disorder replaced with to the evaluation of degree of impairment: chapter in WorkCover WA Guides on Psychiatric Impairment Rating 1. The directions, and any amendment of them, Scale (PIRS). are to be developed in consultation with an Western advisory committee appointed under section Australia Chapter 18 AMA5 regarding assessment of pain is excluded. 100A for the purposes of this section. 2. The directions may adopt the provisions of Vision – based on AMA 4th Ed. other publications, whether with or without modification or addition and whether in force at Hearing loss – continues to be assessed based on sections 24A & a particular time or from time to time. 31E and Schedule 7 of the Workers’ Compensation and Injury 3. Sections 41, 42, 43 and 44 of the Management Act 1981. Interpretation Act 1984 apply to the directions as if they were regulations.5th Ed. Modifier.1 Vision assessments based on AMA4 with some reference to AMA5, The WorkCover Guidelines are published in the but uses National Acoustic Laboratory (NAL) tables from the NAL South Australian Government Gazette under South Australia report No 118, Improved procedure for determining percentage loss of section 43A(3) of the Workers Rehabilitation and hearing, January 1988. Compensation Act 1986).Pain (chapter 18, AMA 5) and Mental and Behavioural Disorders (chapter 14, AMA5) are omitted as the Act excludes entitlement for psychiatric impairment.Page 152 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Edition of Format Substituted/removed Authorisation of the Guide AMA Guidelines 4th Ed. Modifier.1 WorkCover Tasmania Guidelines modify several chapters in Section 72(1) An assessment of a degree of AMA4 impairment is to be undertaken by a medical assessor in accordance with- Removed: (a) any relevant guidelines issued by the Board; Ch 15 Pain. (b) if there are no such guidelines, the AMA Guides; or Substituted (c) if there are no such guidelines and the AMA Ch 7 of WorkCover Tasmania Guides (Mental and Behavioural Guides are not applicable or are unsuitable, Disorders) incorporating the Psychiatric Impairment Rating Scale any method as may be prescribed. Tasmania (PIRS) is substituted for chapter 14 AMA 4.Evaluation of hearing impairment adopts the methodology indicated in chapter 6 of WorkCover Tasmania Guides including the use of the National Acoustic Laboratory (NAL) Tables, Report No 118, Improved Procedure for Determining Percentage Loss of Hearing, January 1988.Guidelines (and legislation) require the level of binaural hearing impairment to be converted to WPI.Northern 4th Ed. Designator.2 N/A. Territory4th & 5th Ed. Standalone WorkCover Guides for the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment Reg 5(1)(b) of the Workers Compensation (authorised by (1st Ed) modify several Chapters in AMA5 Regulation 2002 allows the Minister to approve the Regs). medical guidelines. Removed: Ch18 Pain. Vision. Ch 14 Mental and Behavioural Disorders.Australian Substituted: Capital Territory *  AMA 4 – Vision.  Ch 11 - Psychiatric and Psychological Disorders.Evaluation of Permanent Impairment due to Hearing Loss adopts the methodology indicated in the WorkCover guides (Chapter 9) with some reference to AMA5 (Chapter11, pp 245-251), but uses National Acoustic Laboratory (NAL) Tables from the NAL Report No 118, Improved Procedure for Determining Percentage Loss of Hearing, January 1988.Page 153 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Edition of Format Substituted/removed Authorisation of the Guide AMA Guidelines 5th Ed. Stand-alone3 Removed: Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act Ch.18 (Pain). (1988)Substituted in whole: s24(5) Ch.12 (The Visual System), and Comcare shall determine the degree of permanent Ch.14 (Mental and Behavioural Disorders). impairment of the employee resulting from an injury under the provisions of the approved Guide. Substituted in part: Ch. 11 (Ear, Nose, Throat, and related Structures). s28(1) Comcare may, from time to time, prepare a written Comcare’s Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent document, to be called the “Guide to the Commonwealth Impairment (2nd Ed), lists substitutions made to AMA 5 in Principles of Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Comcare Assessment (full text of the relevant section contained below). Impairment”, setting out: (a) criteria by reference to which the degree of the Part 1, Principles of Assessment permanent impairment of an employee 12. Exceptions to the use of Part 1 of this Guide resulting from an injury shall be determined; An assessment is not to be made using the American Medical (b) criteria by reference to which the degree of Association’s Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment for: non-economic loss suffered by an employee as - mental and behavioural impairments; a result of an injury or impairment shall be - impairments of the visual system; determined; and - hearing impairment; or (c) methods by which the degree of permanent - chronic pain conditions except in the case of migraine or tension impairment and the degree of non-economic headaches. loss, as determined under those criteria, shall be expressed as a percentage.Commonwealth Seacare Identical to Identical to Identical to Comcare. Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act Comcare. Comcare. (1992) s39(5) The employer under this section must determine the degree of permanent impairment of the employee resulting from an injury under the provisions of the approved Guide. s42(1) The Authority may, from time to time, prepare a written document, to be called the “Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment”, setting out: (a) criteria by reference to which the degree of the permanent impairment of an employee Page 154 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Edition of Format Substituted/removed Authorisation of the Guide AMA Guidelines resulting from an injury must be determined; and (b) criteria by reference to which the degree of non-economic loss suffered by an employee as a result of an injury or impairment must be determined; and (c) methods by which the degree of permanent impairment and the degree of non-economic loss, as determined under those criteria, must be expressed as a percentage. 4th Ed. Stand-alone Substituted in whole. Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 GARP V (M)) does not allow S5 recourse to the impairment points of a person means the points AMA Guides in worked out for the person using the guide the event that determined under section 67. an impairment cannot be s67(1) measured The Commission may determine, in writing, a guide under GARP V setting out: (M). (a) criteria to be used in deciding the degree of impairment of a person resulting from a service injury or disease; and (b) methods by which the degree of that Commonwealth impairment can be expressed in impairment DVA points on a scale from 0 to 100; and (c) criteria to be used in assessing the effect of a service injury or disease on a person’s lifestyle; and (d) methods by which the effect of a service injury or disease on a person’s lifestyle can be expressed as a numerical rating; and (e) methods by which the impairment points of a person, and the effect on a person’s lifestyle, from a service injury or disease can be used to determine the compensation payable to the person under this Part by reference to the maximum compensation that can be payable to a person under this Part.New ZealandPage 155 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Edition of Format Substituted/removed Authorisation of the Guide AMA 4thGuidelines Ed. Designator.2 AMA 4th Edition. Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Compensation (Lump Sum and Independence Modifier.1 ACC User Handbook. This takes precedence over the AMA 4th Edition. Allowance) Regulations 2002 Assessment tool for assessing eligibility for lump sum payments and independence allowance (1) Assessment of a person's whole-person impairment, for the purposes of determining the person's eligibility to receive lump sum compensation or an independence allowance, must be carried out by an assessor using the assessment tool prescribed by subclause (2). (2) The assessment tool comprises— (a) the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (Fourth Edition); and (b) the ACC User Handbook to AMA4. (3) The ACC User Handbook to AMA4 prevails if there is a conflict between it and the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (Fourth Edition). * as at 30 June 2010 1 - Modifier refers to an edition of the AMA Guide that is attached with additional instructions for assessors and which acts to modify the AMA Guides or chapters. Schemes applying this modified approach publish separate guidelines to clarify the key points of divergence for doctors. The authority for these documents is contained in the legislation or its associated regulations. 2 - Designator refers to an edition of the AMA Guide which is designated by legislation as the Guide to be followed. Depending on the particular scheme, the designated Guide may also be a modifier (see above). 3 - Unlike other schemes, Comcare amalgamates modifications to AMA 5 (as noted in this table) in a stand-alone document known as the Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment. Section 28 of the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act (1988) is also unique in that it does not designate the use of AMA produced guidelines for assessment purposes. 5.4.3 Discounting of prior conditions Most schemes require that where a pre-existing non-compensable condition exists, the assessing doctor must discount this pre-existing condition before making a final assessment of impairment. However, if the deductible portion is difficult or costly to determine, schemes may designate a nominal amount for this purpose or in some instances, accept complete liability for the injury. Table 5.14 lists the discounting provisions under each scheme Table 5.14 – Discounting of prior conditions as at 30 September 2010Page 156 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Permits Jurisdiction Threshold test Waiting period Relevant section of legislation, regulation or statutory instrument discounting?>0% WPI, except for: No waiting period. Yes. AMA5 Section 1.6, p 11; s323 WIM Act 1998 The degree of permanent impairment resulting from pre-existing 15% WPI for psychiatric and impairments should not be included within the degree of permanent psychological impairment. impairment determined by an assessor if those impairments are unrelated or not relevant to the impairment arising from the relevant 6% binaural hearing loss for hearing work injury. loss claims. In assessing the degree of permanent impairment resulting from the Entitlement to pain and suffering work injury, the assessor is to indicate the degree of impairment due to New South Wales payment: 10% WPI for physical any previous injury, pre-existing condition or abnormality. This injuries, 15% WPI for psychiatric proportion is known as “the deductible proportion”. The deductible and psychological injuries. portion should be deducted from the degree of permanent impairment determined by the assessor. Entitlement to claim under Common Law: 15% WPI. If the degree of deduction will be difficult or costly to determine (because, for example, of the absence of medical evidence), it is to be assumed that the deduction of the relevant part of it is one tenth of the assessed impairment, unless this is at odds with the available evidence.10% WPI (5% for Chapter 3 12 months (except Apportionment. As per AMA Guides page 10 subtraction of unrelated impairment. musculoskeletal impairments with a gradual process date of injury on or after 2 hearing loss injury). Section 91(7)(c) Accident Compensation Act 1985. Impairment from December 2003). unrelated injuries or causes must be disregarded in making an assessment. 10% WPI other than for psychiatric Victoria impairment (and additional 10% WPI for further hearing loss).30% WPI for psychiatric impairment – not arising secondary to physical injury.Queensland >0% WRI, generally. No waiting period. Yes. Schedule 2 (Table of Injuries) of the Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Regulation 2003. 5% WRI for hearing loss.15% WRI + demonstrated eligibility to qualify for gratuitous care entitlement.Page 157 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Permits Jurisdiction Threshold test Waiting period Relevant section of legislation, regulation or statutory instrument discounting? 30% WRI to qualify for additional lump sum entitlement. >0% WPI, except for: No waiting period. Yes. Section 146A(4) (Evaluation of impairment generally) “For a case in which the evaluation of the degree of impairment of the worker involves 10% WPI for initial noise induced taking into account a recurrence, aggravation, or acceleration of any hearing loss (NIHL) & 5% for pre-existing disease that was to any extent asymptomatic before the subsequent NIHL. event from which the injury or injuries arose, the WorkCover Guides are not to provide for a deduction to reflect the pre-existing nature of that disease to the extent that it was asymptomatic before that event.” Western Australia WorkCover WA Guides 2nd Ed. 3.52 “For any disease that was symptomatic before the event from which the injury or injuries arose there may be a “deductible portion” in the degree of impairment. Where it is not possible to determine whether a deduction should apply then no deduction should be made. In each case the basis for the judgement and deduction should be clearly explained in the approved medical specialist report. 5% WPI. Can’t be assessed until Yes. If the current compensable disability consists of an aggravation, the worker has attained acceleration, exacerbation, deterioration or recurrence of the previous maximum medical compensable disability and the worker has been paid compensation by improvement. This is way of a lump sum under section 43 of the Act, or a corresponding generally considered to previous enactment for that prior compensable disability, the medical occur when the practitioner is to provide a %WPI assessment for the current and prior worker’s condition has compensable disabilities. A worker who has received lump sum been medically stable compensation under section 43 of the Act or a corresponding previous for the previous three enactment for such prior compensable disability, will have a reduction South Australia months and is likely to made from the lump sum payable pursuant to section 43 (if the %WPI be stable for the exceeds 5%) by the amount of the previous lump sum payment as foreseeable future, with required by section 43(7) of the Act. or without further medical treatment (i.e., further recovery or deterioration is not anticipated, but can include temporary fluctuations).Tasmania 5% WPI for physical injuries, except No waiting period. Apportionment. As per AMA4 Guides page 10, subtraction of pre-existing impairment.Page 158 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Permits Jurisdiction Threshold test Waiting period Relevant section of legislation, regulation or statutory instrument discounting? for the loss of part or all of a finger or toe: S 72(2) directs that: o If a worker presents for assessment in relation to injuries which >0% WPI for the loss of all or part of occurred on different dates, the impairments are to be assessed a finger or toe. separately, and o An impairment arising otherwise than from the injury is not to be 10% WPI for Psychological injuries. taken into account in assessing the degree of permanent impairment. >5% binaural hearing impairment WPI = 5 + [0.278 (BHI - 5)]: – reg. S73(2) (Industrial deafness) directs that: 17 & s73(4). The degree of industrial deafness is not to include the percentage of deafness: >70% WPI receives maximum - to have arisen otherwise than from industrial deafness entitlement. - to have been contracted outside the State - for which compensation has been awarded or paid under a law of the Commonwealth.5% WPI. No waiting period. Apportionment. As per AMA 4, chapter 2.3, page 10, subtraction of unrelated impairment. If the impairment is 5%-14% WPI, the compensation payable is calculated on a sliding scale. Northern Territory Impairments of 15%- 84% WPI attract a benefit equal to the actual percentage given.>85% WPI receives maximum entitlement.0% (no threshold). Two years from DOI or Yes. Discounting permitted under s61. Assess amount of compensation earlier if worker has payable for the loss. From that deduct an amount for any proportion of 6% threshold for hearing loss leave from the the loss attributable to a previous injury or pre-existing condition, injury (boilermaker’s deafness). Magistrates Court or or abnormality. If the extent of the deductable amount will be difficult or the Injury has costly to be determined, it is to be assumed to be 10% of the Australian Capital stabilised. Injury is compensable loss. Territory * taken to have stabilised if the worker has returned to pre-injury weekly hours for a period of at least three months.Page 159 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Permits Jurisdiction Threshold test Waiting period Relevant section of legislation, regulation or statutory instrument discounting?10% Whole Person Impairment No waiting period. Yes. SRC Act sections 24-27, and s28 provides that “Comcare …may… (WPI). prepare…a Guide”. Comcare’s Guide provides the following instructions to medical 5% binaural hearing. assessors: >0% Finger/toe, taste/smell. “4. Where a pre-existing or underlying condition is aggravated by a work-related injury, on the impairment resulting from the aggravation is Must qualify for PI to qualify for to be assessed. However, an assessment should not be made unless Non-economic loss payment. the effects of the aggravation of the underlying or pre-existing condition are considered permanent. In these situations, the pre-existing or underlying condition would usually have been symptomatic prior to the Commonwealth work-related injury and the degree of permanent impairment resulting Comcare from that condition is able to be accurately assessed. If the employee’s impairment is entirely attributable to the pre-existing or underlying condition, or to the natural progression of such a condition, the assessment for permanent impairment is nil. Where the pre-existing or underlying condition was previously asymptomatic, all the permanent impairment arising from the work- related injury is compensable.”- Part 1, Principles of Assessment, in Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment (2nd Ed)Commonwealth Seacare 10% Whole Person Impairment No waiting period. Yes. Seafarers Act s46 provides that the ‘Seacare Authority may prepare a (WPI). Guide’. The Seacare Guide provides the following instructions to medical 10% hearing. assessors: >0% Finger/toe, taste/smell. “4. Where a pre-existing or underlying condition is aggravated by a work-related injury, on the impairment resulting from the aggravation is Must qualify for PI to qualify for to be assessed. However, an assessment should not be made unless Non-economic loss payment. the effects of the aggravation of the underlying or pre-existing condition are considered permanent. In these situations, the pre-existing or underlying condition would usually have been symptomatic prior to the work-related injury and the degree of permanent impairment resulting from that condition is able to be accurately assessed. If the employee’s impairment is entirely attributable to the pre-existing or underlying condition, or to the natural progression of such a condition, Page 160 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Permits Jurisdiction Threshold test Waiting period Relevant section of legislation, regulation or statutory instrument discounting? the assessment for permanent impairment is nil. Where the pre-existing or underlying condition was previously asymptomatic, all the permanent impairment arising from the work- related injury is compensable.”- Part 1, Principles of Assessment, in Guide to the Assessment of the Degree of Permanent Impairment (2nd Ed)Initial compensation - 10 impairment No waiting period. Apportionment. As per Chapter 19 ‘Partially Contributing Impairment”, GARP V (M). points (IP). Commonwealth 5 IPs hearing, fingers, toes, taste, DVA and smell.Additional compensation - 5 IPs.10%. Independence Yes – Apportionment. The ACC User handbook to the AMA guides 4th edition. allowance: Claimant suffered personal injury Apportion – analyse the impairment that existed prior to the covered on or after 1 April 1974. condition occurring by:  Calculating pre-existing percentage (based on medical records) At least one year after  Calculating the percentage that currently exists (from the the date of the injury or combination of covered & non-covered conditions). condition has New Zealand stabilised. Deducting the pre-existing impairing to give the impairment apportioned to the covered condition. Lump sums: Claimant suffered personal injury on or after 1 April 2002. At least 2 years after day of the injury or condition stabilised.* as at 30 June 2010Page 161 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20105.5 Exclusionary provisions - General In most jurisdictions, workers’ compensation legislation contains exclusionary provisions. These provisions set out certain circumstances in which workers’ compensation will be denied.Exclusionary provisions apply to ensure that people who exhibit reckless or wilful behaviour in the workplace are excluded from receiving workers’ compensation benefits. If an injury is caused by the serious and wilful misconduct of a worker, but results in death or serious and permanent impairment, workers’ compensation will usually be payable. Table 5.15 shows the general exclusionary provisions in each jurisdiction.Table 5.15 – Exclusionary provisions (general) as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Exclusionary provisionsIf it is proved that an injury to a worker is solely attributable to the serious and wilful misconduct of the worker, compensation is not payable in respect of that injury, unless the injury results in death or serious and permanent disablement – 1987 Act, s14.Compensation is not payable:  If the employment concerned was not a substantial contributing factor to the injury – 1987 Act, s9A(1).  In respect of any injury to or death of a worker caused by an intentional self-inflicted injury – 1987 Act, s14(3).  To a member of the Police Service who is a contributor to the Police Superannuation Fund under the Police Regulation (Superannuation) Act 1906 – 1998 Act, s4.  To a person whose employment is casual (that is for 1 period only of not more than 5 working days) and who is employed otherwise than for the purposes of the employer’s trade or business – 1998 Act, s4.  To an officer of a religious or other voluntary association, who is employed upon duties for the association outside the officer’s ordinary working hours, so far as the employment on those duties is concerned, if the officer's remuneration from the association does not exceed $700 per year – 1998 Act, s4.  Except as provided by Schedule 1 (1998 Act), to a registered participant of a sporting New South Wales organisation (within the meaning of the Sporting Injuries Insurance Act 1978) while: (i) participating in an authorised activity (within the meaning of that Act) of that organisation, or (ii) engaged in training or preparing himself or herself with a view to so participating, or (iii) engaged on any daily or periodic journey or other journey in connection with the registered participant so participating or the registered participant being so engaged, if, under the contract pursuant to which the registered participant does any of the things referred to above in this paragraph, the registered participant is not entitled to remuneration other than for the doing of those things – 1998 Act, s4.Under section 8AA of the Workers’ Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942 compensation is not payable to:  Employees of the Commonwealth Government.  Workers in or about a mine to which the Coal Mines Regulation Act 1912 applies (those workers are covered by other State legislation).  Persons whose exposure to the inhalation of dust occurred in the course of their employment outside of New South Wales.  Persons whose exposure to dust occurred while self employed.Victoria If it is proved that an injury to a worker (whether or not intended to be inflicted) was deliberately or wilfully self-inflicted there is no entitlement to compensation in respect of that injury – s82(3).Subject to ss82A to 82C, if it is proved that an injury to a worker is attributable to the worker’s serious and wilful misconduct (including, but not limited to, being under the influence of intoxicating liquor, or a drug) there is no entitlement to compensation in respect of that injury, unless the injury results in death or severe injury (as defined) – ss82(4), (5) & (10).Page 162 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Exclusionary provisionsSections 82A to 82C apply where a worker’s incapacity for work results from or is materially contributed to by an injury caused by a transport accident involving a motor vehicle driven by the worker if the worker is convicted of drink or drug driving offences to reduce a worker’s weekly payments for 130 weeks or to disentitle the worker to compensation under the Act if the offence is also a serious offence except where the injury results in death or severe injury.If it is proved that before commencing employment an employer in writing requested that the worker disclose all pre-existing injuries and diseases, and the worker did not disclose the information, compensation is not payable for any recurrence, aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation or deterioration – s82(7).Compensation is not payable:  For an injury sustained by a worker if the injury is intentionally self-inflicted – s129.  For an injury caused by the serious and wilful misconduct of the worker, unless it results in death or injury and/or could result in a WRI* of 50% or more – s130(1). Queensland  If the injury, caused by misconduct, could result in WRI of 50% or more arising from a psychiatric or psychological injury or combining a psychiatric or psychological injury and another injury – s130(2). * WRI: – Work related impairmentIf it is proved that the injury of a worker is attributable to their– a) voluntary consumption of alcoholic liquor or of a drug of addiction, or both, which impairs the proper functioning of their faculties b) failure, without reasonable excuse, proof of which is on them, to use protective equipment, clothing or accessories provided by their employer for the worker’s use, or c) other serious and wilful misconduct any compensation claimed in respect of that injury shall be disallowed unless the injury has serious and permanent effects or results in Western Australia death – s22.Compensation is not payable:  To a person while participating as a contestant, engaged in training or preparation for participating, or engaged in promotional activities or engaged in regular journeys in any sporting activity – s11.  For an injury or death of a person before operation of Section 3 of the Workers Compensation Act Amendment Act (No. 2) 1977.Effect of misconduct etc – s30B. 1. A worker who is acting in connection with, and for the purposes of, the employer’s trade or business is presumed to be acting in the course of employment despite the fact that: a) the worker is acting in contravention of a statutory or other regulation applicable to the employment, or b) the worker is acting without, or in contravention of, instructions from the employer.2. However: a) a worker will not be presumed to be acting in the course of employment if the South Australia worker is guilty of misconduct or acts in contravention of instructions from the employer during the course of an attendance under section 30(3), and b) a disability is not compensable if it is established on the balance of probabilities that the disability is wholly or predominantly attributable to: i. serious and wilful misconduct on the part of the worker, or ii. the influence of alcohol or a drug voluntarily consumed by the worker (other than a drug lawfully obtained and consumed in a reasonable quantity by the worker).3. Subsection (2)(a) does not apply in a case of death or permanent total incapacity for work and subsection (2)(b) does not apply in a case of death or serious and permanent disability – s30B(3).Page 163 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Exclusionary provisionsCompensation is not payable:  if the injury is attributable to the serious and wilful misconduct of the worker, unless it results in death or serious and permanent incapacity, or  if the injury is an intentional self-inflicted injury, or  for any disease where the worker has wilfully and falsely represented themselves in writing as not having suffered from the disease – s25(2).The Act does not apply to any person: Tasmania a) whose employment is of a casual nature, and who is employed otherwise than for the purposes of the employer’s trade or business, or b) who is an outworker, or c) who is a domestic servant in a private family, and has not completed 48 hours’ employment with the same employer at the time when he suffers injury, or d) who is a member of the crew of a fishing boat, and is remunerated wholly or mainly by a share in the profits or gross earnings of that boat, or e) notwithstanding section s4D, who is participating in an approved program of work for unemployment payment under the Social Security Act 1991 of the Commonwealth – s4(5).Compensation is not payable in respect of an injury to a worker that was deliberately self- inflicted or attributable to his or her serious and wilful misconduct, unless the injury results in his or her death or permanent or long term incapacity – s57(1).A worker is not entitled to compensation in respect of an injury sustained whilst driving a motor vehicle, after consuming alcoholic liquor which materially contributed to the accident Northern and injury, or while under the influence of a drug. Where concentration of alcohol at the Territory time of the accident was equal to 80 milligrams or more of alcohol per 100 milligrams of blood, the consumption of the alcoholic liquor shall be presumed to have materially contributed to the accident and injury, unless proven otherwise. This does not affect the entitlement to compensation if the injury results in death, or medical, surgical or rehabilitation treatment – s60.Employees of ‘approved’ labour hire firms are not seen as workers – r3A.Compensation is not payable if the injury to, or death of, the worker is caused by:  An intentionally self-inflicted injury – s82(2). Australian Capital  The worker’s serious and wilful misconduct, unless the injury results in the death or Territory * serious and permanent disablement – s82(3).  The worker being imprisoned – s83.  His or her engagement in professional sporting activity – s84.Compensation is not payable in respect of:  Any period during which the worker is imprisoned – s23(2).  Any injury, disease or aggravation suffered as a result of reasonable administrative action taken in a reasonable manner in respect of the employee’s employment – s5A(1), reasonable administrative action defined in s5A(2).  A disease, if the employee, for the purposes connected with his/her employment or proposed employment has made a wilful and false representation that he/she did not Commonwealth suffer, or had not previously suffered, from that disease – s7(7). Comcare  An injury that is intentionally self-inflicted – s14(2).  An injury that is caused by the serious and wilful misconduct of the worker including under the influence of alcohol or a non-prescribed drug, but is not intentionally self inflicted, unless the injury results in death, or serious and permanent impairment: – s14(2) & s14(3).  If the employee sustains an injury because he or she voluntarily and unreasonably submitted to an abnormal risk of injury – s6(3).Commonwealth Seacare Compensation is not payable in respect of:  Any period during which the employee is imprisoned – s38(3).  An injury that is intentionally self-inflicted – s26(2).  Any injury, disease or aggravation suffered as a result of reasonable disciplinary action Page 164 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Exclusionary provisions taken against the employee, or failure to by the employee to obtain a promotion, transferor benefit in connection with his or her employment – s3 definition of Injury.  An injury caused by the serious and wilful misconduct of the worker including under the influence of alcohol or a non-prescribed drug, unless the injury results in death, or serious and permanent impairment - s12 & s26(3).  Where a worker made a wilful and false representation that he/she suffered from a disease or an aggravation of a disease – s10(7).  If the employee sustains an injury because he or she voluntarily and unreasonably submitted to an abnormal risk of injury – s9(4).Compensation is not payable in respect of:  An injury or disease that results from the person's serious default or wilful act except if the injury or disease results in a serious and permanent impairment - s32.  An injury or disease that results from reasonable and appropriate counselling or failure to obtain a promotion, transfer or benefit in relation to a person's service as a member - Commonwealth s33. DVA  A wilful and false representations in connection with service or proposed service that not suffering the injury or disease - s34.  An injury, disease, or death that results from a substantial delay commencing journey, routes that are not reasonably direct, and substantial interruptions to journeys - s35.  Injury, disease, or death that results from the use of tobacco products - s36.Compensation is not payable:  Where the injury or death is due to suicide or wilfully self-inflicted injury – s119.  Where the claimant become entitled to it because of the death of another person and they have been convicted in New Zealand or another country of the murder of the New Zealand person – s120.  Where the claimant is in prison – s121.  Where the claimant was injured committing an offence for which they are imprisoned and that offence is punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of 2 years or more – s122.* as at 30 June 2010 5.6 Exclusionary provisions –Psychological injuries Statutory threshold requirements for psychological injuries vary significantly from physical injuries. To be eligible for compensation, the claimant of a psychological injury must be able to demonstrate that the injury was not related to any reasonable action taken by their employer in relation to a dismissal, retrenchment, transfer, performance appraisal, demotion, disciplinary action or redeployment. In addition to these criteria, the claimant must also meet the designated impairment threshold for psychological injury. There are also significant differences in the way in which each jurisdiction assesses psychological impairment.Table 5.16 lists the exclusionary provisions for psychological injuries, the threshold level of impairment and the diagnostic methodology of assessment. Table 5.16 – Exclusion provisions for psychological injuries as at 30 September 2010 Diagnostic Exclusionary provisions for psychological Impairment Jurisdiction methodology of injuries threshold assessment New South Wales 1987 Act, s11A(1) 15% WPI for a Ch 11 primary WorkCover "No compensation is payable under this Act in psychological Guides for the respect of an injury that is a psychological injury if injury. Evaluation of the injury was wholly or predominantly caused by Permanent reasonable action taken or proposed to be taken Impairment, by or on behalf of the employer with respect to using the transfer, demotion, promotion, performance Psychiatric appraisal, discipline, retrenchment or dismissal of Impairment Page 165 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Diagnostic Exclusionary provisions for psychological Impairment Jurisdiction methodology of injuries threshold assessment workers or provision of employment benefits to Rating Scale workers." – (PIRS). s65A"(1) No compensation is payable … (either as permanent impairment compensation or pain and suffering compensation) in respect of permanent impairment that results from a secondary psychological injury. Note: This does not prevent a secondary psychological injury from being compensated under section 67 as pain and suffering resulting from permanent impairment (but only if that permanent impairment results from a physical injury or a primary psychological injury).(2) In assessing the degree of permanent impairment that results from a physical injury or primary psychological injury, no regard is to be had to any impairment or symptoms resulting from a secondary psychological injury.(3) No compensation is payable … (either as permanent impairment compensation or pain and suffering compensation) in respect of permanent impairment that results from a primary psychological injury unless the degree of permanent impairment resulting from the primary psychological injury is at least 15%. Note: If more than one psychological injury arises out of the same incident, section 322 of the 1998 Act requires the injuries to be assessed together as one injury to determine the degree of permanent impairment.(4) If a worker receives a primary psychological injury and a physical injury, arising out of the same incident, the worker is only entitled to receive compensation … in respect of impairment resulting from one of those injuries, and for that purpose the following provisions apply: i. the degree of permanent impairment that results from the primary psychological injury is to be assessed separately from the degree of permanent impairment that results from the physical injury ii. the worker is entitled to receive compensation … for impairment resulting from whichever injury results in the greater amount of compensation being payable to the worker … (and is not entitled to receive compensation … for impairment resulting from the other injury), iii. the question of which injury results in the greater amount of compensation is, in default of agreement, to be determined by the Commission.Page 166 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Diagnostic Exclusionary provisions for psychological Impairment Jurisdiction methodology of injuries threshold assessment Note: If there is more than one physical injury those injuries will still be assessed together as one injury under section 322 of the 1998 Act, but separately from any psychological injury. Similarly, if there is more than one psychological injury those psychological injuries will be assessed together as one injury, but separately from any physical injury."There is no entitlement to compensation in respect 30% WPI – not The Guide to the of an injury to a worker if the injury is a mental arising Evaluation of injury caused wholly or predominately by any one secondary to Psychiatric or more of the following: physical injury. Impairment for (a) management action taken on reasonable Clinicians grounds and in a reasonable manner by or on (GEPIC). behalf of the worker’s employer; or (b) a decision of the worker’s employer, on reasonable grounds, to take, or not to take any management action; or (c) any expectation by the worker that any management action would, or would not, be taken or a decision made to take, or not to take, any management action; or (d) an application under section 81B of the Local Government Act 1989, or proceedings as a result of that application, in relation to the conduct of a worker who is a Councillor within the meaning of section 14AA. – s82(2A).In s82, management action, in relation to a worker, includes, but is not limited to, any one or more of the following- (a) appraisal of the worker's performance; (b) counselling of the worker; Victoria (c) suspension or stand-down of the worker's employment; (d) disciplinary action taken in respect of the worker's employment; (e) transfer of the worker's employment; (f) demotion, redeployment or retrenchment of the worker; (g) dismissal of the worker; (h) promotion of the worker; (i) reclassification of the worker's employment position; (j) provision of leave of absence to the worker; (k) provision to the worker of a benefit connected with the worker's employment; (l) training a worker in respect of the worker's employment; (m) investigation by the worker's employer of any alleged misconduct- (i) of the worker; or (ii) of any other person relating to the employer's workforce in which the worker was involved or to which the worker was a witness; (n) communication in connection with an action mentioned in any of the above paragraphs. - s82(10).Queensland An injury does not include a psychiatric or None. AMA Guide (4th Page 167 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Diagnostic Exclusionary provisions for psychological Impairment Jurisdiction methodology of injuries threshold assessment psychological disorder arising out of, or in the Edition). course of, any of the following circumstances: (a) reasonable management action taken in a reasonable way by the employer in connection with the worker’s employment (b) the worker’s expectation or perception of reasonable management action being taken against the worker (c) action by the Authority or an insurer in connection with the worker’s application for compensation.Reasonable management actions include action taken to transfer, demote, discipline, redeploy, retrench or dismiss the worker, a decision not to award or provide promotion, reclassification or transfer of, or leave of absence or benefit in connection with, the worker’s employment – s32(5).Treatment of stress for compensation purposes WorkCover WA Guides 2nd Ed. Compensation is not payable for diseases caused Psychiatric by stress if the stress wholly or predominately Impairment arises from the worker’s dismissal, retrenchment, Rating Scale demotion, discipline, transfer or redeployment, or (PIRS). the worker’s not being promoted, reclassified, transferred or granted leave of absence or any other benefit in relation to employment or a worker’s expectation of a matter or decision unless it is considered to be unreasonable or harsh on the part of the employer – s5(4). Western Australia Treatment of secondary conditions in assessment of impairmentSecondary conditions are not included for the purposes of assessing impairment for common law, specialised retraining programs of payments of additional medical expenses.“Secondary condition“ means a condition, whether psychological, psychiatric, or sexual, that, although it may result from the injury or injuries concerned, arises as a secondary, or less direct, consequence of that injury or those injuries. South Australia s30A—Psychiatric disabilities N/A. N/A.A disability consisting of an illness or disorder of the mind is compensable if and only if— (a) the employment was a substantial cause of the disability; and (b) the disability did not arise wholly or predominantly from— (i) reasonable action taken in a reasonable manner by the employer to transfer, demote, discipline, counsel, retrench or dismiss the worker; or (ii) a decision of the employer, based on reasonable grounds, not to award or provide a promotion, transfer, or benefit in connection with the worker's employment; Page 168 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Diagnostic Exclusionary provisions for psychological Impairment Jurisdiction methodology of injuries threshold assessment or (iii) reasonable administrative action taken in a reasonable manner by the employer in connection with the worker's employment; or (iv) reasonable action taken in a reasonable manner under this Act affecting the worker.In addition, a permanent impairment benefit does not arise under section 43 in relation to a psychiatric impairment.Compensation is not payable in respect of a 10% WPI. Ch 7 WorkCover disease which is an illness of the mind or a Tasmania disorder of the mind and which arises substantially Guidelines, from: using the (i) reasonable action taken in a reasonable Psychiatric manner by an employer to transfer, demote, Impairment discipline or counsel a worker or to bring about Rating Scale the cessation of a worker’s employment (PIRS). (ii) a decision of an employer, based on reasonable grounds, not to award or provide a promotion, transfer or benefit in connection with Tasmania a worker’s employment (iii) reasonable administrative action taken in a reasonable manner by an employer in connection with a worker’s employment (iv) the failure of an employer to take action of a type referred to above in relation to a worker in connection with the worker’s employment if there are reasonable grounds for not taking that action, or (v) reasonable action taken by an employer under this Act in a reasonable manner affecting a worker – s25(1A).Compensation is not payable if the injury is: None. (a) Due to reasonable disciplinary action (b) Due to failure to obtain promotion, transfer or Northern Territory benefit, or caused as a result of reasonable administrative action taken in connection with the worker’s employment – s3(1).A Mental Injury (including stress) does not include 0% WPI. Ch 11 a mental injury (including stress) that is completely WorkCover or mostly caused by reasonable action taken, or Guides for the proposed to be taken, by or on behalf of an Evaluation of employer in relation to the transfer, demotion, Permanent Australian Capital promotion, performance appraisal, discipline, Impairment, Territory * retrenchment or dismissal of a worker or the using the provision of an employment benefit to a worker – Psychiatric s4(2). Impairment Rating Scale (PIRS).Commonwealth Comcare Compensation is not payable in respect of an injury 10% WPI. American (being a disease) if the injury is: Medical (a) Due to reasonable administrative action taken Association in a reasonable manner in respect of the Guidelines to the employee’s employment s5A(1) – a non- Evaluation of Page 169 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Diagnostic Exclusionary provisions for psychological Impairment Jurisdiction methodology of injuries threshold assessment exclusive list of what might be taken to be Permanent ‘reasonable administrative action’ is included at Impairment (2nd s5A(2). Edition), Ch. (b) Intentionally self-inflicted – s14(2). Mental (c) Due to the worker making a false Conditions. representation, connected with their employment – s7(7).Compensation is not payable in respect of an injury 10% WPI. American (being a disease), if the injury is a result of Medical reasonable disciplinary action taken against the Association employee, or failure by the employee to obtain a Guidelines to the Commonwealth promotion, transfer or benefit in connection with his Evaluation of Seacare or her employment – s3. Permanent Impairment (2nd Edition), Ch. Mental Conditions. Psychological injuries are not treated any Initial As per Chapter 4 differently than other injuries or diseases. compensation - “Emotional and 10 impairment Behavioural”, Commonwealth points (IP). GARP V (M). DVA Additional compensation - 5 IPs.Cover does not exist for mental injuries if the mental injury is not caused by physical injuries – New Zealand s26(1)(c), the result of a sudden traumatic event – s 21B, or as a consequence of certain criminal acts – s21.* as at 30 June 2010 5.7 Retirement provisions Most jurisdictions have retirement provisions which restrict access to workers’ compensation, in particular income replacement payments, when a worker reaches the age of 65. Once an injured worker reaches the retirement age of 65 and has access to their superannuation or other forms of income support, such as the age pension, there is a commensurate decrease in compensation payments. Table 5.17 outlines each jurisdiction’s retirement provisions.Table 5.17 – Retirement provisions as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Retirement provisions ‘Retiring age’, in relation to a person, means the age at which the person would, subject to satisfying any other qualifying requirements, be eligible to receive an age pension under the Commonwealth Social Security Act 1991. If injury occurs before retiring age: – weekly compensation made until first anniversary of the date on which worker reaches retiring age. If the injury occurs on or after retiring age: – weekly payments made for the first 12 months New South Wales of injury. Eligibility for other benefits is ongoing – Workers Compensation Act 1987, s52.Workers’ in receipt of compensation benefits under the Workers’ Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942 are not subject to retirement provisions and may apply for and continue to receive compensation benefits up until their death - Workers’ Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942, s8(3). Page 170 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Retirement provisions Normally, the earlier of age 65 or normal retirement age for the worker’s occupation except in the following circumstances – s93F.If injured within the period of 130 weeks before attaining retirement age or at any time after attaining that age, the worker is entitled to weekly payments for no more than the first 130 Victoria weeks of incapacity for work – s93E.If worker’s incapacity after reaching retirement age relates to an injury suffered within the preceding 10 years and if the incapacity is due to inpatient treatment, the worker is entitled to weekly payments for a limited period of up to 13 weeks - s93EA.Queensland No retirement provision referred to in the Act.If injury occurs on or before 64, compensation ceases at 65. If injury occurs after 64, Western Australia compensation ceases a year after date of injury – s56.Weekly compensation payments are not payable after the worker reaches retirement age unless worker is within 2 years of retirement age or above retirement age in which case South Australia weekly payments are payable for a period of incapacity falling within 2 years after the commencement of the incapacity - ss35(2) and (3).If injury occurs on or before 64, compensation ceases at 65. If injury occurs after 64, Tasmania compensation ceases one year after injury occurs. The Tribunal may allow payments to continue where the worker would have continued to work beyond age 65 – s87.Weekly compensation generally stops when the person reaches the retirement age of 65. If the normal retiring age for workers in the industry at the time of injury is more than 65 – Northern until the worker attains that normal retiring age – s65. Territory If injury occurs after age 65, then 26 weeks at 100% normal weekly earnings - s64.Australian Capital If injury occurs before 63 – compensation is payable until the worker reaches 65. If injury Territory * occurs after 63 – for two years after incapacity date – ss39(3b) and s40(4).Compensation is not payable to an employee who has reached 65, however if an employee Commonwealth who has reached 63 suffers an injury, compensation is payable for a maximum of 104 Comcare weeks – s23.If an employee suffers an injury before 64, compensation is not payable for the injury after Commonwealth 65. If an employee suffers an injury after 64, compensation is payable for 12 months after Seacare date of injury – s38.Compensation in the form of income replacement is not payable to an employee/former Commonwealth member who has reached 65, however if an employee/former member who has reached DVA 63 suffers an injury, compensation is payable for a maximum of 104 weeks – s121. New Zealand Weekly compensation generally stops when the person reaches retirement age of 65. If injury occurs between 24 and 12 months prior to 65, weekly compensation can be paid for 24 months from the start date.If incapacitated within 12 months prior to 65, or after reaching 65, weekly compensation can be paid for 52 weeks as well as superannuation from the later of:  reaching 65 years  the first date of entitlement to weekly compensation.After those 52 weeks, they can choose either weekly compensation or national Page 171 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Retirement provisions superannuation for a further year. Weekly compensation stops after that further year – Schedule 1, Part 2, s52.* as at 30 June 20105.8 Cross-border Provisions Workers’ compensation schemes vary significantly between jurisdictions, which can lead to confusion for employers and workers. All jurisdictions have acknowledged this and have implemented, or will implement, cross-border provisions which are based on the National Cross-Border Model developed by HWCA.Cross-border provisions provide coverage for workers who travel to, or work temporarily, in different jurisdictions, as long as workers meet a ‘state of connection’ test.An injured worker’s State or Territory of connection is determined by the following tests:Test A - The Territory or State in which the worker usually works in that employment, orTest B - If not identified through (A) – the Territory or State in which the worker is usually based for the purposes of that employment, orTest C - If not identified through (A) or (B) – the Territory or State in which the employer’s principal place of business in Australia is located.If no State of connection can be determined for a worker and a worker is not entitled to compensation for the same matter under the laws of a place outside Australia, a worker’s employment is connected with the State where the injury occurred.These tests are hierarchical, so if the first test does not provide an answer, the next test is applied until the worker’s status is determined. Special arrangements apply for workers on ships and a safety net also applies. Table 5.18 shows the status of implementation of the national cross-border model in each jurisdiction. Table 5.18 – Cross-border provisions implementation history Jurisdiction Cross-border provisionsNew South Wales National cross-border model implemented on 1 January 2006.National cross-border model implemented from 1 September 2004. Effective from 1 July Victoria 2005, Victorian legislation imposed a Victorian premium liability on employers only in respect of workers who are connected with Victoria as defined.Queensland National cross-border model implemented as at 1 July 2003.Western Australia National cross-border model implemented 22 December 2004.South Australia National cross-border model commenced in South Australia on 1 January 2007.Tasmania National cross-border model implemented from December 2004.Northern National cross-border model implemented from 26 April 2007. TerritoryPage 172 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Cross-border provisionsAustralian Capital National cross-border model implemented on 3 June 2004. TerritoryCommonwealth There are no formal cooperative arrangements with other jurisdictional compensation Comcare authorities, as the Commonwealth scheme does not operate on a geographical basis.Commonwealth State/Territory compensation schemes have no application if Seafarers Act applies. SeacareCommonwealth There are no formal cooperative arrangements with other jurisdictions in Australia, as DVA DVA operations are not constrained by geography.The ACC Scheme covers New Zealand residents injured outside of New Zealand if they New Zealand have been or remain absent for less than six months or intend to be absent for less than six months. Additional cover can be purchased for up to 24 months.Page 173 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20106. Benefits Once it is established that an injured worker is entitled to workers’ compensation, the next step is to determine the type and amount of benefits the worker is entitled to receive. The benefits an injured worker receives should assist them financially whilst they are recovering from their injury, as well as helping them return to their pre-injury employment in a timely, safe and durable manner through rehabilitation and other necessary support. The types of benefits that an injured worker may receive include:  income replacement payments  costs of medical and hospital treatment  permanent impairment benefits  death benefits, and  other benefits. 6.1 Income replacement payments Income replacement payments (generally known as weekly payments) are periodic payments that are usually calculated on the basis of the worker’s pre-injury earnings.While income replacement payments aim to substitute fairly the lost earnings of an injured worker, there are limits to entitlements depending on the degree of incapacity. Income replacement payments are ‘stepped down’ by a percentage or to a set amount for workers who cannot earn an income because of a work related injury.All jurisdictions index income replacement amounts notionally to keep pace with increases in average incomes, although the amounts and timing of indexation vary.An injured worker may elect to receive a one off lump sum payment, which replaces the workers ongoing weekly income replacement payments. This type of payment needs to be agreed by the injured worker and the insurer, and can be referred to as settlement, redemption or commutation payment. There may be criteria that need to be met in order for an injured worker to receive a lump sum settlement payout. If an injured worker elects to receive a lump sum payment, the insurer’s liability and weekly income replacement benefits cease, but in some jurisdictions this payment does not affect medical and like expenses.Income replacement arrangements differ across all of the workers’ compensation jurisdictions. Table 6.1 shows the income replacement arrangements in each jurisdiction.Table 6.1 - Income replacement payments as at 30 September 2010 Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation New South Wales Part 3, Div 2 (1987 Act) Commutation is a single lump sum payment to the injured Total Incapacity: worker by the scheme agent or < 26 weeks: Current Weekly Wage Rate: Under insurer on behalf of the employer, award/enterprise agreement 100%, or where no the receipt of which brings to an award/enterprise agreement, 80% of the average immediate end all future weekly earnings of the worker, excluding overtime and entitlements to weekly benefits, allowances (maximum weekly rate: $1716.40. lump sum compensation for > 26 weeks: the lesser of 90% of average weekly Whole Person Impairment, earnings or the statutory rate of $403.70, plus the hospital, medical and related following additional amount for spouse and/or treatment and rehabilitation dependent children: expenses. Commutation is only  spouse: $106.40 available if the following pre-  1 child: $76.00 conditions are met:  2 children: $170.10  the injured worker has a  3 children: $281.80 permanent impairment that is  4 children: $396.30 at least a 15% whole person Page 174 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation  For each additional dependent child in excess of 4: impairment $114.30.  compensation for that permanent impairment and Partial Incapacity: pain and suffering has been < 26 weeks with worker not suitably employed paid (s38): payment as per the total incapacity rate.  the worker is currently eligible for ongoing weekly 26-52 weeks with worker not suitably employed benefits and must have (s38): 80% of current weekly wage rate or the amount received weekly benefits that would be payable for total incapacity (whichever is regularly and periodically greater). during previous six months  it is more than two years > 52 weeks: The maximum period for which partially since worker first received incapacitated workers whose employers cannot compensation provide suitable duties can receive special benefits is 52 weeks.  injury management and return to work opportunities Partial incapacity (all other circumstances): have been exhausted difference between the amount worker would probably  weekly benefits have not have been earning were it not for the injury and the been stopped or reduced as amount currently earning (or able to earn). However, a result of the worker not cannot exceed: seeking suitable employment.< 26 weeks: maximum weekly benefit payment of Prior to receiving a commutation: $1716.40.  the worker must receive independent legal and > 26 weeks: the lesser of the statutory rate or 90% of financial advice average weekly earnings.  the Scheme agent or insurer, employer and > 104 weeks: Payments can be discontinued at the worker must agree with the end of 104 weeks of partial incapacity if the worker - commutation  is no longer job seeking  WorkCover must agree with  is unemployed mainly as a result of the labour the commutation market conditions, or  all agreements must be  has unreasonably rejected an offer of suitable registered with the Workers’ employment. Compensation Commission – Part 3, Div 9 (1987 Act) Benefits are indexed on 1 April and 1 October each s87EA. year. There is no entitlement to Workers’ Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942: commute weekly benefits for workers under the Workers’ As above with the exception of statutory payments Compensation (Dust Diseases) which are as follows: Act 1942 however dependant  up to $403.70 (partially disabled workers are paid entitlements may be redeemed. on a pro rata basis)  spouse: $106.40  1 child: $76.00  2 children: $170.10  3 children: $281.80  4 children: $396.30 Each additional child: $114.30. Victoria Due to statutory changes to scheme on 12/11/97, A settlement of weekly payments benefit rates depend on date of entitlement. in a lump sum is allowable in some circumstances. There are 3 Pre 12/11/97 claims: Workers entitled to receive separate subdivisions for weekly payments; old rates apply. voluntary settlements each with its own specific eligibility criteria – Post 05/04/10 claims: Part IV, Div 3A. The settlement is First 13 weeks: only for weekly payments and If no current work capacity: 95% of pre-injury average does not include reasonable weekly earnings (PIAWE) or maximum (twice State medical and like expenses which average weekly earnings- $1810), whichever is the continue to be paid. lesser. If current work capacity: 95% PIAWE or maximum Page 175 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation (whichever is the lesser) less current weekly earnings – s93A.> 13 weeks: If no current work capacity 80% of PIAWE; or maximum, whichever is the lesser. If current work capacity: 80% of PIAWE or maximum (whichever is the lesser) less 80% current weekly earnings – s93B.> 52 weeks: No further entitlement to compensation for overtime or shift allowance components of PIAWE – s5A(1A), s5A(1B).> 130 weeks (Note for pre 1 Jan 2005 claim = 104 weeks): Weekly payments cease after 130 weeks of weekly payments unless: (a) worker is likely to have no current work capacity indefinitely- weekly payments continue while this is the case until retirement age – s93CC, or (b) worker has a current work capacity and has returned to work at his/her maximum capacity and is working at least 15 hours per week and earning at least $155 per week – s93CD, or (c) worker is working 15 hours per week and earning at least $155 per week and requires surgery and is incapacitated for work – worker entitled to maximum of 13 weeks of weekly payments on same basis as s98B above if applies more than 13 weeks after weekly payment entitlement after 130 weeks ceased - s93CA. Queensland For the first 26 weeks: Workers under an industrial Liability for weekly compensation instrument s150(1)(a) – the greater of: payments can be discharged by a) 85% of the worker’s normal weekly earnings a redemption payment agreed (NWE), or between the insurer and worker if b) amount payable under the worker’s industrial worker has been receiving instrument. weekly payments for at least 2 years and the worker’s injury is Workers not under an award or agreement s151(1) not stable and stationary for the (b): – the greater of: purpose of assessing permanent a) 85% of NWE impairment – Ch 3, Part 9, Div 7. b) 80% of QOTE. Queensland Ordinary Time Earnings (QOTE) is After a redemption payment has currently $1228.20. been made the worker has no further entitlement to Workers on contract (s152(1)(a):- the greater of compensation for the injury, a) 85% NWE including weekly benefits, and b) the amount payable under the worker’s contract of medical and rehabilitation service. expenses. From the end of the first 26 weeks to the end of the first 2 years, whether or not worker is under an industrial instrument or contract s150(1)(b), s151(1)(b) and 152 (1)(b) - the greater of: a) 75% of the worker’s NWE b) 70% of QOTE.From the end of first 2 years to the end of the first 5 years: where a worker demonstrates that the injury could result in a work-related impairment (WRI) of more than 15% - s150(1)(d), s151(1)(d) and s152(1)(d) - the greater of: a) 75% of the worker’s NWEPage 176 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation b) 70% of QOTE.Workers with WRI less than or equal to 15%, receive an amount equal to the single pension rate.Total amount payable for weekly benefits is. $265 485 (from 1 July 2010).A cap on weekly payments of $2060.80 applies for the Lump sum redemption payment duration of claims. This amount is indexed annually for loss of future wages, medical (every 1 July). and like expenses, as a result of a permanent total or partial Workers whose earnings are prescribed by an incapacity. industrial award First 13 weeks of claim: Weekly payments will consist Criteria: worker received weekly of the rate of the worker’s average weekly earnings payments for not less than 6 payable under the relevant industrial award, plus any months, worker and employer over award or service payment paid on a regular agree to redemption and the basis, including overtime, bonuses or allowances up to lump sum amount, the worker will a maximum of $2060.80. Overtime, bonuses or automatically waive their allowances are averaged over the 13 weeks before the common law rights and the disability occurred – Schedule 1, clause 11(3)(a). Director of the Dispute Resolution Directorate is satisfied 14th week onward: Weekly payments consist of the the worker is aware of the rate of weekly earnings payable under the relevant consequences of redeeming their industrial award, plus any over award or service claim – s67. payment paid on a regular basis, any allowance paid on a regular basis as part of the worker’s earnings and Compensation for permanent related to the number and pattern of hours worked but impairment is also available Western Australia excluding overtime, bonuses or allowances. Maximum under Schedule 2 of the Act payment is $2060.80. Subject to the cap of $2060.80, which lists specific compensable the minimum rate of weekly earnings payable, at the injuries against which a time of the incapacity, for the appropriate classification percentage of the prescribed under the relevant award – Schedule 1, clause 11(3) amount is listed. (b).Workers whose earnings are not prescribed by an industrial award First 13 weeks of claim: Weekly payments will consist of the worker’s average weekly earnings (including overtime, bonuses and allowances) averaged over the year before the disability occurred, up to a maximum of $2060.80 – Schedule 1, clause 11(4)(a).14th week onward: Weekly payments ‘step down’ to 85% of the worker’s average weekly earnings; maximum payment is $2060.80. Minimum rate: Subject to the cap of $2060.80, the minimum rate of weekly earnings payable under the Minimum Conditions of Employment Act 1993 – Schedule 1, clause 11(4)(b).South Australia Cap of 2 x State average weekly earnings ($2381.60 South Australia offers at 30/09/10). redemptions, which are a lump- sum payment to effectively If worker is partially incapacitated, their actual earnings ‘settle’ and cease an injured are deducted from their income maintenance, which worker’s entitlement to ongoing instead of a full wage replacement, acts as a ‘top up’. compensation or rehabilitation support. < 13 weeks: 100% of the worker’s Average Weekly Earnings Use of redemptions will only be (AWE). allowed where it will not undermine the Scheme’s primary 13 - 26 weeks: focus on return to work, in Page 177 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation 90% of worker’s AWE. circumstances where:  the worker has returned to > 26 weeks: work but has an ongoing 80% of AWE. entitlement to a small top-up of $30 per week or less and > 130 weeks: the redemption will remove Worker may be subject to a Work Capacity Review the administrative cost of the and if they have capacity to work that they are not claim remaining open for maximising, their income maintenance may cease. WorkCover and the worker  the worker is 55 years of age or older and has no current work capacity  exceptional circumstances apply where there is an overwhelming social interest in finalising the matter (as determined by the Workers Compensation Tribunal).Redemptions are voluntary and can only take place through mutual agreement between the parties.Tasmania Section 69B Section 132A≤ 26 weeks: Settlements made within 2 100% of weekly payment i.e. the greater of normal years of the date of claim weekly earnings (NWE), or ordinary-time rate-of-pay for work engaged in immediately prior to incapacity. Settlement by agreement of outstanding entitlements to NWE is the workers average weekly earnings with that compensation made within 2 employer over the previous 12 months or the period of years of the date the claim was employment if less than 12 months. Overtime is made must be approved by the included if it was regular and would have continued to Workers Rehabilitation and be paid if the worker was not incapacitated. Compensation Tribunal (the Tribunal). > 26 weeks - ≤ 78 Weeks: 90% of weekly payment. The Act provides that the To approve a proposed worker is to receive 95% of the weekly payment if the agreement to settle, the Tribunal employer fails to provide suitable alternative duties. must be satisfied that:  all reasonable steps have > 78 weeks: been taken to enable the 80% of weekly payment. The Act provides that the worker to be rehabilitated, worker is to receive 85% of the weekly payment if the retrained or to return to work, employer fails to provide suitable alternative duties. or  the worker has returned to Cessation of entitlement to weekly payments work, or depends on the worker’s degree of whole person  where there has been a impairment (WPI): reasonably arguable case  9 years if < 15% WPI determination, that the  12 years if ≥15% WPI but < 20% WPI proposed agreement is in the  20 years if ≥20% WPI but < 30% WPI best interests of the worker,  To age of retirement if ≥ 30% WPI. or  special circumstances in Minimum weekly payment is 70% of the basic salary relation to the worker make ($449.30 per week as at September 2010) or 100% of rehabilitation, retraining or the weekly payment – whichever is the lesser amount return to work impracticable (or pro rata equivalent) – s.69B(3). and the proposed agreement is in the best interests of the worker.The Tribunal must also be satisfied that the worker has received appropriate professionalPage 178 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation advice about the proposed agreement to settle and that the worker’s entitlement to lump sum compensation for permanent impairment has been considered.Settlements made after 2 yearsAgreements to settle made more than 2 years after the date the claim was made do not have to be approved by the Tribunal.However, a party can subsequently refer the agreement to the Tribunal to be reviewed and possibly set aside. Referral must be made within 3 months of the date of the agreement.The Tribunal can set aside an agreement if it is of the opinion that:  a party entered the agreement under duress, or  the worker has not received appropriate advice, or  a party was induced to enter the agreement by a misrepresentation by another party (or their agent).< 26 weeks: Commute weekly benefits into Normal weekly earnings (NWE) i.e. worker’s normal lump sum payment. Maximum working hours per week at hourly rate, including 156 times NWE or 156 times overtime and shift penalties (where worked in a regular AWE, whichever is greater: – and established pattern) – s64. s74. Only for workers who are not totally incapacitated and > 26 weeks: rehabilitation is completed. Whichever is the greater of: Medical and like expenses are a) 75% of NWE to a maximum of $1730.25, or continued to be paid. b) $576.75 plus $144.18 for a dependant spouse and $72.09 for each dependent child; or 90% of NWE Northern (whichever is the lesser) – s65(1). Territory < 104 weeks: Weekly benefits may reduce or cease, if the worker has been deemed to have an earning capacity, provided that suitable employment is reasonably available –s65(2)(b)(i).> 104 weeks: Weekly benefits may reduce or cease, if the worker has been deemed to have an earning capacity, without having regard to the availability of suitable employment – s65(2)(b)(ii).Australian Capital Territory * Total Incapacity Negotiated between injured worker and employer/insurer. s39(2)(3): – weekly compensation for any period on or Schedule 1 of the Act provides a after the initial incapacity date, but not for a period of list of injuries, including for the longer than, or for periods (whether or not continuous) loss of toes, taste and smell, and totalling more than, 26 weeks; or if the worker was, on sets out a % rate (from 2% to Page 179 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation the initial incapacity date for the injury, younger than 100%) of the single loss amount 63 years old - for any period after the worker reaches payable. 65; or if the worker was, on the initial incapacity date for the injury, at least 63 years old - for any period Unlimited Common Law. more than 2 years after the initial incapacity date. Benefits may be commuted. s39(4)(a): – entitlement is based on the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings. s41: – after 26 weeks of total incapacity, the worker is entitled to receive weekly compensation equal to: a) if 100% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings is less than the pre-incapacity floor for the worker - 100% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings; or b) if 100% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings is more, but 65% of those earnings is less, than the pre-incapacity floor for the worker - the statutory floor1; or c) if 65% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings is more than the pre-incapacity floor2 for the worker: – whichever is morePartial Incapacity s39: – weekly compensation for any period on or after the initial incapacity date, but not for a period of longer than, or for periods (whether or not continuous) totalling more than, 26 weeks; or if the worker was, on the initial incapacity date for the injury, younger than 63 years old - for any period after the worker reaches 65; or if the worker was, on the initial incapacity date for the injury, at least 63 years old - for any period more than 2 years after the initial incapacity date. s39(4)(b): – entitlement is based on the difference between the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings; and the average weekly amount that the worker is being paid for working or could earn in reasonably available suitable employment. s42: – the worker is entitled to receive weekly compensation equal to the difference between the weekly amount the worker is being paid for working or could earn in reasonably available suitable employment and: a) if 100% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings is less than the statutory floor – 100% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings; or b) if the relevant percentage of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings is less than the statutory floor – the statutory floor; or c) if the relevant percentage of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earnings is more than the statutory ceiling3 – the statutory ceiling; or d) in any other case – the relevant percentage of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly earningsRelevant percentage is: a) if the worker is not working or works 25% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly hours or less - 65%; or b) if the worker is working more than 25% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly hours but not more than 50% - 75%; or c) if the worker is working more than 50% of the Page 180 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly hours but not more than 75% - 85%; or d) if the worker is working more than 75% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly hours but not more than 85% - 95%; or e) if the worker is working more than 85% of the worker’s average pre-incapacity weekly hours – 100%Comcare: Redemptions of weekly benefits < 45 weeks: 100% Normal weekly earnings (NWE) are only available in some which includes overtime if regular and required and circumstances and are calculated penalties, with no maximum cap applied –s19(2). per s30(1) (or s137(1) for “former workers”) under the SRC Act. > 45 weeks: s19(3). Medical, rehabilitation or (a) if not working:- 75% of NEW. permanent impairment payments Minimum: $402.06. are not affected. A redemption lump sum can only be paid out in Additional for prescribed person - $99.56, and for each lieu of ongoing weekly incapacity dependent child - $49.75. Compensation payments for payments when a worker’s ex-workers are increased by reference to the ABS weekly incapacity payments are Wage Cost Index for year ending 31 December equal to or less than an indexed applicable from 1 July each year – Part II, Div 3: amount ($99.56 per week, 1 July a) if working >0% - <=25% of pre injury hours:- 80% 2010) and Comcare is satisfied of NWE less Able to Earn that the degree of incapacity is b) if working >25% - <=50% of pre injury hours:- 85% unlikely to change. The lump sum of NWE less Able to Earn payment is calculated by a c) if working >50% - <=75% of pre injury hours:- 90% specified formula. of NWE less Able to Earn d) if working >75% - <100% of pre injury hours:- 95% Commonwealth of NWE less Able to Earn Comcare e) if working 100% of pre injury hours:- 100% of NWE less Able to Earn. Maximum: $1884.45 from 19 August 2010 (150% of Average Week Ordinary Time Earnings for Full-time Adults as published by Australian Bureau of Statistics).Retired Employees The weekly benefit payable to such employees is the equivalent of 70% of their former normal weekly earnings. This is calculated by subtracting from the amount of compensation otherwise payable (i) the employer-funded part of their weekly superannuation pension (or its deemed weekly equivalent from the employer funded lump sum) and (ii) 5% of the employee's former normal weekly earnings to equate with the typical superannuation contribution most employees would have been paying had the employee not retired. The above mentioned “amount of compensation otherwise payable” takes into account any actual or able to earn amount - subsections 20(3), 21(3) and 21A(3).Commonwealth Seacare < 45 weeks: 100% Normal weekly earnings (NWE) Redemptions of weekly benefits which includes overtime if regular and required and are only available in some penalties, with no maximum cap applied – s31(2). circumstances. Medical, rehabilitation or permanent > 45 weeks: s31(5): impairment payments are not (a) if not working:- 75% of NWE. affected. A redemption lump sum Minimum: $402.06. can only be paid out in lieu of ongoing weekly incapacity Additional for prescribed person - $99.56, and for each payments when a worker’s dependent child - $49.75. Compensation payments for weekly incapacity payments are ex-workers are increased by reference to the ABS equal to or less than the statutoryPage 181 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation Wage Cost Index for year ending 31 December rate ($99.56 per week at 30 June applicable from 1 July each year – ss31(12,13). 2010) and the employer is satisfied that the degree of b) if working >0% - <=25% of pre injury hours:- 80% incapacity is unlikely to change. of NWE less Able to Earn The lump sum payment is c) if working >25% - <=50% of pre injury hours:- 85% calculated by a specified formula of NWE less Able to Earn – s44. d) if working >50% - <=75% of pre injury hours:- 90% of NWE less Able to Earn e) if working >75% - <100% of pre injury hours:- 95% of NWE less Able to Earn f) if working 100% of pre injury hours:- 100% of NWE less Able to Earn.Maximum: $1,884.45 from 19 August 2010 (150% of Average Week Ordinary Time Earnings for Full-time Adults as published by Australian Bureau of Statistics).100% normal earnings (NE) for current members - Ch Redemptions of weekly benefits 4 Part III. are only available in some < 45 weeks: 100% NE for former members - s131, circumstances and are calculated plus ADF allowance. per s138.> 45 weeks: (a) if not working: 75% of NE - s131. Minimum: Federal Minimum Wage - s179.Compensation payments for ex-workers are increased Commonwealth by reference to the ADF pay scales:- DVA (a) if working >0% - <=25% of pre injury hours:- 80% of NE less actual earnings (AE) (b) if working >25% - <=50% of pre injury hours:- 85% of NWE less Able to Earn (c) if working >50% - <=75% of pre injury hours:- 90% of NE less actual earnings (AE) (d) if working >75% - <100% of pre injury hours:- 95% of NE less actual earnings (AE) (e) if working 100% of pre injury hours:- 100% of NE less actual earnings (AE). Maximum: No maximum.New Zealand Employees Injury prior to 1 April 2002, an For weeks 2-5, 80% of short term rate, which is independence allowance may be defined as: payable if impairment > 10%. Permanent employees: earnings in the four weeks prior divided by number of From 1 April 2002, spouse of weeks in which they were derived – Schedule 1, Part person killed can apply to have 1, clause 34. weekly compensation commuted. Non-permanent employees: all earnings in the four weeks prior divided by number The independence allowance can of weeks in which they were derived – Schedule 1, be capitalised for periods of 5 Part 1, clause 36. years, weekly compensation and medical costs can not be Week 5, 80% of the long term rate, which is defined commuted. as: Permanent employees: earnings from employment with that employer in the 52 weeks prior divided by weeks in which they were derived – Schedule 1, Part 1, clause 34. Non-permanent employees: all earnings in the 52 weeks prior divided by 52 weeks – Schedule 1, Part 1, clause36.Self-employedPage 182 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement, Redemption, Jurisdiction Calculation Commutation Either: a) the greater of previous earnings as an employee in the 52 weeks prior to incapacity divided by the number of weeks worked or the minimum full-time earner rate b) earnings as an employee in the 52 weeks prior to the incapacity and as a self-employed person in the relevant year divided by weeks as an employee plus weeks worked as self-employed, or c) weeks as an employee divided by 52 plus self- employed earnings divided by 52 – Schedule 1, Part 1, clause 38.Share-holder-employees Either: a) earnings as an employee in the 52 weeks prior to incapacity divided by the number of weeks worked b) earnings as an employee in the 52 weeks prior to incapacity and as a shareholder employee in the relevant year divided by weeks as an employee plus weeks worked as a shareholder-employee, or c) weeks as an employee divided by 52 plus shareholder-employee earnings divided by 52 – Schedule 1, Part 1, clause 39.Maximum is NZ$89 334.96. Will be reduced by a proportion of any earnings derived in the period of incapacity.Minimum for full-time earners: 80% of NZ$510. (The IPRC Amendment Act 2008 removed the need for a different minimum earner rate for full-time earners under 18).* as at 30 June 2010 1 - Statutory floor (ACT) is the federal minimum wage under the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cth.) 2 - Pre-incapacity floor (ACT) is the statutory floor that applied immediately before the initial incapacity date for the worker in relation to the injury. 3 - Statutory ceiling (ACT) is 150% of AWE at the time the amount is to be paid.6.2 Settlement of future incapacity benefits Some jurisdictions provide for settlement of future incapacity payments entitlements to injured workers on the basis that certain criteria are met. These payments (often referred to as redemptions or commutations) are paid out as a settlement payment by the relevant Authority, which may include provisions that the injured worker can no longer claim benefits for their injury.Table 6.2 - Incapacity benefits settlements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction CoverageNew South Wales Yes, some restrictions.Victoria Yes, some restrictions.Queensland Yes.Western Australia Yes.South AustraliaPage 183 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction CoverageYes, with significant restrictions.1Tasmania Yes, some restrictions.Northern Yes for incapacity benefits, otherwise able to claim other benefits. TerritoryAustralian Capital Yes. Territory *Commonwealth Yes, some restrictions. Comcare Commonwealth Yes, some restrictions. Seacare Commonwealth Yes, some restrictions. DVANew Zealand Yes.* as at 30 June 2010 1 - Since 1 July 2009, legislative and policy restrictions have applied to redemptions for workers injured on or after 1 July 2006. These restrictions were extended to all claims from 1 July 2010. Under these restrictions a redemption can only be entered into if:  the income maintenance to be redeemed does not exceed $30 per week (indexed)  the worker is 55 years or over and has no current work capacity, or  the Workers Compensation Tribunal orders the redemption in exceptional circumstances.6.3 Medical and hospital costs Payment of medical and hospital costs assist workers in their recovery from injury by providing necessary rehabilitation and medical services. Most workplace injuries will require some form of medical assistance and there are instances where the worker requires hospital admission due to the severity of the injury. Workers’ compensation schemes cover medical, hospital and allied health expenses.Table 6.3 shows how the medical and hospital benefits are calculated and specifies any limits that may apply. Table 6.3 - Medical and hospital benefits as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Calculation LimitsAll reasonable costs – 1987 Act, s60(1). $7500 for reasonably necessary medical costs under provisional liability. New South Wales Statutory maximum for medical and hospital expenses is $50 000. Insurers can apply to WorkCover to approve amounts over $50 000.Victoria All reasonable costs for road accident WorkSafe may issue guidelines identifying rescue services, medical, hospital, nursing, services or classes of services for which personal and household, occupational approval should be sought from WorkSafe rehabilitation and ambulance services before the services are provided - received because of the injury; reasonable s99(1AA). costs of car modification or reasonable amount towards car purchase and/or Entitlement to medical and like services modification; reasonable costs of home ceases 52 weeks after the entitlement to modification or reasonable amount towards weekly payments ceases or, if purchase costs of a semi-detachable compensation is payable only for medical portable unit or relocation costs to suitable and like services, 52 weeks after this Page 184 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Calculation Limits home capable of modification; respite care entitlement commences. In certain and supported accommodation costs. circumstances, entitlement does not cease (e.g. if worker’s health or ability to undertake activities of daily living or remain at work or surgery is required). Entitlement does not cease if common law economic loss damages received or voluntary settlement of weekly payments received - ss99(11) to 99(14).If injury is a severe injury or results in death, counselling services will be provided to family members, not exceeding $5410 – s99(1)(aa).Medical treatment or hospitalisation that they consider reasonable, having regard to Queensland the injury. The Authority may impose conditions. Insurer must pay the cost of the medical treatment – s210.Reasonable expenses incurred – Schedule 30% of prescribed amount ($55 018). An 1, clause 17. additional $50 000 can be granted by the Dispute Resolution Directorate where the worker’s social and financial circumstances justify it – Schedule 1, clause 18A(1).If a worker meets an exceptional medical Western Australia circumstances test and has a whole person impairment of not less than 15%, they may apply for additional medical and related expenses capped at $250 000. Workers granted such an extension are excluded from seeking common law damages – Schedule 1, clause 18A.A worker is entitled to be compensated for reasonable costs, reasonably incurred in consequence of having suffered a compensable disability, (or the regulated amount where applicable) of: a) medical services b) hospitalisation and all associated medical, surgical and nursing services c) approved rehabilitation d) cost of travelling or transportation for the purpose of receiving medical services, hospitalisation or approved rehabilitation South Australia e) accommodation if necessary for medical or rehabilitation purposes f) attendance by nurse, etc in certain circumstances g) provision, maintenance, replacement or repair of therapeutic appliances h) medicines and other material purchased on the prescription or recommendation of a medical report, and i) other costs or classes of costs authorised by WorkCover – ss32(1) and (2).Tasmania A worker is entitled to compensation for If the worker is entitled to weekly payments reasonable expenses necessarily incurred for incapacity in respect of the injury, Page 185 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Calculation Limits by the worker as a result of the injury for entitlement to compensation for medical medical services, hospital services, nursing expenses ceases 52 weeks after the lawful services, constant attendant services, termination of weekly payments (subject to rehabilitation services, household services, a determination by the Tribunal). road accident rescue services and ambulance services – s75(1)(a). If the worker is not entitled to weekly payments for incapacity in respect of the injury, entitlement to compensation for medical expenses ceases 52 weeks after the date the claim was made (subject to a determination by the Tribunal).Northern Territory All reasonable costs. No limit – s73.Employer is liable to pay for the cost of The total amount payable must not be more medical treatment reasonably obtained in than the maximum amount for each of the relation to the injury, and for the cost of following: medical treatment consisting of rehabilitation services – s70. the repair or replacement of a worker’s contact lenses, crutches, prosthesis, Australian Capital Employer is liable to pay for hospital spectacles or other artificial aid and Territory * treatment – s73. damage or loss of clothing.The maximum amount means an amount agreed between employer and worker or $617.63, CPI indexed – s70.Reasonable treatment is paid at a cost No limit: appropriate costs – s16. Commonwealth determined to be appropriate to that Comcare treatment.Commonwealth All reasonable costs. No limit: appropriate costs - s28. Seacare1. All reasonable costs. 1. No limit – s276. Commonwealth 2. Scheduled items (if condition is chronic 2. Per statutory schedule. DVA and member has discharged from the ADF).Regulated or contract rates for treatment, Prior approval of expenditure is required and reasonable costs associated with social except for acute treatment, and all costs New Zealand and vocational rehabilitation – s69(1)(a). approved by contract or regulations – Schedule 1, Part 1, clause 1.* as at 30 June 2010 6.4 Permanent impairment payments In most cases, injured workers make a full recovery from their injury, but there are instances where an injury sustained to a worker is permanent. In these situations, an injured worker may be entitled to permanent impairment benefits, which are awarded in addition to income replacement payments. Permanent impairment payments are a lump sum payment for each impairment sustained to cover non-economic loss.Table 6.4 illustrates what permanent impairment payments may be awarded, how they are assessed and other factors that may apply.Page 186 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 6.4 – Indexed benefits for permanent impairment as at 30 September 2010 Additional benefits conditional to meeting Max Amount Jurisdiction Benefit Type Indexation mechanism a prescribed degree of impairment (e.g. Weekly benefits still payable? (current) access to common law)Permanent $220,000 Thresholds for claims for: Weekly benefits and medical costs are Impairment - s66. (plus an  Work Injury Damages 15% WPI. still payable. Thresholds: additional 5% for  Commutation 15% WPI.  Physical injury permanent 1% WPI. impairment of Other criteria apply for the above claims.  Binaural the spine). hearing loss 6%.  Primary New South Wales psychological No. injury 15% WPI.Pain and Suffering - s67. $50 000 Thresholds:  Physical injury 10% WPI.  Primary psychological injury 15% WPI.CPI (Melbourne). Adjusted See section on common law. Weekly payments and medical and like Victoria Combined.1 $511 920 1 July. expenses are still payable.Queensland Standard. $265 485 QOTE: Queensland full- If 30% or more Work Related Impairment: up All other payments cease. time adult’s ordinary time to $265 485 additional lump sum Additional. $265 485 earnings. Adjusted 1 July. compensation, payable according to a graduated scale prescribed by regulation. Gratuitous care. $300 740 If a worker sustains an injury that results in a Latent onset. $557 525 WRI of 15% or more and a moderate to total level of dependency on day to day care for the fundamental activities of daily living, the worker is entitled to additional lump sum compensation of up to $300 740, payable according to a graduated scale prescribed by regulation, but only if:Page 187 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Additional benefits conditional to meeting Max Amount Jurisdiction Benefit Type Indexation mechanism a prescribed degree of impairment (e.g. Weekly benefits still payable? (current) access to common law) (a) day to day care for the fundamental activities of daily living is to be provided at the worker’s home on a voluntary basis by another person, and (b) the worker resides at home on a permanent basis, and (c) the level of care required was not provided to the worker before the worker sustained the impairment, and (d) the worker physically demonstrates the level of dependency.No threshold for common law.Lump sum for $183 394 Labour Price Index 1. Common law: not less than 15% whole Weekly payments cease once a single or multiple ordinary time hourly rates of person impairment (limited damages) memorandum of agreement is impairments. of pay for Western and not less than 25% whole of person registered pursuant to section 76 of the Australia. Adjusted 1 July. impairment (unlimited damages). Act.2. Specialised retraining programs: Not less than 10% whole of person impairment but less than 15% whole of Western person impairment (also need to satisfy Australia criteria determined by WorkCover WA).3. Payment of additional expenses: (Schedule 1, Clause 18A of up to $250 000). Not less than 15% whole of person impairment (Arbitrator is also to have regard to the social and financial circumstances and the reasonable financial needs of the injured worker).South Australia Non-economic loss. $426 255 Adjusted on 1 January in N/A. Weekly benefits and medical costs are each year, beginning on 1 still payable. January 2010, by multiplying the stated amount by a proportion obtained by dividing the Consumer Price Index for Page 188 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Additional benefits conditional to meeting Max Amount Jurisdiction Benefit Type Indexation mechanism a prescribed degree of impairment (e.g. Weekly benefits still payable? (current) access to common law) the September quarter of the immediately preceding year by the Consumer Price Index for the September quarter, 2008 (with the amount so adjusted being rounded up to the nearest dollar).Combined. $266 376 415 x basic salary. 20% WPI for access to common law Entitlement to weekly benefits and damages. medical costs is not affected except The basic salary is where payment of impairment benefit is calculated each year a component of a claim settlement. taking into account the variation in the average weekly ordinary full-time earnings of adults in Tasmania Tasmania from May of the preceding year and May in the year before that. (For example, the basic salary for 2010 was calculated taking in account the variation in the average weekly earnings between May 2008 and May 2009)..Combined. $239 928 208 X full-time adult N/A. Payment of permanent impairment does persons weekly ordinary not impact on any other entitlements. Northern time earnings for Northern Territory Territory. Adjusted on 1 January.Australian Single, Approx. CPI (Canberra). Adjusted Negotiated between injured worker and Capital Territory $123 525 June quarterly in line with CPI employer/insurer. Schedule 1 of the Act * or 09). indexed variations. provides as list of injuries, including for the loss of toes, taste and smell, and multiple Approx. sets out a % rate (from 2% to 100%) of impairments. $185 288 (Dec the single loss amount payable.Page 189 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Additional benefits conditional to meeting Max Amount Jurisdiction Benefit Type Indexation mechanism a prescribed degree of impairment (e.g. Weekly benefits still payable? (current) access to common law) 08).Economic. $159 236 CPI. Adjusted 1 July. N/A. Payment of Permanent Impairment does not impact on any other entitlements Commonwealth Non Economic. $59 714 under the SRC. ComcareCommonwealth Economic. $159 236 CPI. Adjusted 1 July. N/A. Payment of Permanent Impairment does Seacare not impact on any other entitlements Non Economic. $59 714 under the Seafarers Act.Combined. $292.08 per CPI. Adjusted 1 July. Certain death benefits for dependants if Payment of Permanent Impairment can week or deceased suffered impairment of 80 or more impact on the payment of Special Rate equivalent age impairment points (IPs). Disability Pension under the MRCA. based lump sum up to maximum $75 192 plus education scheme benefits $387 327. equivalent to Youth Allowance paid for each dependent eligible young person, if the impaired person suffers impairment of 80 or more IPs.Commonwealth MRCA Supplement of maximum $6 per week DVA paid if the impaired person suffers impairment of 80 or more IPs.Free medical treatment for all conditions (compensable or otherwise) if the impaired person suffers impairment of 60 or more IPs due to compensable conditions.Maximum $1503.83 for financial advice compensation if the impaired person suffers impairment of 50 or more IPs.New Zealand Non Economic. Max. Adjusted 1 July. N/A. Injury prior to 1 April 2002, an $120 665. independence allowance may be payable if impairment > 10% WPI.Page 190 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Additional benefits conditional to meeting Max Amount Jurisdiction Benefit Type Indexation mechanism a prescribed degree of impairment (e.g. Weekly benefits still payable? (current) access to common law)From 1 April 2002, spouse of person killed can apply to have weekly compensation commuted.The independence allowance can be capitalised for periods of 5 years* as at 30 June 2010 1 - The AMA Guidelines apply a holistic criterion when determining the extent of injury to a person. The Guides contain tables that assess both the physical and immaterial (i.e. impingement to lifestyle) losses from injury. Under the NSW and Comcare schemes the rate of compensation awarded for each degree of impairment falling under the physical loss tables is higher than for the non-physical tables. However, most other schemes have one combined statutory maximum, with equal weight being given to both categories of loss. 6.5 Death entitlements In the event that a workplace injury results in death, all jurisdictions provide access to death entitlements. A spouse or dependent of a worker who died in a work related incident may be entitled to certain benefits, which can assist the family with funeral costs and ongoing living expenses. The amount and type of damages accessible vary between jurisdictions. Table 6.5 outlines death entitlements in each jurisdiction.Table 6.5 - Death Entitlements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Lump sum Periodic payments Other benefits$449 850 – 1987 Act, s25(1)(a). $114.30 a week to each dependent child – 1987 Funeral expenses $9000 maximum – 1987 Act, Act, s25(1)(b). s27. $242,450 - Workers’ Compensation Dust Diseases Act 1942, s8(2B)(i). $235.70 weekly to dependent spouse - Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942 s8(2B)(b) (ii).$119.10 benefit paid to each dependant child - New South Wales Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942, s8(2B)(b)(iii).NB: dependants of a deceased worker without a spouse are entitled to receive a lump sum and weekly benefits paid in accordance with the provisions of the 1987 Act or 1926 Act (determined by last date of occupational exposure) - Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942, s8AA.Page 191 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Lump sum Periodic payments Other benefits$511 920 – s92A. Dependent partner - determined by average pre- Reasonable funeral expenses, not exceeding injury earnings (PIAWE) subject to statutory $9300 – s99. maximum – s92B: First 13 weeks: Counselling for family members, max. total $5410 –  95% of earnings s99.  $1810 max. 14 weeks: – 3 years: Victoria  50% of earnings  $1810 max.$887 max. for partner with more than 5 children.A range of payments for dependent children depending on the particular circumstances of the child.$497 285 Weekly payment of 8% of QOTE ($98.30) for the Reasonable funeral expenses – s199, Ch 3 Part spouse if there is a dependent family member 11. $13 285 for a totally dependent spouse - s200(2) under 6 - s200(2)(ab), and (aa), and Queensland Weekly payment of 10% of QOTE ($122.85) for $26 560 for each dependent family member other each dependent under 16 or a student. than the spouse, under 16 or a student - s200(2) (b).$251 412 (subject to Labour Price Index (LPI)) A child’s allowance of $48.10 per week (subject to Reasonable funeral expenses: not exceeding notional residual entitlement of the deceased LPI) for each dependent child up to age 16 or 21 if $8606 (subject to CPI) – Schedule 1(17). Western Australia worker – Schedule 1(1). a student, whichever an arbitrator determines as likely to be in the best interests of that dependant.South Australia Dependent partner: A lump sum equal to the Dependent spouse or domestic partner: weekly Funeral expenses: maximum as at 1 Jan 2009, prescribed sum less any amount that the deceased payments equal to 50% (less if partially dependent $7570, subject to indexation – s45B. worker received as compensation for non- spouse) of the amount of the notional weekly economic loss under Division 5 – s45A(5). earnings of the deceased worker –s44(1)(a).Dependent partner and one dependent child: 90% Dependent orphaned child: weekly payments equal of the prescribed sum to partner and 10% to the to 25% (less if partially dependent child) of the child. amount of the notional weekly earnings of the deceased worker: s44(1)(b).Page 192 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Lump sum Periodic payments Other benefits Dependent partner and one or up to five dependent children: 5% to each child with the balance to the Dependent non-orphaned child: weekly payments partner. equal to 12.5% (less if partially dependent child) of the amount of the notional weekly earnings of the Dependent partner and more than five dependent deceased worker – s44(1)(d). children: 75% to the partner and 25% to children shared equally. Dependent relative: may be eligible for weekly payments if WorkCover determines they are Dependent orphaned child: A lump sum of eligible in their particular circumstances - s44(1)(e). $426 255 less any amount that the deceased worker received as compensation for non- economic loss under Division 5 – s45A(6). [If there is more than 1 dependent orphaned children, that amount is divided equally between them].Prescribed sum is $426 255 from 1 January 2010.Maximum payment: $266 376 – s67. A dependent spouse or caring partner is entitled to Employer is liable to pay as compensation the weekly payments for a period of two years from the reasonable cost of burial or cremation – s75. date of death calculated at the same rate as the deceased would have received if he/she became totally incapacitated – s67A:  first 26 weeks following the date of death: 100% of weekly payments  >26 weeks, up to 78 weeks: 90% of weekly Tasmania payments  >78 weeks, up to-2 years from the date of death: 80% of weekly payments.A dependent child is entitled to weekly payments paid at 15% of the basic salary ($96.28 per week), commencing on the expiration of 13 weeks after the date of death – s67A.Entitled to 260 times the average weekly earnings Dependants: prescribed proportion of 260 times the Max: 10% of the annual equivalent of average in: average weekly – s62(1). weekly earning for funeral costs – s62(1)(a). Northern Territory  prescribed proportions (share with children), or such proportions as the Court determines – s62(1). 10% of average weekly earnings for each child under 16 (or 21 if student), for up to 10 children – s63.Page 193 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Lump sum Periodic payments Other benefitsAustralian Capital $185 288 (June 09) CPI indexed (to be divided $61.76 per child, CPI indexed – s77(2). $4941 CPI indexed for funeral expenses – s77(2). Territory * between the dependants – s77(2).Commonwealth $442 178 – ss17(3), (4). $121.60 a week to each child under 16 (or 25 if full- Reasonable funeral expenses, not exceeding $10 Comcare time student) – s17(5). 139 – s18(2).Commonwealth $442 178 – s29(3). $121.60 a week to each child under 16 (or 25 if full- Reasonable funeral expenses, not exceeding Seacare time student) – s29(5). $5514 – s30(2).$610 498 (age-based maximum amount for $82.71 (plus $3.00 MRCA Supplement) a week to Reasonable funeral expenses, not exceeding $10 partner). each child under 16 (or to age 25 if full-time 138.75. student). $125 320 (age-based maximum additional amount Medical treatment for partner/child for all for partner where a service death as defined). $3.00 MRCA Supplement per week to the partner. conditions.Commonwealth $75 192 (maximum amount for each "other Financial advice: $1503.83. DVA dependant") to a maximum of $238 108 for all "other dependants." Children's education expenses equivalent to Youth Allowance payable in some circumstances.Bereavement payments for a limited time where deceased was in receipt of periodical compensation payments.Spouse: NZ$5941. Spouse: 60% of the long-term rate of weekly Funeral grant: NZ$5541. compensation that the earner would have received Each child or other dependent: NZ$2970. Child care payments: NZ$126.33 for a single child, Each child and other dependent: 20% of the weekly NZ$75.79 each if there are more than two children, New Zealand compensation and a total of NZ$176.86 for 3 or more children.If total entitlement exceeds 100%, individual entitlements are reduced on a pro rata basis.* as at 30 June 2010 6.6 Common Law Access Before the introduction of statutory workers’ compensation schemes, injured workers had to sue their employers under common law to receive any benefits. Common law actions were far less restrictive than statutory schemes, and could have potentially provided injured workers with larger Page 194 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 benefits. If an injured worker had a cause of action, they were entitled to bring such an action and were entitled to a wide variety of damages, and there were no caps placed on the amount of damages they could receive. Each case was decided on its individual merits and there was no guarantee of success, unlike statutory entitlements that are fixed in law.However, with the introduction of statutory ‘no-fault’ workers’ compensation schemes, and with the benefit of reducing costs for all parties involved, access to common law has been significantly restricted and the worker has to prove the employer’s negligence before any common law action can succeed.Some jurisdictions have:  abolished the right to access common law, or  introduced threshold tests, and/or  placed restrictions on types of damages that an injured worker can receive, and/or  placed caps on the amount of damages that can be awarded.Despite these restrictions, some injured workers still want to pursue common law. If an injured worker elects to pursue common law, they may have to reimburse their employer or the compensation authority for any statutory benefits paid out. Table 6.6 outlines the access to common law in each jurisdiction. Table 6.6 – Common law provisions as at 30 September 2010 Access to Is election of common law Jurisdiction Common Law Types of damages Statutory threshold(s) Cap on damages? irrevocable? against employer?New South Wales Yes (limited)  Damages are paid To be eligible to make a claim for work injury No. No. (known as Work as one lump sum to damages, three criteria must be met: Injury Damages cover past and future 1. the work injury is a result If a common law claim is not "WID"). economic loss of of the negligence of the employer successful, the worker will earnings only. 2. the worker must have at continue to receive workers’ Dust disease  The amount of least a 15% whole person impairment compensation under the statutory sufferers can weekly benefits 3. claims for lump sum scheme. pursue common law already paid must be compensation for permanent damages against an repaid out of the impairment and pain and suffering must employer, occupier money awarded. be made prior to or at the same time as and/or supplier in the work injury damages claim, and  Damages can be accordance with the must be settled prior to a WID claim reduced if the Dust Diseases being finalised. worker’s own Tribunal Act 1987 negligence and also continue to A WID claim cannot be started for at least six contributed to the receive their months after the worker gave notice of the Page 195 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Access to Is election of common law Jurisdiction Common Law Types of damages Statutory threshold(s) Cap on damages? irrevocable? against employer? statutory benefits injury – 1987 Act, injury to the employer, or not more than three under the Workers’ Part 5, Division 3. years after the date of injury – 1987 Act, Part Compensation 5, Division 3. (Dust Diseases) Act 1942.Victoria Yes (limited), Damages for pain and To obtain common law damages, a worker No. If a common law claim is not Damages for pain and Access to common suffering and/or must first be granted a ‘serious injury’ successful, the worker may suffering must not be law is for workers economic loss may be certificate. There are two ways a worker can continue to be entitled to statutory awarded if the amount injured on or after pursued. There are obtain a ‘serious injury’ certificate: benefits. is less than $50 440 – 20 October 1999. additional requirements 1. During the impairment assessment s134AB(22)(b)(i). to prove a permanent process, be assessed as having a whole loss of 40% earning person impairment of 30% or more (can Maximum amount for capacity to be able to combine physical and mental pain and suffering pursue economic loss impairments), or damages is damages – s134AB. 2. WorkSafe or the County Court $511 920 – determines that the worker has a ‘serious s134AB(22)(b)(ii). If pain and suffering injury’ pursuant to the narrative test - damages are awarded Accident Compensation Act 1985, Damages for economic the amount must be s134AB. loss must not be reduced by any lump awarded if the amount sum impairment benefit A worker has the option of having their whole is less than $52 220 – paid – s134AB(36). person impairment assessed first or by- s134AB(22)(a)(i). passing the impairment assessment process If economic loss and relying on the narrative test. Either way, Maximum amount for damages are awarded the worker must make a serious injury economic loss the amount is reduced by application and have that application damages is any past weekly accepted or rejected by WorkSafe before $1 184 600 – payments made to the they can proceed to the next step. s134AB(22)(a)(ii). worker – s134AB(36). If the worker’s impairment assessment is No interest is payable on under 30% and/or their serious injury damages – s134AB(34). application relying on the narrative test has been rejected, the worker has 30 days to The payment of damages issue County Court proceedings for a Judge does not affect any to determine whether they have a ‘serious entitlement to medical injury’ on the narrative test – s134AB. and like expenses – s99(13). A worker can have a ‘serious injury’ that entitles them to pursue pain and suffering damages only and/or economic loss Page 196 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Access to Is election of common law Jurisdiction Common Law Types of damages Statutory threshold(s) Cap on damages? irrevocable? against employer? damages. To qualify for serious injury status for economic loss (if serious injury is determined under the narrative test) the worker must prove they have suffered and will continue to suffer a loss of earning capacity of 40% or more – s134AB.Yes. No damages available for If the worker has WRI of less than 20% or no Yes. General damages gratuitous services. WRI, the worker must decide to either accept (pain and suffering) the lump sum payment or seek damages – capped at $294 500. s189. Loss of earnings Queensland capped at 3 times QOTE ($3684.60) per week for each week of the period of loss of earnings.Yes (limited). Damages available for As of 14 November 2005, access to common Where a worker has a both economic and non- law is based on the worker’s degree of whole WPI of less than 25% economic loss. person impairment. The threshold for the maximum amount accessing common law is not less than 15% of damages that may WPI. Secondary psychological, psychiatric be awarded is $385 and sexual conditions are excluded – Part 130 (indexed annually) Western Australia IV, Subdivision 3. – s93K.Causes of action that occurred before 14 Unlimited common law November 2004 are dealt with under the old is available to a worker previous law regimes – Part IV, Subdivision with a WPI of greater 2, s93D & s93E. than 25%.South Australia No. N/A. N/A. N/A. N/A.Tasmania Yes (limited). Damages available for A worker must suffer at least 20% WPI N/A. Unlimited (provided both economic and non- before he or she can commence 20% WPI threshold economic loss. proceedings for an award of damages or met). make an agreement to settle a claim for damages.Page 197 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Access to Is election of common law Jurisdiction Common Law Types of damages Statutory threshold(s) Cap on damages? irrevocable? against employer?Note – loss of foetus deemed to be 20%WPI.(sections 138AB and 71(3)).Northern Territory No. N/A. N/A. N/A. N/A.Yes. Unlimited. Nil. No. Unlimited, outside of workers’ compensation Benefits cease on settlement or scheme. Australian Capital outcome in favour of the worker. Territory * Benefits received prior to settlement are to be repaid from the damages settlement.Yes (limited). Employee is restricted to To have access to common law the Yes. Damages shall not damages for non- employee must have a successful exceed $110 000. This economic loss. permanent impairment claim i.e. a benefit Employees are able to make an amount is not indexed. payable under the relevant Commonwealth irrevocable election to institute an Act – SRC Act, s45. action or proceedings for A dependant of an damages for non-economic loss Commonwealth employee who has died under section 45 of the Act. No Comcare as a result of injury can statutory permanent impairment take economic and non- (s24) or non-economic loss (s27) economic damages benefits are payable after the date action. of such an election. However, a damages award does not affect other entitlements, such as weekly benefits, medical costs etc.Commonwealth Seacare Yes (limited). Damages for non- To have access to common law the Yes. Damages shall not economic loss. employee must have a successful exceed $138 570.52. permanent impairment claim i.e. a benefit Employees are able to make an This amount is not payable under the relevant Commonwealth irrevocable election to institute an indexed. Act - Seafarers Act, s55. action or proceedings for damages for non-economic loss under section 55 of the Act. No statutory permanent impairment (s39) or non-economic loss (s41) Page 198 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Access to Is election of common law Jurisdiction Common Law Types of damages Statutory threshold(s) Cap on damages? irrevocable? against employer? benefits are payable after the date of such an election. However, a damages award does not affect other entitlements, such as weekly benefits, medical costs etc.Yes (limited). Damages for non- To have access to common law the Yes. Damages shall not economic loss. employee must have a successful exceed $110 000. This permanent impairment claim i.e. a benefit Able to make an irrevocable amount is not indexed. payable under the relevant Commonwealth election to institute an action or Commonwealth Act - s389 MRC Act. proceedings for damages for non- DVA economic loss under section 389 of the MRCA. No statutory permanent impairment benefits are payable after the date of such an election. People do not have These damages are No threshold. N/A. the right to sue for punitive, and aimed at personal injury, punishing the conduct of New Zealand except for the offender. They are exemplary not intended to damages. compensate for the injury.* as at 30 June 2010Page 199 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20106.7 Other benefits There are instances where services are provided that are outside the scope of medical and incapacity benefits. These types of payments are referred to as ‘other’ benefits and are provided by some schemes in Australia and New Zealand. For example, an injured worker may be entitled to reimbursement for other expenses, such as attendant care or home help. Where reimbursement is provided, it is generally provided for expenses which are reasonably necessary. Table 6.7 shows which jurisdictions provide these benefits, how they are calculated and any limits that may apply to the provision of these benefits.Table 6.7 - Attendant Care as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, LimitsYes included in the definition of medical or related treatment – 1987 Act, s59. New South Wales The statutory maximum amount for medical or related treatment is $50 000. Insurers can apply to WorkCover to approve amounts over $50 000 – 1987 Act, s61(3).Yes – s5(1), s99. When making an assessment of the attendant care program, the agent must take into account the worker’s:  abilities  degree of self reliance Victoria  accommodation needs  extent of family support, and  family’s need for respite.Costs must be ‘reasonable’.Expenses may be paid as a rehabilitation expense if the care is reasonable and necessary.A caring allowance may be paid if the insurer is satisfied that:  the worker depends on day to day care for the fundamental activities of daily living, and  the care is to be provided to the worker at the worker’s home on a voluntary basis by Queensland another person in relation to whom compensation is not payable – s224(2).The insurer may pay the caring allowance:  in the way prescribed under a regulation, and  to, or on account of, the person providing the care.Reasonable expenses associated with a nursing home may be paid where a medical Western Australia practitioner certifies that the worker is totally and permanently incapacitated and requires continuing medical treatment and maintenance, which cannot be administered in the worker’s domestic environment – Schedule 1, clause 17(1). South Australia WorkCover may as part of a rehabilitation program provide equipment, facilities and services to assist workers cope with their disabilities at home or in the workplace – s26(3) (g).WorkCover may pay the cost of attendance by a registered or enrolled nurse, or by some other person approved by WorkCover or of a class approved by WorkCover, where the disability is such that the worker must have nursing or personal attendance as is reasonable or prescribed rate – s32(2)(f).Each case for attendant care must be determined on its own merits, and the test is the reasonableness of the particular worker in incurring the expense in the circumstances. Reasonableness should be considered in the context of:  the nature of the service  the necessity of the service  the relationship to the injury  the number and frequency of services  the benefit to the worker, and  the cost of the service.Page 200 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, LimitsCompensation is payable for reasonable expenses necessarily incurred for constant attendance services - s75(1).Where as a result of an injury suffered by a worker the question arises as to whether or not any constant attendance services are required by the worker, the matter may be referred to Tasmania the Tribunal by the worker, employer or the insurer for determination as to: a) the necessity for such services b) the period for which such services are to be provided, and c) the level of payments which it considers to be reasonable and appropriate for such services – s75(3).Employer shall pay the costs incurred for such home modifications, vehicle modifications and household and attendant care services as are reasonable and necessary for a worker who suffers or is likely to suffer a permanent or long term incapacity – s78(1).The following matters are taken into account when considering reasonable and necessary attendant care services:  the nature and extent of the worker’s injury and the degree to which that injury impairs their ability to provide for their personal care  the extent to which such medical services and nursing care as may be received by him or her provide for their essential and regular personal care  where he or she so desires, the extent to which it is reasonable to meet his or her desire to live outside an institutional environment Northern Territory  the extent to which attendant care services are necessary to enable injured person to undertake or continue employment  any assessment made, at the request of the insurer, by persons having expertise in the worker’s rehabilitation  any standard developed or applied by a government department or public authority in respect of the need of disabled persons for attendant care services, and  the extent to which a relative of the worker might reasonably be expected to provide attendant care services – s78(2)(d).Attendant care services means services (other than medical and surgical services or nursing care) which are required to provide for the person’s essential and regular personal care – s78(4).Australian Capital Not prescribed under ACT legislation. Territory *Liable to pay compensation for attendant care services reasonably required.In the amount of: a) $398.08 per week s29(3), or b) an amount per week equal to the amount per week paid or payable by the worker for those services, whichever is less.The following matters need to be considered: Commonwealth  the nature of the worker’s injury and the degree to which that injury impairs worker’s Comcare ability to provide for their own personal care  the extent to which any medical service or nursing care received by the worker provides for their essential and regular personal care  the extent to which it is reasonable to meet any wish by the worker to live outside an institution  the extent to which attendant care services are necessary to enable the worker to undertake or continue employment  any assessment made in relation to the rehabilitation of the worker; and  the extent to which a relative of the worker might reasonably be expected to provide attendant care services: – s29(4)Page 201 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, LimitsLiable to pay compensation for attendant care services reasonably required.In the amount of: a) $398.08 per week, or b) an amount per week equal to the amount per week paid or payable by the worker for the services, whichever is less – s43(4).The following matters need to be considered: Commonwealth  the nature of injury and the degree to which that injury impairs the worker’s ability to Seacare provide for their personal care  the extent to which any medical service or nursing service received by the worker provides for their essential and regular personal care  the extent to which it is reasonable to meet any wish by the worker to live outside an institution  the extent to which attendant care services are necessary to enable the worker to undertake or continue employment, and  the extent to which a relative of the worker might reasonably be expected to provide attendant care services – s43(5).Liable to pay compensation for attendant care services reasonably required. in the amount of: a) $413.56 per week, or b) an amount per week equal to the amount per week paid or payable by the person for those services, whichever is less – s219.The following matters need to be considered (s218): (a) the nature of the person’s injury or disease (b) the degree to which that injury or disease impairs the person’s ability to provide for Commonwealth his or her personal care DVA (c) the extent to which any medical service or nursing care received by the person provides for his or her essential and regular personal care (d) the extent to which the attendant care services are necessary to meet any reasonable wish by the person to live outside an institution (e) the extent to which attendant care services are necessary to enable the person to undertake or continue defence service or any other work (f) any assessment made in relation to the rehabilitation of the person (g) the extent to which a relative of the person might reasonably be expected to provide attendant care services (h) any other matter that the MRCC considers relevant.In deciding whether to provide or contribute to the cost of attendant care, the Corporation must have regard to: a) any rehabilitation outcome that would be achieved by providing it b) the nature and extent of the claimant’s personal injury and the degree to which that injury impairs his or her ability to provide for his or her personal care c) the extent to which attendant care is necessary to enable the claimant to undertake or continue employment (including agreed vocational training) or to attend a place of New Zealand education, having regard to any entitlement the claimant has to education support d) the extent to which household family members or other family members might reasonably be expected to provide attendant care for the claimant after the claimant’s personal injury e) the extent to which attendant care is required to give household family members a break, from time to time, from providing attendant care for the claimant, and f) the need to avoid substantial disruption to the employment or other activities of household family members – Schedule 1, clause 14.* as at 30 June 2010Page 202 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 6.8 – Home help as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, LimitsCompensation is payable for domestic assistance that is reasonably necessary for an injured worker. An injured worker is eligible to receive domestic assistance if:  a medical practitioner has certified, on the basis of a functional assessment, that it is reasonably necessary that assistance be provided and the assistance provided is a direct result of the injury  the assistance would not be provided for the worker but for the injury  degree of permanent impairment to the worker is at least 15% WPI or the assistance New South Wales provided is to be provided on a temporary basis  the assistance provided is in accordance with a care plan established by the insurer in accordance with WorkCover guidelines – 1987 Act, s60AA.Domestic assistance is included in the definition of medical or related treatment – 1987 Act, s59.The statutory maximum amount for medical or related treatment is $50 000. Insurers can apply to WorkCover to approve amounts over $50 000.Yes – s5(1), s99. The agent must assess the worker’s individual circumstances to determine whether the:  cost of the service is reasonable, and  service is necessary given the worker’s circumstances.Agents should consider the following when assessing whether a service is necessary:  the relationship of the injury to the requested services  whether the service is for the worker  whether the worker undertook the tasks pre-injury  the worker’s ability to undertake the tasks post injury  the size of the worker’s home/garden at the time of the injury  the worker’s family circumstances, and Victoria  the contribution of family/household members. Section 99 of the Act defines ‘reasonable costs’ as an amount:  determined by WorkSafe, the employer, or self insurer as reasonable in relation to a particular service  that does not exceed an amount (if any), or method to calculate an amount, published in the Government Gazette as a maximum amount payable for a particular service (such an amount must not be less than the amount or fee specified under the Health Insurance Act 1973 applicable to a service of that kind)  that is determined by WorkSafe, the employer or self-insurer as a reasonable cost having regard to: . the service or provision actually rendered . the necessity of the service or provision in the circumstances, and . any guidelines issued by WorkSafe.Queensland Additional lump sum compensation for gratuitous care up to $300 740 – s193.The insurer must decide the amount of the worker’s entitlement to additional compensation of up to $300 740, payable according to a graduated scale prescribed under a regulation, having regard to: a) the worker’s WRI b) the worker’s level of dependency, and any other information prescribed under a regulationThe worker, if the worker has an injury that results in a WRI of 15% or more and a moderate to total level of dependency on day to day care for the fundamental activities of daily living, is entitled to additional lump sum compensation only if: a) day to day care for the fundamental activities of daily living is to be provided at the worker’s home on a voluntary basis by another person b) the worker resides at home on a permanent basisPage 203 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, Limits c) the level of care required was not provided to the worker before the worker sustained the impairment, and d) the worker physically demonstrates the level of dependency mentioned in subsection (1)(b).The insurer must ask that a registered occupational therapist assess the worker’s level of dependency resulting from the impairment in the way prescribed under a regulation.In addition, limits on damages for gratuitous care/home help – Chapter 5, Part 10.Western AustraliaWorkCover may as part of a rehabilitation program provide equipment, facilities and services to assist workers cope with their disabilities at home or in the workplace – s26(3) (g).A worker who has suffered a serious injury or injuries and whose rehabilitation goal is restoration to the community may require his/her home or vehicle to be modified as part of that goal. The extent of such modifications will depend on the circumstances of each case.Where costs exceed $500.00 a written request will be required from the worker for approval of further costs, including written confirmation from the worker’s treating South Australia practitioner that ongoing home maintenance services are necessary.Reasonable costs, reasonably incurred – s31(1).Reasonable costs are determined having regard to:  nature of the service  necessity of the service  relationship to the injury  number and frequency of services  benefit to the worker  cost of the service.Compensation is payable for reasonable expenses necessarily incurred for household services - s75(1).Where as a result of an injury suffered by a worker the question arises as to whether or not any household services are required by the worker, the matter may be referred to the Tasmania Tribunal by the worker, employer or the insurer for determination as to: a) the necessity for such services b) the period for which such services are to be provided, and c) the level of payments which it considers to be reasonable and appropriate for such services – s75(3).Employer shall pay the costs incurred for such home modifications, vehicle modifications and household and attendant care services as are reasonable and necessary for a worker who suffers or is likely to suffer a permanent or long term incapacity – s78(1).The following matters are taken into account when considering reasonable and necessary household services:  extent to which household services were provided by the worker before the injury and the extent to which he or she is able to provide those services after the injury Northern Territory  number of household family members, their ages and their need for household services  the extent to which household services were provided by other household family members before the injury  extent to which other household family members or other family members might reasonably be expected to provide household services for themselves and for the worker after the injury, and  need to avoid substantial disruption to the employment or other activities of the household family members – s78(2)(c).Page 204 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, LimitsAustralian Capital Territory *Liable to pay compensation for household services reasonably required – s29(1).50% of the amount per week paid or payable by the worker for those services not more than $398.08 – s29(1).The following matters need to be considered:  extent household services provided by the worker before the date of injury and the extent to which he or she is able to provide those services after that date Commonwealth  number of persons living with the worker as household members, ages and need for Comcare services  extent to which household services were provided to worker before the injury  the extent to which members of the household might reasonably be expected to provide household services for themselves and the injured worker, and  the need to avoid substantial disruption to the employment or other activities of persons in the household – s29(2).Compensation is payable if worker reasonably requires household services – s43(1).Amount of compensation payable must not be more than $398.08; and must not be less than 50% of the amount paid per week by the worker, unless the amount payable is more than $796.16 – s43(2)(a) & s43(2)(b).The following matters need to be considered: Commonwealth  extent household services provided by the worker before the date of injury and the Seacare extent to which he or she is able to provide those services after that date  number of persons living with the worker as household members, ages and need for services  extent to which household services were provided to worker before the injury  the extent to which members of the household might reasonably be expected to provide household services for themselves and the injured worker, and  the need to avoid substantial disruption to the employment or other activities of persons in the household – s43(3).Liable to pay compensation for household services reasonably required. in the amount of: a) $413.56 per week, or b) an amount per week equal to the amount per week paid or payable by the person for those services, whichever is less – s216.The following matters need to be considered (s215): (a) the extent to which household services were provided by the person before the service injury or disease Commonwealth (b) the extent to which he or she is able to provide those services after the service injury DVA or disease (c) the number of other persons (household members) living with that person as members of his or her household (d) the age of the household members and their need for household services (e) the extent to which household services were provided by household members before the service injury or disease (f) the extent to which household members, or any other relatives of the person, might reasonably be expected to provide household services for themselves and for the person after the service injury or disease (g) the need to avoid substantial disruption to the work or other activities of the household members (h) any other matter that the MRCC considers relevant.Page 205 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, LimitsSchedule 1, Part 1, clause 17: Home help (1) In deciding whether to provide or contribute to the cost of home help, the Corporation must have regard to— (a) any rehabilitation outcome that would be achieved by providing it; and (b) the extent to which a claimant undertook domestic activities before the claimant's personal injury and the extent to which he or she is able to undertake domestic activities after his or her injury; and (c) the number of household family members and their need for home help; and (d) the extent to which domestic activities were done by other household family members before the claimant's personal injury; and (e) the extent to which other household family members or other family members might reasonably be expected to do domestic activities for themselves and for the claimant after the claimant's personal injury, and New Zealand (f) the need to avoid substantial disruption to the employment or other activities of the household family members, and (g) the impact of the claimant's personal injury on the contribution of other family members to domestic activities. All assistance must be provided to meet an assessed, injury-based need. ACC is only responsible for providing the level of assistance required to achieve the planned rehabilitation outcome.The Corporation [is not required] to pay for home help to the extent that home help continues to be provided after a claimant's personal injury by a person— (a) who lives in the claimant's home or lived in the claimant's home immediately before the claimant suffered his or her personal injury; and (b) who provided home help before the claimant suffered his or her personal injury. * as at 30 June 2010Injured workers can obtain other assistance in the form of home or vehicle modifications. Table 6.9 highlights the other assistance available in the jurisdictions.Table 6.9 – Other assistance as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, Limits1987 Act, s59: “medical or related treatment" includes: (g) the modification of a worker’s home or vehicle directed by a medical practitioner having regard to the nature of the worker’s incapacity, and (h) treatment or other thing prescribed by the regulations as medical or related treatment. New South Wales Section 61 of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 limits the maximum cumulative amount for which an employer is liable for medical and related treatment for the same injury to $50 000. If an additional amount for reasonably necessary services is required, WorkCover may give a direction to increase the amount payable.Agents can pay the reasonable costs of home or car modifications reasonably required as a result of a work related injury or may make a contribution towards a new car or a semi- detachable portable home unit if the worker’s home or car cannot be modified - ss99(5A) to Victoria (5E).No limit, however, if the cost of the modifications or the contribution is over $10 000, then the worker is required to enter into a Capital Service Agreement.Queensland -Western Australia Not prescribed in the legislation. In special circumstances insurers may, on a without prejudice basis, approve limited home and vehicle modifications.Page 206 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, Limits Injured workers that require assistance from an approved vocational rehabilitation provider to assist them to return to work can access the entitlement for vocational rehabilitation expenses, which represents 7% of the prescribed amount (up to $12 838 as at 30 September 2010).Workers injured post 14 November 2005 with a degree of whole of person impairment between not less than 10% and 15% WPI that have exhausted all avenues in an attempt to return to work, without success, may be able to access a specialised retraining program. In order to qualify, injured workers need to meet strict retraining criteria. Specialised retraining programs can offer injured workers an extension of up to 75 per cent of the prescribed amount (up to $137 546 as at 30 September 2010) to partake in informal training, vocational or tertiary studies.South Australia -May be considered as part of a rehabilitation program if it facilitates or assists the workers rehabilitation.“rehabilitation services” means: a) treatment, training, or other assistance provided to facilitate or assist a worker’s Tasmania rehabilitation b) the supply of material or equipment in respect of any occupational therapy projects undertaken by a worker, or any necessary and reasonable modifications required to be made to a worker’s workplace, place of residence, or motor vehicle – s74.Employer shall pay the costs incurred for such home modifications, vehicle modifications and household and attendant care services as are reasonable and necessary for a worker Northern Territory who suffers or is likely to suffer a permanent or long term incapacity – s78(1). Additional travel costs - s77.Australian Capital - Territory *Where an employee has undertaken or completed a rehabilitation program or is assessed as not capable of undertaking a program, the following are payable if reasonable:  costs of alteration of the employee’s residence or place of work  modifications to a vehicle used by the employee Commonwealth Comcare  aids and appliances inc. repair or replacement. Following rehabilitation and a ‘reasonably required’ test.No limit.Where an employee has undertaken or completed a rehabilitation program or is assessed as not capable of undertaking a program, the following are payable if reasonable:  costs of alteration of the employee’s residence or place of work  modifications to a vehicle used by the employee Commonwealth Seacare  aids and appliances inc. repair or replacement - s51. Following rehabilitation and a ‘reasonably required’ test.No limit.Commonwealth DVA 1. a) Loss of, or damage to, medical aids b) alterations to a person’s place of residence, education, work or service. Reimbursement of amounts reasonably incurred in replacement or repair.2. Motor Vehicle Compensation Scheme.Page 207 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Reimbursement, Calculation, Limits To provide for the reasonable costs of a vehicle’s modification (and vehicle purchase in some circumstances).The amount is what the MRCC considers reasonable.Social rehabilitation includes:  aids and appliances  child care  educational support  home modifications New Zealand  training for independence, and  transport for independence (including vehicle purchasing and modifications).All assistance must be provided to meet an assessed, injury-based need. ACC is only responsible for providing the level of assistance required to achieve the planned rehabilitation outcome.* as at 30 June 2010Page 208 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20106.8 Definition of Dependants/Spouse for Death Benefits Table 6.10 - Treatment of dependants and spouse for death benefits as at 30 September 2010 Who is entitled Reference to same Jurisdiction Definitions Other relevant information to death benefits sex relationshipsNew South Wales 1987 Act, s25 – 1998 Act, s4: "dependants" of a worker: means such of the members Broad definition of dependants: of the worker's family as were wholly or in part dependent for support ‘dependant’ - If there are no on the worker at the time of the worker's death, or would but for the encompasses same dependants the incapacity due to the injury have been so dependent, and includes: sex relationships. lump sum death a. a person so dependent to whom the worker stands in the place of benefit is paid to a parent or a person so dependent who stands in the place of a the worker's parent to the worker, and estate. b. a divorced spouse of the worker so dependent, and c. a person so dependent who: i. in relation to an injury received before the commencement of Schedule 7 to the Workers Compensation Legislation Amendment (Dust Diseases and Other Matters) Act 1998 – although not legally married to the worker, lived with the worker as the worker's husband or wife on a permanent and genuine domestic basis, or ii. in relation to an injury received after that commencement – is the other part to a de facto relationship with the worker.1987 Act, s25(5):  "Child of the worker" means a child or stepchild of the worker and includes a person to whom the worker stood in the place of a parent.  "Dependent child of the worker" means a child of the worker who was wholly or partly dependent for support of the worker.  "Student" means a person receiving full-time education at a school, college or university.Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942, s8(2B)(a): persons dependent for support upon a worker immediately before the worker’s death, being the following and no other persons:  a prescribed relative of the worker, or  a surviving spouse and a child or children of the worker.Workers Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942, s8(9): A prescribed Compensation relative is: (Dust Diseases)  a surviving spouse of the person, or Act 1942, s8(2B):  if there is no surviving spouse – a father, mother, grandmother, Page 209 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Who is entitled Reference to same Jurisdiction Definitions Other relevant information to death benefits sex relationships dependants. grandfather, step-father, step-mother, grandson, granddaughter, brother, sister, half-brother or half sister of the person.Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942, s8(2AA): provides for dependants, being children of a deceased worker who had no spouse.References to “child” under the Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942 includes step-children and children to whom the worker stood in loco parentis. s5(1): "dependant" means a person who: Yes. s5: "member of a family" means the (a) at the time of the death of a worker was wholly, mainly or partly s92A: Revised partner, father, mother, grandfather, dependent on the earnings of the worker, or compensation for death grandmother, stepfather, step-mother, (b) would but for the incapacity of a worker due to the injury have been of worker. son, daughter, grandson, grand- wholly, mainly or partly dependent on the earnings of the worker. daughter, step-son, step-daughter, Includes definitions: brother, sister, half-brother, half-sister s5(1): "spouse" of a person means a person to whom that person is "partially dependent and any person who stands in the married. partner" means a place of a parent in relation to another partner who is to any person or that other person. s5(1): "partner" of a worker means: extent dependent on a) in relation to a worker who died before the commencement of s4 the worker's earnings. Statute Law Amendment (Relationships) Act 2001— Victoria (i) the worker's spouse at the time of the worker's death; or "dependent partner" (ii) a person of the opposite sex who, though not married to the means a partner wholly worker, lived with the worker at the time of the worker's death or mainly dependent on on a permanent and bona fide domestic basis; the worker's earnings. b) in relation to a worker who dies on or after that commencement— the workers' spouse or domestic partner at the time of the worker's death. s5(1): "domestic partner" of a person means: (a) a person who is in a registered domestic relationship, or (b) a person to whom the person is not married but with whom the person is living as a couple on a genuine domestic basis (irrespective of gender).Queensland Ch 3 part 11: s27: Meaning of dependant - A dependant, of a deceased worker, is No however the s28: Meaning of member of the family dependant. a member of the deceased worker’s family who was completely or definition of de facto - A person is a member of the family partly dependent on the worker’s earnings at the time of the worker’s partner in s32DA Acts of a deceased worker, if the person is death or, but for the worker’s death, would have been so dependent. Interpretation Act 1954 —Page 210 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Who is entitled Reference to same Jurisdiction Definitions Other relevant information to death benefits sex relationships states that the gender a) the worker’s— s29: Who is the spouse of a deceased worker: of the persons is not (i) spouse, or 1. The spouse, of a deceased worker, includes the worker’s de facto relevant. (ii) parent, grandparent and partner only if the worker and the de facto partner lived together stepparent, or as a couple on a genuine domestic basis within the meaning of (iii) child, grandchild and stepchild, or s32DA Acts Interpretation Act 1954,— (iv) brother, sister, half-brother and a) generally— half-sister, or (i) for a continuous period of at least 2 years ending on the b) if the worker stands in the place of worker’s death; or a parent to another person—the (ii) for a shorter period ending on the deceased’s death, if the other person, or circumstances of the de facto relationship of the deceased and c) if another person stands in the the de facto partner evidenced a clear intention that the place of a parent to the deceased relationship be a long term, committed relationship, or worker—the other person. b) if the deceased left a dependant who is a child of the relationship —immediately before the worker’s death.Schedule 1 – s5: “de facto partner” No specific reference is s5: “member of a family” means spouse or de a) a person who, immediately before the death of the worker, was provided with regard to spouse, de facto partner, parent, facto partner living in a de facto relationship with the worker and had been living same sex relationships. grandparent, step-parent; any person on that basis with that worker for at least the previous 2 years; and However, same sex de who stands in the place of a parent to b) any former de facto partner of the worker if the worker was legally facto relationships have another person and also that other obliged immediately before the death of the worker to make been recognised in person, son, daughter, ex-nuptial son, provision for that former de facto partner with respect to financial Western Australian law ex-nuptial daughter, grandson, grand- matters. since 2002. The daughter, step-son, step-daughter Interpretation Act 1984 (whether the step-son or step-daughter s5: “spouse” includes any former spouse of the worker if the worker (s13A(3)(a)) states, is legally adopted by the worker or was legally obliged immediately before the death of the worker to with regard to not), brother, sister, half-brother, half- make provision for that former spouse with respect to financial references to de facto sister; and with respect to an ex-nuptial Western Australia matters. relationships and de worker includes the workers' parents, facto partners, that “It and his brothers and sisters, whether does not matter legitimate or ex-nuptial, who have at whether the persons least one parent in common with the are different sexes or worker. the same sex.” s5: “dependants” means such members of the worker’s family as were wholly or in part dependent upon the earnings of the worker at the time of his death, or would, but for the injury, have been so dependent.Page 211 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Who is entitled Reference to same Jurisdiction Definitions Other relevant information to death benefits sex relationships s44: spouse or s3: spouse, - a person is the spouse of another if they are legally No, however may be s3: dependant, in relation to a domestic partner. married. classified as being in a deceased worker, means a relative of de facto relationship. the worker who, at the time of the s3: domestic partner – a person is the domestic partner of a worker if worker's death: he or she lives with the worker in a close personal relationship and a) was wholly or partially dependent a. the person: for the ordinary necessities of life (i) has been so living with the worker continuously for the on earnings of the worker, or proceeding period of 3 years, or b) would, but for the worker's South Australia (ii) has during the preceding period of 4 years so lived with the disability, have been so dependent, worker for periods aggregating not less than 3 years, or and includes a posthumous child of (iii) has been living with the worker for a substantial part of a the worker, and dependent has a period referred to in subparagraph (i) or (ii) and the corresponding meaning; Corporation considers that it is fair and reasonable that the person be regarded as the domestic partner of the worker for the purposes of this Act, or a child, of whom the worker and the person are the parents, has been born (whether or not the child is still living). s67: dependent s3: "caring partner", in relation to a person, means: Yes, included in s67 as s3: "dependants" means such spouse or a) the person who is in a caring relationship with that person which is a result of the members of the family of the worker in dependent the subject of a deed of relationship registered under Part 2 of the definitions of spouse relation to whom the term is used as: caring partner Relationships Act 2003, or and caring partner. a) were dependent, wholly or in part, b) the person who was, at the time of the death of the first-mentioned upon the earnings of that worker at Dependent child person, in a caring relationship with that person which was the the time of his death, or subject of a deed of relationship registered under Part 2 of the b) would have been so dependent but Relationships Act 2003. for the incapacity due to the injury. s3: "spouse" includes the person with whom a person is, or was at s3: "member of the family", in relation Tasmania the time of his or her death, in a significant relationship, within the to a worker, means: meaning of the Relationships Act 2003. a) the spouse, caring partner, father, step-father, grandfather, mother, s65: “child” means a person who: step-mother, grandmother, son, (a) is under the age of 16 years, or grandson, daughter, grand- (b) is 16 years or more, but less than 21 years and is a full time daughter, step-son, step-daughter, student. brother, sister, half-brother, and half-sister of that worker, or “dependent child” means a child who is a dependant. b) a person to whom the worker stood in loco parentis.Page 212 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Who is entitled Reference to same Jurisdiction Definitions Other relevant information to death benefits sex relationships s62: spouse. s49: "spouse", in relation to a person, includes a de facto partner of No, however de facto s49: "dependant", in relation to a the person. partner is not defined. worker, means: a) a spouse or other member of the worker's family Northern Territory b) a person to whom the worker stood in loco parentis or who stood in loco parentis to the worker c) a grandchild of the worker.Dictionary: - member of the family, s77(2): Ex Dictionary: dependant, of a dead worker, means an individual: Yes, family members in relation to a worker or an employer, dependants a) who was totally or partly dependent on the worker’s earnings on are included in the means the grandchild, child, stepchild, the day of the worker’s death or who would, apart from the definition of a adopted child, sister, brother, half- worker’s incapacity because of the injury, have been so dependant and a sister, half-brother, domestic partner, dependent, and domestic partner is parent, step-parent, mother-in-law, b) who was: classed as a member father-in-law or grandparent of the (i) a member of the worker’s family, or of the family. worker or employer. (ii) a person to whom the worker acted in place of a parent or Note For the meaning of domestic who acted in place of a parent for the worker. partner, see s169 of the Legislation Act 2001. If a worker has died, the Australian Capital definition of domestic partner Territory * elsewhere in the dictionary provides that the term refers to the person who was the worker’s domestic partner when the worker died.Dictionary : domestic partner, of a worker who has died, means the person who was the worker’s domestic partner when the worker died. Note This definition qualifies the meaning of domestic partner given by s169 of the Legislation Act 2001 Commonwealth Comcare s17: dependants s4: dependant, in relation to a deceased employee, means: Yes. The Same Sex a) the spouse, parent, step-parent, father-in-law, mother-in-law, Relationships (Equal grandparent, child, stepchild, grandchild, sibling or half-sibling of Treatment in the employee, or Commonwealth Laws- b) a person in relation to whom the employee stood in the position of General Law Reform) a parent or who stood in the position of a parent to the employee, Act 2008 commenced being a person who was wholly or partly dependent on the employee on and from 10 Page 213 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Who is entitled Reference to same Jurisdiction Definitions Other relevant information to death benefits sex relationships at the date of the employee’s death. December 2008. It removed discrimination s4: spouse includes: against same-sex a) in relation to an employee or a deceased employee—a person couples, their who is, or immediately before the employee’s death was, a de dependants and their facto partner of the employee, and dependent children b) in relation to an employee or a deceased employee who is or was from a wide range of a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia or a descendant of Commonwealth laws indigenous inhabitants of the Torres Strait Islands—a person who including the SRC Act. is or was recognised as the employee’s husband or wife by the custom prevailing in the tribe or group to which the employee belongs or belonged. s29: dependants s15(2): For the purposes of this Act, a person who, immediately before Yes. The Same Sex the date of an employee’s death, lived with the employee and was: Relationships (Equal (a) the employee’s spouse, or Treatment in (b) a prescribed child of the employee, Commonwealth Laws- is taken to be a person who was wholly dependent on the employee at General Law reform) that date. Act 2008 commenced on and from 10 s3: spouse includes: December 2008. It (a) in relation to an employee or a deceased employee—a person of removed discrimination Commonwealth the opposite sex to the employee who lives with, or immediately against same-sex Seacare before the date of the employee’s death lived with, the employee couples, their as the spouse of the employee on a genuine domestic basis dependants and their although not legally married to the employee, and dependent children (b) in relation to an employee or a deceased employee who is or from a wide range of was a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia or a Commonwealth laws descendant of indigenous inhabitants of the Torres Strait Islands including the Seafarers —a person who is or was recognised as the employee’s husband Act. or wife by the custom prevailing in the tribe or group to which the employee belongs or belonged.Commonwealth DVA MRCA, ss233, s15: dependant means - persons in the following list who are partly or Yes, see definition of 251 and 262. wholly economically dependent on the member (deemed for partners partner – s5. and eligible young persons if living with member, s17):  member's partner  member's father, mother, step-father or step-mother  the father, mother, step-father or step-mother of the member's partnerPage 214 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Who is entitled Reference to same Jurisdiction Definitions Other relevant information to death benefits sex relationships  the member's grandfather or grandmother  the member's son, daughter, step-son or step-daughter  the son, daughter, step-son, step-daughter of the member's partner  the member's grandson or grand-daughter  the member's brother, sister, half-brother, or half-sister  a person in respect of whom the member stands in the position of a parent, or  a person who stands in the position of a parent to the member. s5: partner of a member means a person in respect of whom at least one of the following applies: (a) if the member is a member of the Aboriginal race of Australia or a descendant of Indigenous inhabitants of the Torres Strait Islands—the person is recognised as the member’s husband or wife by the custom prevailing in the tribe or group to which the member belongs (b) the person is legally married to the member (ba) a relationship between the person and the member (whether the person and the member are the same sex or different sexes) is registered under a law of a State or Territory prescribed for the purposes of section 22B of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 as a kind of relationship prescribed for the purposes of that section (c) the person (whether of the same sex or a different sex to the member): (i) is, in the Commission’s opinion (see subsection (2)), in a de facto relationship with the member, and (ii) is not an ancestor, descendant, brother, sister, half-brother or half-sister of the member (see subsection (3)).New Zealand s69(e): spouse of s18: spouse (in relation to deceased claimant) means a person No specific reference, partner, children (person A) to whom the claimant is legally married. However, person however de facto and other A is not the spouse of a claimant if: partner is not defined, dependants. a) Person A and the claimant are living apart, and and civil unions in New b) The claimant is not contributing financially to person A’s welfare. Zealand are recognised in New Zealand for s18(a): partner means a person (person A) with whom the claimant is same sex couples. in a civil union or a de facto relationship. However, person A is not the partner of a claimant if: (a) Person A and the claimant are living apart, and (b) The claimant is not contributing financially to person A’s welfare.Page 215 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Who is entitled Reference to same Jurisdiction Definitions Other relevant information to death benefits sex relationships s6: child, in relation to a deceased claimant: (a) means his or her natural child, and (b) includes his or her adopted child, and (c) includes any other child who would ordinarily be regarded as his or her child because the deceased claimant: (i) was the spouse [or partner] of 1 of the child's parents, and (ii) acted as a parent of the child, but (a) does not include an other [sic: another] dependant of the claimant other dependant means a person who has all the following characteristics immediately before a deceased claimant's death: (a) because of his or her physical or mental condition, he or she is financially dependent on the deceased claimant (b) he or she is deriving average earnings per week of less than the minimum weekly earnings as determined under clause 42(3) of Schedule 1 (c) he or she is not the deceased claimant's spouse [or partner] (d) he or she is not a child of the deceased claimant under 18 years.* as at 30 June 2010Page 216 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20106.9 Suspension and Cessation of benefits Compensation and rehabilitation of injured workers imposes mutual obligations on insurers, employers and employees. Payments may be suspended or ceased if certain obligations are not met by the injured worker. Table 6.11 lists the provisions in legislation which may result in compensation being ceased or suspended until certain conditions are met.Table 6.11 – Suspension or cessation of benefits as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Criteria for suspension of compensation payments  If a person recovers damages in respect of an injury from the employer liable to pay compensation under this Act then (except to the extent that subsection (2), (3) or (4) covers the case): a. the person ceases to be entitled to any further compensation under this Act in respect of the injury concerned (including compensation claimed but not yet paid), and b. the amount of any weekly payments of compensation already paid in respect of the injury concerned is to be deducted from the damages (awarded or otherwise paid as a lump sum) and is to be paid to the person who paid the compensation, and c. the person ceases to be entitled to participate in any injury management program provided for under this Act or the 1998 Act – 1987 Act, s151A. The insurer may discontinue weekly payments of compensation if the worker fails to provide medical certification of the worker's incapacity or to provide permission for the insurer to obtain information relevant to the injury from medical or rehabilitation service providers – 1998 Act, s270. As part of a commutation agreement, a worker may agree that payment of a lump sum removes any liability to make a payment under Division 4 of Part 3 (or section 16 of the former Act) in respect of the injury concerned. This Division applies to the agreement for payment of that lump sum as if it were an agreement to commute the liability to pay that compensation to a lump sum. Payment of the lump sum removes any liability to which the agreement of the worker relates – 1987 Act, s87F(8). New South Wales  If a worker refuses to submit himself or herself for any examination under this section or in any way obstructs the examination: a. the worker's right to recover compensation under this Act with respect to the injury, or b. the worker's right to the weekly payments, is suspended until the examination has taken place – 1998 Act, s119. If a worker has been receiving weekly payments for partial incapacity for more than two years, these payments can be discontinued if the worker: a. is not suitably employed and is not seeking suitable employment or participating in rehabilitation/retraining, or b. is not suitably employed and has previously unreasonably rejected suitable employment, or c. has sought but has failed to obtain suitable employment primarily because of the labour market – 1987 Act, s52A. Worker ceases to reside in Australia unless an approved medical specialist certifies, or the Workers Compensation Commission determines, that the incapacity is likely to be permanent – 1987 Act, s53. Under the Workers Compensation (Dust Diseases) Act 1942 benefits cease upon the worker’s death or re entering full time employment.A worker’s entitlement to compensation and access to court proceedings may be suspended if the worker unreasonably refuses to have a medical examination or Victoria unreasonably obstructs a medical examination until the examination takes place and weekly payments may be forfeited for the suspension period - s112.Queensland Insurer may suspend compensation if worker:  Is serving a term of imprisonment – s137.Page 217 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Criteria for suspension of compensation payments  Fails to participate in an independent medical examination – s135.  Fails to participate in rehabilitation – s232.  Fails to participate in an examination by the medical assessment tribunal – s510.If compensation payments are suspended, no compensation is payable for the period of suspension – s138.Suspension of payments during custody – s72.Suspension or cessation of payments for failure to undergo medical examination - s72A.Suspension or cessation of payments for failure to participate in return to work program – Western Australia s72B.Entitlement to weekly payments ceasing on account of age – s56.In the event that compensation is suspended, no compensation is payable during the suspension period – s63.Discontinued if dismissed from employment for serious and wilful misconduct – s36(1)(e).Discontinued for break of mutuality – s36(1)(f), including:  Failure to submit to a medical examination where required by notice – s36(1a)(a).  Failure to supply a medical certificate where required by notice – s36(1a)(b).  Refusal or fails to submit to proper medical treatment - s36(1a)(c).  Failure to participate in a rehabilitation program or frustrates the objectives of the program - s36(1a)(d).  Failure to comply with obligation under rehabilitation or return to work plan - s36(1a) (e). South Australia  Failure to undertake work offered and capable of doing or take reasonable steps to find or obtain employment or unreasonably discontinuing the employment - s36(1a)(f).  Refuses or fails to participate in assessments of worker’s capacity, rehabilitation progress or future employment prospects - s36(1a)(fa).  Anything else recognised as a breach of the obligation of mutuality - s36(1a)(g).Suspended whilst a worker is in prison – s116.Suspended under s38(6) if a worker fails to comply with a requirement under s38(5): submit to medical examination or furnish evidence of earnings.Suspended during absence of a worker from Australia – s41(3).A worker’s entitlement to compensation may be suspended if the worker unreasonably refuses to submit to a medical examination or undertake any treatment - s90C. Tasmania A worker ceases to be entitled to weekly compensation whilst serving a term of imprisonment - s82.Northern Territory Where a worker unreasonably fails to undertake medical, surgical and rehabilitation treatment or to participate in rehabilitation training or a workplace based return to work program which could enable him or her to undertake more profitable employment, he or she shall be deemed to be able to undertake such employment and his or her compensation under Subdivision B of Division 3 may, subject to section 69, be reduced or cancelled accordingly. Where a worker so required under subsection (1) unreasonably refuses to present himself or herself for assessment of his or her employment prospects, he or she shall be deemed to be able to undertake the most profitable employment that would be reasonably possible for a willing worker with his or her experience and skill and who has sustained a similar injury and is in similar circumstances, having regard to the matters referred to in section 68, and his or her compensation under Subdivision B of Division 3 may, subject to section 69, be reduced or cancelled accordingly. Subject to section 69, where a worker unreasonably refuses to have, or unreasonably Page 218 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Criteria for suspension of compensation payments obstructs, an examination under subsection (1), an employer may cancel or reduce the compensation payable to the worker under Subdivision B of Division 3 until the examination takes place. A worker’s entitlement to compensation may be suspended under section 113 (compliance Australian Capital by workers), section 44 (living outside Australia) or section 83 (no compensation while Territory * imprisoned) of the Workers Compensation Act 1951.An employee’s right to compensation is suspended for unreasonable refusal to: undergo or obstruct a rehabilitation assessment (s36); to undertake a rehabilitation program (s37); to Commonwealth undergo or obstruct a medical examination (s57) or to comply with a notice to give Comcare information or a copy of a document (s58). An employee’s right to compensation is suspended for failure to comply with any reasonable requirement of Comcare where Comcare takes over or initiates a 3rd Party recovery action (s50).An employee’s right to compensation is suspended for unreasonable refusal to undergo or obstructs a rehabilitation assessment (s49), to undertake a rehabilitation program (s50) or Commonwealth to undergo or obstructs a medical examination. An employee’s right to compensation is Seacare suspended for failure to comply with any reasonable requirement of the employer where the employer takes over or initiates a third party recovery action (s59). failure to undertake a rehabilitation program where requirement to undertake one compensation (other than treatment) may be suspended for that period - s52. Commonwealth  suspension of incapacity payments for periods of imprisonment for conviction of an DVA offence - s122.  failure to provide certain information may result in refusal to deal with claim - s330. s117(3): ACC may decline to provide entitlement for as long as the client unreasonably refuses or unreasonably fails to – (a) comply with any requirement of this Act relating to the claimant’s claim; or (b) undergo medical or surgical treatment for his or her personal injury, being treatment that the claimant is entitled to receive, or (c) agree to, or comply with, an individual rehabilitation plan. Compensation is not payable: New Zealand  Where the injury or death is due to suicide or wilfully self-inflicted injury – s119.  Where the claimant become entitled to it because of the death of another person and they have been convicted in New Zealand or another country of the murder of the person – s120.  Where the claimant is in prison – s121.  Where the claimant was injured committing an offence for which they are imprisoned and that offence is punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of 2 years or more – s 122.* as at 30 June 2010Page 219 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20107. Return to Work Return to work means helping injured workers get back to work. This may include employers providing suitable employment that the injured worker can do. RTW can also involve medical practitioners and rehabilitation service providers rehabilitating injured workers back into the workplace.A successful RTW is usually the result of four main factors: early intervention; an effective workplace-based rehabilitation program; effective claims management; and cooperation, collaboration and consultation between stakeholders. This Section covers the following topics related to RTW which cover the principles outlined above:7.1 Rehabilitation programs 7.1.1 Aims of rehabilitation 7.1.2 Rehabilitation programs 7.1.3 Return to Work Plans 7.1.4 Suitable Duties 7.1.5 Second Injury Arrangements7.2 Responsibilities of Stakeholders 7.2.1 Responsibilities of Employers 7.2.2 Responsibilities of Employees 7.2.3 Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer 7.2.4 Responsibilities of Rehabilitation Providers 7.2.5 Workplace Rehabilitation Coordinators 7.2.6 Prescribed Time Periods7.3 Rehabilitation Providers 7.3.1 Nationally Consistent Approval Framework for Workplace Rehabilitation Providers 7.3.2 Qualifications of Rehabilitation Providers 7.3.3 Approval/Accreditation Process 7.3.4 Conditions of Approval 7.3.5 Cross-jurisdictional Application for Approval 7.3.6 Rehabilitation Fees StructureThe Section includes topics related to the Nationally Consistent Approval Framework for Workplace Rehabilitation Providers developed by HWCA and which has been, or is intended to be, implemented by jurisdictions.7.1 Rehabilitation programs 7.1.1 Aims of rehabilitationTable 7.1 - Aims of Rehabilitation as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Meaning or Aims of Rehabilitation New South Wales 1998 Act, Chapter 3 Workplace injury management s41 Object and application of Chapter (1) The object of this Chapter is to establish a system that seeks to achieve optimum results in terms of the timely, safe and durable return to work for workers following workplace injuries. (2) The various provisions of this Chapter apply only in respect of injuries that happen after the commencement of the provision concerned.Page 220 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Meaning or Aims of Rehabilitation injury management means the process that comprises activities and procedures that are undertaken or established for the purpose of achieving a timely, safe and durable return to work for workers following workplace injuries.ACA 1985, Part VIIB, s189 – Return to Work, The purpose of this Part is to provide- a) that employers, workers and other persons involved in the return to work process co-operate to ensure that workers successfully return to work; b) that employers are responsive for providing pre-injury employment or suitable employment to enable workers to return to work; Victoria c) that workers are responsible for participating in the return to work process consistently with the capacity for work; d) for workers to be represented, assisted and supported in the return to work process; e) for effective occupational rehabilitation for workers to facilitate their early and sustainable return to work. s40 Meaning of rehabilitation (1) Rehabilitation, of a worker, is a process designed to— (a) ensure the worker’s earliest possible return to work; or (b) maximise the worker’s independent functioning. (2) Rehabilitation includes— (a) necessary and reasonable— (i) suitable duties programs; or (ii) services provided by a registered person; or (iii) services approved by an insurer; or (b) the provision of necessary and reasonable aids or equipment to the worker. (3) The purpose of rehabilitation is— (a) to return the worker to the worker’s pre-injury duties; or (b) if it is not feasible to return the worker to the worker’s pre-injury duties—to return the worker, either temporarily or permanently, to other suitable duties with the worker’s pre-injury employer; or Queensland (c) if paragraph (b) is not feasible—to return the worker, either temporarily or permanently, to other suitable duties with another employer; or (d) if paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) are not feasible—to maximise the worker’s independent functioning. r109 Rehabilitation (1) Rehabilitation must be goal directed with timely and appropriate service provision having regard to— (a) the worker’s injury; and (b) the objectives of the rehabilitation and return to work plan; and (c) the worker’s rate of recovery. (2) Strategies used in rehabilitation must be evaluated as the case progresses to monitor their effectiveness. (3) The worker’s employer must ensure rehabilitation for a worker is coordinated with and understood by line managers, supervisors and coworkers. (4) A worker must be treated with appropriate respect and equity.Western Australia s3. Purposes A key purpose of the Act is to make provision for the management of workers’ injuries in a manner that is directed at enabling them to return to work - s3. Relevant statutory definitions injury management means the management of workers’ injuries in a manner that is directed at enabling injured workers to return to work - s5(1).Page 221 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Meaning or Aims of Rehabilitation return to work, in relation to a worker who has suffered an injury compensable under the Act, means — (a) the worker holding or returning to the position held by the worker immediately before the injury occurred, if it is reasonably practical for the employer who employed the worker at the time the injury occurred to provide that position to the worker; or (b) if the position is not available, or if the worker does not have the capacity to work in that position, the worker taking a position — (i) for which the worker is qualified; and (ii) that the worker is capable of performing, whether with the employer who employed the worker at the time the injury occurred, or another employer - s5(1). vocational rehabilitation, in relation to a worker who has suffered an injury compensable under this Act, means the provision to the worker of prescribed services, according to the worker’s assessed needs, for the purpose of enabling the worker to return to work - s5(1). s2 Objects of Act (3) The Corporation, and the employer from whose employment a compensable disability South Australia arises, must seek to achieve a disabled worker's return to work (taking into account the objects and requirements of this Act).Purpose of Part XI, s139 – Injury Management To establish a system that ensures that as far as practicable, workers- Tasmania (a) recover as soon as possible from workplace injuries; and (b) are able, as soon as practicable, to return to and remain in work that is safe for them to perform without aggravating the injury or impeding its healing.For the purposes of subsection (1), rehabilitation means the process necessary to ensure, Northern as far as is practicable, having regard to community standards from time to time, that an Territory injured worker is restored to the same physical, economic and social condition in which the worker was before suffering the relevant injury. s85A Definitions—ch 5 (1) In this Act: Australian Capital personal injury plan, for a worker, means a plan for coordinating and managing the Territory * aspects of injury management that relate to medical treatment and rehabilitation services for the worker to achieve a timely, safe and durable return to work for the worker.Commonwealth - ComcareCommonwealth - Seacare Commonwealth DVA The aim of rehabilitation is to maximise the potential to restore a person who has an impairment, or an incapacity for service or work, as a result of a service injury or disease to at least the same physical and psychological state, and at least the same social, vocational and educational status, as he or she had before the injury or disease - s38.The person's rehabilitation authority (MRCC or Service Chief) must take all reasonable steps to assist the person to find suitable work - ss 61 and 62.The main focus of rehabilitation is on the: – achievement of physical, social and mental recovery; – where possible, return to suitable work at the earliest possible time; andPage 222 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Meaning or Aims of Rehabilitation – reduction of the human and economic cost of disability of ADF members and former members and the broader community.Vocational rehabilitation aims to provide the person with the skills and knowledge necessary to obtain suitable work.Psychosocial rehabilitation interventions aim to change perceptions of injury, pain, future loss and life changes which can undermine recovery and wellbeing. s6 Definitions rehabilitation- a. means a process of active change and support with the goal of restoring, to the extent provided under section 70, a claimant’s health, independence, and participation; and b. comprises treatment, social rehabilitation, and vocational rehabilitation. s79 Purpose of social rehabilitation The purpose of social rehabilitation is to assist in restoring a claimant’s independence to New Zealand the maximum extent practicable. s80 Purpose of vocational rehabilitation 1. The purpose of vocational rehabilitation is to help a claimant to, as appropriate, - (a) maintain employment; or (b) obtain employment; or (c) regain or acquire vocational independence. 2. Without limiting subsection (1), the provision of vocational rehabilitation includes the provision of activities for the purpose of maintaining or obtaining employment that is- (a) suitable for the claimant; and (b) appropriate for the claimant’s levels of training and experience.* as at 30 June 2010 7.1.2 Rehabilitation programs Employers may be required to implement rehabilitation programs that specify policies and processes to be taken when an employee is injured at work.Table 7.2 – Rehabilitation Programs as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs New South Wales 1998 Act, s52 Workplace rehabilitation (1) An employer must establish a return-to-work program with respect to policies and procedures for the rehabilitation (and, if necessary, vocational re-education) of any injured workers of the employer. An employer’s return-to-work program must not be inconsistent with the injury management program of the employer’s insurer and is of no effect to the extent of any such inconsistency. (2) A return-to-work program is to be established in accordance with the regulations and must, subject to the regulations: (a) comply with any guidelines determined by the Authority, and (b) be developed by the employer in consultation with the workers concerned and any industrial union of employees representing those workers, and (c) be in writing and be displayed or notified at places of work. (3) The Authority may, in determining guidelines for the purposes of this section, consult with such persons and bodies as the Authority considers to be appropriate. (4) The regulations: (a) may require a return-to-work program to be approved by the Authority or other person or body, and (b) may exempt specified classes of employers from this section, and (c) may provide for the accreditation of providers of rehabilitation services for the purposes of return-to-work programs and may require employers to use the services of accredited providers in connection with the program, and (d) may create offences with respect to any failure to comply with this section or with a Page 223 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs return-to-work program, and (e) may make other provisions that are necessary or convenient for the purposes of giving effect to this section. (5) A group of 2 or more employers may establish a single return-to-work program under this section for each member of the group if the employers are authorised to do so by the regulations. r15A Time within which program to be established (1) A return-to-work program required to be established by a category 1 employer must be established before the expiration of the period of 12 months after the employer becomes a category 1 employer. (2) A return-to-work program required to be established by a category 2 employer must be established before the expiration of the period of 12 months after the employer becomes a category 2 employer. (3) The Authority may, in a particular case, extend the period during which a return-to-work program is required to be established. Note. Section 52 (2) (b) of the 1998 Act requires a return-to-work program to be developed by an employer in consultation with workers of the employer and any industrial union of employees representing those workers. r15B Offence—failure to establish program An employer who fails to establish a return-to-work program under section 52 of the 1998 Act within the period required by this Regulation is guilty of an offence. Maximum penalty: (a) in the case of a category 2 employer, 5 penalty units, (b) in the case of a category 1 employer, 20 penalty units. r15C Standard return-to-work programs for category 2 employers (1) The Authority may prepare (in accordance with the guidelines) standard return-to-work programs for category 2 employers generally or for different kinds of category 2 employers. (2) A category 2 employer who does not establish a separate return-to-work program in accordance with the 1998 Act may establish a return-to-work program by adopting a relevant standard return-to-work program prepared under this clause. (3) The Authority may include in a compensation claim form approved by the Authority under section 65 (1) (b) of the 1998 Act a copy of any standard return-to-work program prepared under this clause. r15D Program to comply with guidelines etc (1) An employer is not to be regarded as having established a return-to-work program unless the program complies with the guidelines and any directions under or requirements of this Regulation. (2) A category 2 employer who adopts a relevant standard return-to-work program under clause 15C is to be regarded as having duly established a return-to-work program. r15E Guidelines for programs—directions (1) The Authority may give an employer directions in writing in connection with any return- to-work program established, or to be established, by the employer to ensure that the program complies with the guidelines. (2) The Authority is to review a direction given by it under this clause if the employer concerned requests a review but need not review any particular direction more than once. r15F Nomination in programs of accredited providers of rehabilitation services (1) A return-to-work program must, if the guidelines so require, nominate an accredited provider of rehabilitation services (or a list of such accredited providers) for the purposes of the program. (2) Consultation on the nomination of an accredited provider of rehabilitation services is to be carried out in such circumstances and in such manner as the guidelines may provide. r15G Offence—failure to display or notify program An employer who fails to display or notify a return-to-work program in accordance with Page 224 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs section 52 (2) (c) of the 1998 Act at the places of work under the employer’s control is guilty of an offence. Maximum penalty: (a) in the case of a category 2 employer, 2 penalty units, (b) in the case of a category 1 employer, 10 penalty units. r15H Notification etc of program by category 2 employerA category 2 employer is not required to display or notify a return-to-work program at the places of work under the employer’s control: (a) if the employer provides a copy of the program to any worker who requests a copy or who applies for compensation for any injury, or (b) if the employer makes other appropriate arrangements to ensure that workers have access to a copy of the program. r15K Shared return-to-work programs (1) For the purposes of section 52 (5) of the 1998 Act, a group of 2 or more employers may establish a single return-to-work program for the members of the group if: (a) those employers have engaged a person to be a return-to-work co-ordinator for injured workers of those employers on a shared basis, and (b) in the opinion of the Authority: (i) those employers are engaged in the same business, or (ii) those employers operate in the same locality, or (iii) those employers satisfy any requirements of the guidelines imposed for the purposes of this paragraph, and (c) in the opinion of the Authority, those employers have complied with all of the requirements of the guidelines with respect to the establishment of a single return- to-work program for groups of employers. (2) The guidelines can require employers to obtain the approval of the Authority for: (a) the establishment of a single return-to-work program for a group of employers, and (b) the terms of a single return-to-work program and any revisions or amendments to those terms. r15L ExemptionsThe following classes of employers, to the extent indicated, are exempt from the requirement to establish a return-to-work program under section 52 of the 1998 Act and from clause 15I: (a) employers (including bodies corporate for strata schemes or strata (leasehold) schemes) who employ domestic or similar workers otherwise than for the purposes of the employer’s trade or business (but only to the extent of the workers concerned), (b) employers who hold owner-builders’ permits under the Home Building Act 1989 (but only to the extent of workers employed for the purposes of the work to which the permits relate), (c) employers (being corporations) who only employ workers who are directors of the corporation, (d) employers who only employ workers who are members of the employer’s family, (e) employers who only employ workers who perform work while outside New South Wales, (f) employers exempted in writing by the Authority (but only to the extent specified in the exemption).Victoria ACA 1985, s198 Make return to work information available (1) An employer must make information available to the employer's workers about— (a) the obligations of the employer under this Part and how the employer is meeting the obligations; and (b) the rights and obligations of workers under this Part and how workers can obtain further information about the rights and obligations; and (c) the name and contact details of the authorised agent selected by the Page 225 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs employer; and (d) the name and contact details of the return to work co-ordinator, if applicable; and (e) the procedure for resolving return to work issues as specified in section 207. (2) An employer must consult with the employer's workers as to how the information is to be made available under this section. s99 Occupational rehabilitation services (3A) A worker is entitled to receive occupational rehabilitation services referred to in subsection (1) from— (a) a provider of occupational rehabilitation services chosen by the worker from a list of approved providers of those services nominated by the Authority, employer or self-insurer in accordance with subsection (3B); or (b) if the Authority, employer or self-insurer does not nominate a list of approved providers of those services for the purposes of this subsection, from an approved provider of those services of the worker's choice. (3B) A list of providers of occupational rehabilitation services referred to in subsection (1) must consist of the names of not less than 3 approved providers of those services nominated by the Authority, employer or self-insurer having regard as far as is possible to— (a) the type of injury the worker has suffered; (b) the type of occupational rehabilitation services required; (c) where the worker resides; (d) where the provider is requested by the Authority, self-insurer or employer to provide the services. (3C) If 3 approved providers of particular occupational rehabilitation services are not available, it is sufficient compliance with subsection (3B) if the list consists of the names of the available approved provider or providers of those occupational rehabilitation services. (3D) If— (a) the Authority, employer or self-insurer offers occupational rehabilitation services from an approved provider of occupational rehabilitation services to be chosen by the worker from a list of providers of those services nominated by the Authority, employer or self-insurer in accordance with subsection (3B) or (3C); and (b) the worker does not choose an approved provider of those occupational rehabilitation services within 14 days of the offer of occupational rehabilitation services— the occupational rehabilitation services will be offered or provided to the worker by an approved provider of occupational rehabilitation services nominated by the Authority, employer or self-insurer in accordance with subsection (3B).Queensland s43 Meaning of workplace rehabilitation Workplace rehabilitation is a system of rehabilitation accredited by the Authority that is initiated or managed by an employer. s44 Meaning of workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures Workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures are written policy and procedures for workplace rehabilitation that are accredited by the Authority. s45 Meaning of accredited workplace An accredited workplace is a workplace that has workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures. r99C Employer’s obligation to appoint rehabilitation and return to work coordinator —Act, s226(1) (1) An employer meets the criteria for being required to appoint a rehabilitation and return Page 226 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs to work coordinator if— (a) for an employer who employs workers at a workplace in a high risk industry—the wages of the employer in Queensland for the preceding financial year were more than $1.63m; or (b) otherwise—the wages of the employer in Queensland for the preceding financial year were more than $4.9m. (2) If QOTE varies, the amounts mentioned in subsection (1) must be varied proportionately. (3) The amount as varied is to be rounded up to the nearest $1000. (4) The Authority must notify the variation of the amounts mentioned in subsection (1) by gazette notice. (5) An employer may appoint 1 rehabilitation and return to work coordinator for more than 1 workplace if the person can reasonably perform the person’s functions as a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator for each workplace. r99D Employer’s obligation to have workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures— Act s227(1) (1) An employer meets the criteria for being required to have workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures if— (a) the employer employs 30 or more workers at a workplace in a high risk industry; or (b) the wages of the employer in Queensland for the preceding financial year were more than $4.9 million. (2) If QOTE varies, the amount mentioned in subsection (1)(b) must be varied proportionately. (3) The amount as varied is to be rounded up to the nearest $1000. (4) The Authority must notify the variation of the amount mentioned in subsection (1)(b) by industrial gazette notice. (5) An employer may have 1 workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures document for all workplaces of the employer.Establishment of injury management systems for employer's workers - s155B. Each employer is to ensure that - (a) an injury management system is established in relation to the employer's workers; and (b) the establishment, content and implementation of the injury management system are in accordance with the code. Workers’ Compensation Code of Practice (Injury Management) 2005 1. Injury management system to be written The employer has to ensure that an injury management system is described in writing. Western Australia 2. What an injury management system has to include The document describing the injury management system has to include — (a) a description of the steps the employer will take when an injury occurs at the employer’s workplace; and (b) details of the person who is to have the day to day responsibility for the injury management system, and how to contact the person. 3. Implementation of an injury management system The employer has to ensure that a copy of the document describing the injury management system is made available to any of the employer’s workers who requests a copy of the document. South Australia WRC Regulations 2010, reg 22 – Standards and Requirements: Pursuant to section 28C of the Act, a rehabilitation program for an injured worker must comply with the following standards and requirements: (a) it must be in writing; (b) it must specify the following details: (i) the worker's full name; (ii) the worker's date of birth; (iii) the claim number; (iv) the employer's name; Page 227 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs (v) the nature of the disability; (vi) the date that the disability was suffered; (c) it must have as its objectives— (i) the achievement by the worker of the best practicable levels of physical and mental recovery; and (ii) the restoration, where possible, of the worker to the workforce and the community; and (iii) other specific objectives (not inconsistent with the objectives referred to above) appropriate to the circumstances of the worker specified for that purpose in the program; (d) it must specify, to the extent practicable, action that the worker and the employer of the worker must undertake for the purpose of fulfilling the objectives of the program; (e) it must specify, to the extent practicable, the rehabilitation services relevant to the program that are to be provided to, and accepted by, the worker; (f) it must specify, to the extent practicable, the point of commencement and completion of the program (expressed either as particular dates, the commencement and expiration of a particular period, or the occurrence of particular activities or circumstances); (g) it must specify the method by which the Corporation will review the program and, where practicable, the times or occasions on which reviews will take place; (h) if at the time of the preparation of the program it has not been practicable to undertake a complete evaluation of— (i) the worker's incapacity arising from the disability; or (ii) the employment that will be suitable employment for the worker given the worker's physical and mental condition as a consequence of the disability, it must specify that these matters will be evaluated and reported to the Corporation as soon as it becomes practicable to do so; (i) it must contain the following statements: (A)—Important Notice to Employers A failure by an employer to co-operate with respect to the implementation of a rehabilitation program or to provide suitable employment for an injured worker may be considered by the Corporation as appropriate grounds to impose on that employer a supplementary levy in accordance with section 67 of the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986 . (B)—Important Notice to Injured Workers A refusal or failure by an injured worker to participate in a rehabilitation program, or participation in a rehabilitation program in a way that frustrates the objectives of a rehabilitation program, may lead to the discontinuance of weekly payments under section 36 of the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986 . A refusal or failure by a worker to undertake work that the worker has been offered and is capable of performing, or to take reasonable steps to find or obtain suitable employment, may lead to the discontinuance of payments under section 36 of the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986 . This may also occur if a worker obtains suitable employment and then unreasonably discontinues the employment. *NB the whole 2010 Regulations came into force on 1 November 2010. Before then a series of different regulations applied. Reg 22 of the 2010 Regulations is identical to reg 4 of the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation (Rehabilitation Standards and Requirements) Regulations 1996 which preceded it. Tasmania s141 Interpretation“Injury management program” means a program for injury management in respect of workers who may suffer workplace injuries. s142 Injury management programs to be complied with (1) The Board may, by notice, issue guidelines specifying – (a) matters that must be included in an injury management program; and (b) matters that the Board recommends be included, but that are not required to be included, in an injury management program.(2) An employer's insurer must, as far as reasonably practicable – Page 228 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs (a) ensure that there is an injury management program in respect of each employer; and (b) comply with each injury management program – (i) that is submitted by the insurer to the Board and approved by the Board under section 143(7); or (ii) that is submitted to the insurer under section 143(4) and approved by the insurer. Penalty: Fine not exceeding 100 penalty units.(3) An employer who is not a Minister or the Crown must – (a) ensure that there is an injury management program in respect of the employer; and (b) comply with each injury management program in respect of the employer. Penalty: Fine not exceeding 100 penalty units.(4) An employer who is a Minister or the Crown must – (a) ensure that there is an injury management program that is in force in relation to each Agency; and (b) comply with each such program.(5) If an injury management program that is in force was submitted to the Board under section 143, the person who submitted the program – (a) must review the program after every 12 months commencing on the day on which the program is approved under section 143(7); and (b) must, if the person is notified by the Board under subsection (7) – (i) review the program; and (ii) submit to the Board a report in relation to the program within the period specified in the notice.(6) If an injury management program that is in force was submitted by an employer to the employer's insurer under section 143(4), the employer – (a) must review the program after every 12 months commencing on the day on which the program is approved under section 143(7); and (b) must, if the employer is notified by the Board under subsection (7) – (i) review the program; and (ii) submit to the Board a report in relation to the program within the period specified in the notice.(7) The Board may, by notice in writing to an employer, a Head of an Agency or an employer's insurer, require the employer, Head of an Agency or insurer to submit to the Board, within the period specified in the notice, a report in relation to the injury management program referred to in the notice.Injury management program approval process set out in section 143.Northern Not required. Territory Australian Capital Territory * s109 Workplace rehabilitation (1) An employer must establish and maintain a return-to-work program that complies with subsection (3). Maximum penalty: 10 penalty units. (2) An employer must display or notify a return-to-work program that complies with subsection (3) at each place of work of the workers to whom the program relates or may relate. Maximum penalty: 10 penalty units. (3) A return-to-work program must— (a) provide policies and procedures for the rehabilitation (including, if necessary, vocational rehabilitation) of injured workers of the employer; and (b) be consistent with the injury management program of the employer’s insurer; and (c) be established in accordance with any guidelines issued by the Minister under section 110; and (d) be developed in consultation with— (i) the workers to whom it relates, or may relate; andPage 229 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs(ii) any industrial union of workers representing the workers; and (iii) an approved rehabilitation provider. (4) To remove any doubt, subsection (3) (d) does not limit the people the employer may consult when developing the return-to-work program. (5) Subsection (1) does not apply if— (a) the employer is part of a group of employers that has jointly established a single return-to-work program for each member of the group; and (c) the employers are authorised in writing to do this by the Minister; and (b) the return-to-work program complies with subsection (3). (6) This section does not apply to a non-business employer. (7) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. s41 Rehabilitation authorities to comply with guidelines (1) Comcare may prepare and issue to rehabilitation authorities guidelines in relation to the performance or exercise by those authorities of their functions or powers under this Part. (2) A rehabilitation authority shall comply with any guidelines issued under subsection (1).Rehabilitation Guidelines for Employers (Issued under s41) 4. Employers should have in place a rehabilitation policy which should be: a. developed in consultation with employees b. endorsed by senior management, communicated throughout the organisation and accessible to all employees c. tailored to the specific requirements of the organisation. 5. The rehabilitation policy should: a. aim to achieve the safe maintenance at work or timely return to work of injured employees through early and appropriate intervention Commonwealth b. clearly commit the organisation to providing suitable duties wherever possible in Comcare order to maintain the employee at work or enable an early return to work c. state the responsibilities of managers in relation to rehabilitation programs and the provision of suitable duties d. state the rights and responsibilities of employees in respect of rehabilitation programs e. outline the assistance available to help an injured employee to remain at or return to work f. provide for ongoing communication with the employee while absent from work so that the connection with the workplace can be maintained g. provide for the cost of workplace injury to be monitored and rehabilitation program effectiveness to be evaluated h. describe the service delivery requirements of approved rehabilitation program providers i. provide for the evaluation of the policy’s implementation and its update as necessary so it remains effective and achieves its aims.Commonwealth s3 Definitions Seacare Rehabilitation program includes medical, dental, psychiatric and hospital services (whether on an in-patient or out-patient basis), physical training and exercise, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and vocational training. s49 Assessment of capability of undertaking rehabilitation program 1) If an employee suffers an injury that lasts, or is expected to last, 28 days, which results in an impairment or an incapacity for work, the employee’s employer must, within 28 days after receiving notice of the injury, arrange for the assessment of the employee’s capability of undertaking a rehabilitation program. s50 Provision of rehabilitation programs 1) If an employee of an employer is assessed under section 49 as capable of undertaking a rehabilitation program, the employer must, after consulting the employee in relation to: a. The selection of an approved program provider; andPage 230 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs b. The development of an appropriate rehabilitation program by an approved program provider; Making arrangements with an approved program provider for the provision of an appropriate rehabilitation program2) The cost of any rehabilitation program provided for an employee under this section must be paid by the employer.Commonwealth DVA s44 When an assessment may or must be carried out Assessments on rehabilitation authority’s initiative (1) The rehabilitation authority for a person to whom this Part applies may, on its own initiative, carry out an initial assessment or a further assessment of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation. Requests for assessments (2) A person to whom this Part applies may request his or her rehabilitation authority to carry out an initial assessment or a further assessment of his or her capacity for rehabilitation. (3) The rehabilitation authority: (a) must carry out an initial assessment; and (b) may carry out a further assessment; if the person requests the rehabilitation authority to do so. Requirement to carry out assessment before ceasing or varying a program (4) The rehabilitation authority must carry out an assessment before ceasing or varying a rehabilitation program under section 53. s45 What may be done as part of an assessment (1) This section applies if the person’s rehabilitation authority carries out an assessment under section 44 of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation. (2) The rehabilitation authority may seek the assistance of a person the authority is satisfied has suitable qualifications or expertise to provide assistance. (3) The rehabilitation authority may take into account any relevant information of which it is aware. (4) The rehabilitation authority may require the person to undergo an examination under section 46. s46 Requirements for examinations (1) This section applies if the person’s rehabilitation authority requires the person to undergo an examination. (2) The examination is to be carried out by an examiner nominated by the rehabilitation authority whom the authority is satisfied has suitable qualifications or expertise to carry out the examination. (3) The examiner must give a written report of the examination to the rehabilitation authority. The report must include: (a) an assessment of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation; and (b) if the person has a capacity for rehabilitation—the kinds of rehabilitation from which the person would benefit; and (c) any other information relating to the provision of a rehabilitation program for the person that the rehabilitation authority requires. (4) The Commonwealth is liable to pay the cost of conducting the examination. s51 Rehabilitation authority may determine that a person is to undertake a rehabilitation program (1) The rehabilitation authority for a person to whom this Part applies may determine that the person is to undertake a rehabilitation program specified in the determination if an assessment has been made under section 44 of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation. (2) In making a determination under subsection (1) in respect of the person, the person’s rehabilitation authority is to have regard to the following:Page 231 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs(a) any written report in respect of the person under subsection 46(3); (b) any reduction in the future liability of the Commonwealth to pay or provide compensation if the program is undertaken; (c) the cost of the program; (d) any improvement in the person’s opportunity to be engaged in work after completing the program; (e) the person’s attitude to the program; (f) the relative merits of any alternative and appropriate rehabilitation program; (g) any other matter the rehabilitation authority considers relevant. (3) If the rehabilitation authority for a person makes a determination under subsection (1) that a person is to undertake a rehabilitation program, the rehabilitation authority must make arrangements with an approved program provider for the provision of the program for the person. Note: The person might also be entitled to have his or her home altered or aids or appliances provided under Part 3. (4) For the purposes of designing or providing a rehabilitation program: (a) the rehabilitation authority or approved program provider concerned may seek the assistance of persons with suitable qualifications or expertise in the design or provision of rehabilitation programs; and (b) the rehabilitation authority or approved program provider concerned may take into account any relevant information of which it is aware or that is brought to its attention. (5) The cost of a rehabilitation program provided for a person under this section is to be paid by the Commonwealth. s53 Cessation or variation of a rehabilitation program (1) This section applies if: (a) the rehabilitation authority for a person has made a determination under subsection 51(1) that the person is to undertake a rehabilitation program; and (b) an approved program provider has commenced providing the rehabilitation program. (2) The rehabilitation authority may, on its own initiative or on written application by the person, determine that: (a) the rehabilitation program cease; or (b) the rehabilitation program be varied. (3) Before making a determination under subsection (2), the rehabilitation authority must: (a) undertake an assessment under section 44 of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation; and (b) consult the person about the proposed determination. s64 Transition management (1) This section applies to a person if: (a) the person is a Permanent Forces member or a continuous full-time Reservist; and (b) the person has been identified by or on behalf of the person’s service chief as being likely to be discharged from the Defence Force for medical reasons. (2) The person’s service chief must appoint a case manager for the person. (3) The role of the case manager is to assist the person in the transition to civilian life, including by advising the person about entitlements and services for which the person may be eligible as a member or former member, and about how to obtain access to such entitlements and services.New Zealand s71 Employer’s obligations in relation to rehabilitation (1) This section applies to an employer if- a. the Corporation decides, under section 86(2)(a), that it is reasonably practicable to return the claimant to the same employment in which the claimant was engaged, and with the employer who was employing the claimant, when the claimant’s incapacity commenced; and b. the Corporation gives the employer notice, in writing, of the decision. (2) The employer must take all practicable steps to assist the claimant with the claimant’sPage 232 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Rehabilitation Programs vocational rehabilitation under his or her individual rehabilitation plan.* as at 30 June 2010 7.1.3 Return to Work PlansFor seriously injured workers, an individual RTW program may be necessary to return them to work in a safe and durable manner.Table 7.3 - Return to Work Plans as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Return to Work PlansAn individual return to work plan should be developed for each worker on suitable duties. A return to work plan can be developed by a trained return to work coordinator or an approved workplace rehabilitation provider in consultation with all relevant parties, including the nominated treating doctor. Copies of the return to work plan should be distributed to the injured worker, employer and treating doctor.A return to work plan should be in writing and contain:  the job title and location  agreed purpose or goal of suitable duties (for example, to return to pre-injury job, or an interim measure to assess capacity to return to pre-injury duties, or to an alternative job) New South Wales  the supervisor  hours/days to be worked  duties, including capacity, restrictions or specific duties to be avoided  arrangements to attend treatment or medical appointments  commencement date  length of program  review dates  documented agreement by injured worker, employer representative, nominated treating doctor and, if applicable, union representative.(Guidelines for Workplace return to work programs)Victoria s195 Plan return to work (1) An employer must, to the extent that it is reasonable to do so, plan the return to work of a worker from the date on which the employer knows or ought reasonably to have known of the worker's incapacity for work, whichever is the earlier date. Penalty: 120 penalty units for a natural person; 600 penalty units for a body corporate. (2) An employer must when planning the return to work of a worker undertake the tasks specified in subsection (3) as often as is necessary to enable the worker to return to work in employment which is consistent with the worker's capacity for work. (3) Planning the return to work of a worker includes— (a) obtaining relevant information about the worker's capacity for work; and (b) considering reasonable workplace support, aids or modifications to assist in the worker's return to work; and (c) assessing and proposing options for suitable employment or pre-injury employment; and (d) engaging in consultation in accordance with section 196; and (e) providing the worker with clear, accurate and current details of the worker's return to work arrangements; and (f) monitoring the worker's progress. s199 Host to co-operate with labour hire employer (1)This section applies if— (a) the services of a worker are let on hire to another person (host) by the employer Page 233 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Return to Work Plans(labour hire employer) with whom the worker had entered into a contract of employment; and (b) there is caused to the worker an incapacity for work resulting from or materially contributed to by an injury arising out of or in the course of employment with the labour hire employer whilst the worker is let on hire to the host. (2) A host must, to the extent that it is reasonable to do so, co-operate with the labour hire employer, in respect of action taken by the labour hire employer in order to comply with sections 194, 195 and 196, to facilitate the worker's return to work. Penalty: 120 penalty units for a natural person; 600 penalty units for a body corporate.Division 3—Obligations of workers s200 Participate in planning for return to work A worker who has an incapacity for work must in co-operation with the employer, Authority or self-insurer make reasonable efforts to actively participate and co- operate in planning for the worker to return to work. r106 Rehabilitation and return to work plan (1) A rehabilitation and return to work plan must be developed for each worker undertaking rehabilitation. (2) The plan must be consistent with the worker’s needs and with the current medical certificate or report for the worker’s injury. (3) The plan must be developed in consultation with the insurer, the worker, the worker’s employer, the worker’s treating registered persons and any person engaged by the worker’s employer to help in the worker’s rehabilitation and return to work. Queensland (4) Any amendment of the plan must comply with subsections (2) and (3). (5) The plan must contain at least the following matters— (a) clear and appropriate objectives with ways of achieving the objectives; (b) details of rehabilitation required to meet the objectives; (c) the time frames for rehabilitation; (d) review mechanisms and dates for review; (e) progress to date; (f) if it is practicable to provide the worker with suitable duties, a suitable duties program. s155C Establishment of return to work programs for individual workers An employer of a worker who has suffered an injury compensable under this Act must ensure that a return to work program is established for the worker as soon as practicable after either of the following occurs - (a) the worker's treating medical practitioner advises the employer in writing that a return to work program should be established for the worker; (b) the worker's treating medical practitioner signs a medical certificate to the effect that the worker has a total or partial capacity to return to work. Western Australia A return to work program is not required for a worker - (a) who has returned to the position held by the worker immediately before the injury occurred; and (b) who has a total capacity to work in that position. The establishment, content and implementation of a return to work program must be in accordance with the code. South Australia WRC Regulations 2010, reg 23 – Standards and requirements – Rehabilitation and return to work plans** Pursuant to section 28C of the Act, a plan for an injured worker must comply with the following standards and requirements: (a) it must be in writing; (b) it must specify the following details:Page 234 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Return to Work Plans(i) the worker's full name; (ii) the worker's date of birth; (iii) the claim number; (iv) the employer's name; (v) the nature of the disability; (vi) the date that the disability was suffered; (c) it must have as its objectives— (i) the return of the worker at the earliest practicable time to suitable employment at a level of remuneration which, as near as practicable, is not less than the worker's pre-injury remuneration; (ii) other specific objectives (not inconsistent with the objective referred to above) appropriate to the circumstances of the worker specified for that purpose in the plan, but at least including one of the following: (A) the worker's return to the pre-injury employment with the pre-injury employer; (B) the worker's return to different employment by the pre-injury employer; (C) the worker's return to the pre-injury employment but with a different employer; (D) the worker's return to different employment with a different employer; (d) in the case of a plan that contemplates the worker returning to different employment— to the extent practicable—it must specify the suitable employment to which the worker should return; (e) it must specify action that the worker and the pre-injury employer must undertake in order to meet the objectives of the plan, including (but not limited to)— (i) in relation to the worker—what training or, where applicable, job search functions the worker should undertake; (ii) in relation to the pre-injury employer—what workplace or employment modifications the pre-injury employer should provide or undertake in order to achieve the worker's return to work; (f) it must specify, to the extent practicable, the services to which section 32 of the Act applies that are to be provided to, and accepted by, the worker; (g) it must specify, to the extent practicable, the point of commencement and completion of the plan (expressed either as particular dates, the commencement and expiration of a particular period, or the occurrence of particular activities or circumstances); (h) it must specify the method by which the Corporation will review the plan and, where practicable, the times or occasions on which reviews will take place; (i) it must contain the following statements: (A)—Important Notice to Employers A failure by an employer to co-operate with respect to the implementation of a rehabilitation and return to work plan or to provide suitable employment for an injured worker may be considered by the Corporation as appropriate grounds to impose on that employer a supplementary levy in accordance with section 67 of the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986. An employer may apply for a review of a provision of a rehabilitation and return to work plan on the ground that the provision is unreasonable but such review proceedings do not suspend obligations imposed by the rehabilitation and return to work plan until a review or appeal authority makes a decision to modify the plan, if at all.; (B)—Important Notice to Injured Workers A failure by an injured worker to comply with an obligation under a rehabilitation and return to work plan may lead to the discontinuance of weekly payments pursuant to section 36 of the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986. A worker may apply for a review of a provision of a rehabilitation and return to work plan on the ground that the provision is unreasonable but such review proceedings do not suspend obligations imposed by the rehabilitation and return to work plan until a review or appeal authority makes a decision to modify the plan, if at all. A refusal or failure by an injured worker to undertake work that the worker has been offered and is capable of performing, or to take reasonable steps to find or obtain suitable employment, may lead to the discontinuance of payments pursuant to section 36 of the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986. This may also occur if a worker obtains suitable employment and then unreasonably discontinues the employment.Page 235 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Return to Work Plans** Same comments as for reg 22 and rehabilitation programs. This is a new regulation in force from 1 November 2010. The old regulation (reg 5) was identical. s141 Interpretation“return to work plan” means a plan, which need not be comprehensive, for injury management in respect of an injured worker who is, or is likely to be, totally or partially incapacitated for work for more than 5 working days but less than 28 days.“injury management plan” means a comprehensive plan for injury management in respect of an injured worker who is, or is likely to be, totally or partially incapacitated for 28 days or more. s143E Return-to-work and injury management plans (1) If a worker suffers a significant injury, the worker's injury management co-ordinator must – (a) if the worker is, or is likely to be, totally or partially incapacitated for work for more than a period of 5 working days but less than 28 days, ensure that a return-to-work plan is prepared before the expiry of 5 days after the worker becomes totally or partially incapacitated for work for more than 5 working days; or (b) if the worker is, or is likely to be, totally or partially incapacitated for work for 28 days or more, ensure that an injury management plan is prepared before the expiry of 5 days after the worker becomes totally or partially incapacitated for work for 28 days.(2) A worker's return-to-work plan or injury management plan, and any amendment to such a plan, is to be prepared, as far as is reasonably practicable, in consultation with – (a) the worker; and (b) the worker's employer; and (c) the worker's primary treating medical practitioner; and (d) the employer's insurer, if any; and (e) the worker's workplace rehabilitation provider, if any; and (f) the worker's injury management co-ordinator. Tasmania (3) A worker's approved return-to-work plan or approved injury management plan, and any amendment to such a plan, takes effect from the day on which the worker and the worker's employer consent to the plan or amendment. (4) If either a worker or a worker's employer refuses to give consent to an injury management plan or a return-to-work plan, or an amendment to such a plan, the injury management co-ordinator may notify the Tribunal under section 143Q about the matter. (5) A worker's injury management co-ordinator must ensure that the worker's approved return-to-work plan or approved injury management plan is regularly reviewed in consultation with the persons consulted under subsection (2). (6) If the Tribunal makes orders under section 81A(3)(c) or (d) in relation to a worker, subsection (1) does not apply in relation to the worker, until (if at all) the worker's employer is found by the Tribunal to be liable for the worker's workplace injury. (7) If a worker or the worker's employer does not take all reasonable steps to comply with any requirements of the worker's approved return-to-work plan or approved injury management plan, the worker or the worker's employer may notify the Tribunal under section 143Q about the matter. (8) The – (a) preparation of or giving of consent to a return-to-work plan, or an injury management plan, in relation to an injured worker; or (b) implementation of an approved return-to-work plan or an approved injury management plan in relation to an injured worker – is not an admission of liability in respect of any claim that may be made by the worker under this Act.Northern Not legislated. Territory Australian CapitalPage 236 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Return to Work Plans s97 Personal injury plan for worker with significant injury (1) If it appears to an insurer who is, or may be, liable to pay compensation to an injured worker on behalf of the worker’s employer that the workplace injury is a significant injury, the insurer must establish a personal injury plan for the worker. (2) The personal injury plan must be established in agreement with the employer (unless the employer is a self-insurer or a non-business employer) and the injured worker, to the maximum extent that their cooperation and participation allow. Territory * (3) The insurer must give effect to the personal injury plan established for the injured worker and, for that purpose, must comply with the obligations imposed on the insurer under the plan. (4) In this section: significant injury means a workplace injury that is likely to result in the worker being incapacitated for work for a continuous period of longer than 7 days, whether or not any of those days are business days and whether or not the incapacity is total or partial or a combination of both. Commonwealth Comcare s36 Assessment of capability of undertaking rehabilitation program (1) Where an employee suffers an injury resulting in an incapacity for work or an impairment, the rehabilitation authority may at any time, and shall on the written request of the employee, arrange for the assessment of the employee’s capability of undertaking a rehabilitation program. (2) An assessment shall be made by: (a) a legally qualified medical practitioner nominated by the rehabilitation authority; (b) a suitably qualified person (other than a medical practitioner) nominated by the rehabilitation authority; or (c) a panel comprising such legally qualified medical practitioners or other suitably qualified persons (or both) as are nominated by the rehabilitation authority. (3) The rehabilitation authority may require the employee to undergo an examination by the person or panel of persons making the assessment. (4) Where an employee refuses or fails, without reasonable excuse, to undergo an examination in accordance with a requirement, or in any way obstructs such an examination, the employee’s rights to compensation under this Act, and to institute or continue any proceedings under this Act in relation to compensation, are suspended until the examination takes place. (5) The relevant authority shall pay the cost of conducting any examination of an employee and is liable to pay to the employee an amount equal to the amount of the expenditure reasonably incurred by the employee in making a necessary journey in connection with the examination or remaining, for the purpose of the examination, at a place to which the employee has made a journey for that purpose. (6) In deciding questions arising under subsection (5), a relevant authority shall have regard to: (a) the means of transport available to the employee for the journey; (b) the route or routes by which the employee could have travelled; and (c) the accommodation available to the employee. (7) Where an employee’s right to compensation is suspended under subsection (4), compensation is not payable in respect of the period of the suspension. (8) Where an examination is carried out, the person or persons who carried out the examination shall give to the rehabilitation authority a written assessment of the employee’s capability of undertaking a rehabilitation program, specifying, where appropriate, the kind of program which he or she is capable of undertaking and containing any other information relating to the provision of a rehabilitation program for the employee that the rehabilitation authority may require. s37 Provision of rehabilitation programs (1) A rehabilitation authority may make a determination that an employee who has suffered an injury resulting in an incapacity for work or an impairment should undertake a rehabilitation program. (2) If a rehabilitation authority makes a determination under subsection (1) the authority may: (a) provide a rehabilitation program for the employee itself; or (b) make arrangements with an approved program provider for that provider to provide Page 237 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Return to Work Plans a rehabilitation program for the employee. Note: A rehabilitation program that is being provided to a person under this section might cease if the person is also provided with rehabilitation under the MRCA (see section 18 of the CTPA). (2A) A determination under subsection (1) is not a legislative instrument. (3) In making a determination under subsection (1), a rehabilitation authority shall have regard to: (a) any written assessment given under subsection 36(8); (b) any reduction in the future liability to pay compensation if the program is undertaken; (c) the cost of the program; (d) any improvement in the employee’s opportunity to be employed after completing the program; (e) the likely psychological effect on the employee of not providing the program; (f) the employee’s attitude to the program; (g) the relative merits of any alternative and appropriate rehabilitation program; and (h) any other relevant matter. (4) The cost of any rehabilitation program provided for an employee under this section shall be paid by the relevant authority in relation to that employee. (5) Where an employee is undertaking a rehabilitation program under this section, compensation is not payable to the employee under section 19 or 31 but: (a) if the employee is undertaking a full-time program— compensation is payable to the person of an amount per week equal to the amount per week of the compensation that would, but for this subsection, have been payable under section 19 if the incapacity referred to in that section had continued throughout the period of the program; or (b) if the employee is undertaking a part-time program— compensation is payable to the employee of such amount per week as the relevant authority determines, being an amount not less than the amount per week of the compensation that, but for this subsection, would have been payable to the employee under this Act and not greater than the amount per week of the compensation that would have been payable under paragraph (a) if the employee had been undertaking a full-time program. (6) An employee who is entitled to receive compensation under subsection (5) during a period is not entitled to receive rehabilitation allowance under the Social Security Act 1991 during that period. (7) Where an employee refuses or fails, without reasonable excuse, to undertake a rehabilitation program provided for the employee under this section, the employee’s rights to compensation under this Act, and to institute or continue any proceedings under this Act in relation to compensation, are suspended until the employee begins to undertake the program. (8) Where an employee’s right to compensation is suspended under subsection (7), compensation is not payable in respect of the period of the suspension. s38 Review of certain determinations by Comcare (1) As soon as practicable after a rehabilitation authority (other than a relevant authority) makes a determination under section 36 or 37, the authority shall cause to be served on the employee to whom the determination relates a notice in writing setting out: (a) the terms of the determination; (b) the reasons for the determination; and (c) a statement to the effect that the employee may, if dissatisfied with the determination, request Comcare for a review of the determination under this section. (2) An employee in respect of whom a determination under section 36 or 37 is made by a rehabilitation authority (other than a relevant authority) may, by notice in writing given to Comcare, request Comcare to review the determination. (3) A request shall: (a) set out the reasons for the request; and (b) be given to Comcare within 30 days after the day on which the determination first came to the notice of the employee, or within such further period (if any) as Comcare, either before or after the expiration of that period, allows.Page 238 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Return to Work Plans(4) On receipt of a request, Comcare shall review the determination and may make a decision affirming or revoking the determination or varying the determination in such manner as Comcare thinks fit. s49 Assessment of capability of undertaking rehabilitation program (1) If an employee suffers an injury that lasts, or is expected to last, 28 days, which results in an impairment or an incapacity for work, the employee's employer must, within 28 days after receiving notice of the injury, arrange for the assessment of the employee's capability of undertaking a rehabilitation program. (2) An assessment shall be made by: (a) a legally qualified medical practitioner nominated by the employer; (b) a suitably qualified person (other than a medical practitioner) nominated by the employer; or Commonwealth (c) a panel comprising such legally qualified medical practitioners or other suitably Seacare qualified persons (or both) as are nominated by the employer. (3) The employer may require the employee to undergo an examination by the person or panel of persons making the assessment. (4) If an employee, without reasonable excuse, does not undergo an examination in accordance with a requirement, or in any way obstructs such an examination, the employee's rights to compensation under this Act, and to institute or continue any proceedings under this Act in relation to compensation, are suspended until the examination takes place. (5) If an employee's right to compensation is suspended under subsection (4), compensation is not payable in respect of the period of the suspension. (6) The employer must pay the cost of conducting any examination of an employee. Commonwealth DVA Vocational rehabilitation is the managed process that provides an appropriate level of assistance, based on assessed needs, necessary to achieve a meaningful and sustainable employment outcome, at a similar status to pre-injury/disease. Broadly, services may include vocational assessment, guidance or counselling, functional capacity assessments, work experience, vocational training and job seeking assistance. Whilst returning to paid employment may be the primary goal to work towards, other forms of ‘employment’ should not be ruled out as a successful vocational outcome. Other forms of employment might include voluntary employment in a range of possible organisations. This type of employment can be beneficial as a work readying option or as an outcome in its own right, where a return to paid employment is not possible.The aim of a vocational rehabilitation program is to assist a client to obtain suitable work/employment.Four reporting documents have been developed, (plus a supporting instruction guide) and standardised to improve the rehabilitation client management process:· Rehabilitation Assessment Report; · Rehabilitation Plan and Rehabilitation Plan Amendment; · Rehabilitation Plan Progress Report; · Rehabilitation Plan Closure Report; and· The DVA Rehabilitation Reporting Documents Instruction Guide.The Rehabilitation Assessment Report will: · determine the client’s capacity to undertake rehabilitation and appropriate related activities; · identify the client’s expectations, motivations and barriers to rehabilitation; · acknowledge the general environment in which the client is living, socialising and working; · include a comprehensive analysis of the client’s medical condition(s), current treatment and possible limitations and restrictions – evidence of input from the current treating practitioner(s) is essential; · provide a detailed review of the client’s psychosocial status, including daily functioning needs;Page 239 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Return to Work Plans· identify the client’s employment status; · recommend rehabilitation interventions and actions to be taken that are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic within a given Timeframe (SMART) which cover: – medical, psychosocial and vocational interventions; – aids, appliances or alterations to the home or workplace required; and – other items which may be relevant to addressing the individual’s needs.The recommendations made in the client’s Rehabilitation Assessment Report, or in an assessment undertaken for a client’s specific rehabilitation need, form the foundation for drafting of the Rehabilitation Plan. Two types of rehabilitation plans can be drafted around the assessment report recommendations: a) whole-of-person rehabilitation plans which may have a return-to- work focus; or b) specific rehabilitation service(s) plans.A whole-of-person rehabilitation plan may have as its primary focus the return to work of the client, but being whole-of-person, may include appropriate medical rehabilitation interventions and psychosocial activities, based on the assessed needs of the client. The plan will provide a structured series of individualised services agreed to by all stakeholders which aims to improve the functioning of the client and the eventual objective of returning the client to the workforce. Such plans are usually complex in nature, involving multiple service providers and extend over a reasonable time period. The services are normally provided in tandem rather than in sequence to ensure overall progress is maintained and the client remains focused throughout. Clients seeking to return to work would normally have a whole-of-person rehabilitation plan drafted around their combined needs to achieve this goal. VVRS clients could be expected to have whole-of-person plans developed to capture their return to work activities, covering medical management, re-training, provision of work related aids and appliances, job search and placement processes. Specific services plans are generally created to address or more effectively manage a client’s specific medical, psychosocial or vocational needs and aim to restore or maintain the client’s independence and functioning. These specific service plans can be created to assist the client’s: · functioning in the home or workplace by the provision of aids, appliances or alterations; · mobility and independence by the provision of aids and appliances and modifications to, or purchase of, a motor vehicle; · functioning in the workplace, home and community by the provision of psychosocial interventions; and · independence, so they are able to remain safely in their home environment.The development of the plan is to be a collaborative process involving the client, the rehabilitation service provider, the client’s treating medical practitioner, allied health professionals, the client’s family and where appropriate, employers/work colleagues. The program of activities recommended is to have clearly defined goals with short-term and longer-term objectives to be achieved within clearly defined timeframes. The plan must have a ‘Plan Start Date’ and an ‘Anticipated Plan End Date’. Before approving the services and activities in the plan the Rehabilitation Coordinator is to give consideration to: · the overall goals of the plan (ie their durability and sustainability); · time involved; · the cost effectiveness of approving and implementing the services/activities; · short-term and long-term benefits; · the potential to improve the client’s wellbeing, independence and functioning; and · the likelihood that the program will assist in mitigating the liability of the Commonwealth into the future. Clients, along with their rehabilitation service providers and Rehabilitation Coordinators, are required to sign-off on the final draft of their plan, indicating that they have agreed to and Page 240 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Return to Work Plans contributed to the plan’s overall development. The signed Plan is a formal determination and as such is a reviewable decision. The signed Plan is also an authority for payments to be made for the services and activities itemised on the plan. Schedule 1, Part 1, cl 7(3) Preparation of individual rehabilitation plan (3) The following persons must be given an opportunity to participate in the preparation and costing of the plan to the extent that they are willing and able to do so: New Zealand (a) the claimant: (b) any … medical practitioner providing treatment to the claimant: (c) any employer or potential employer of the claimant.* as at 30 June 2010 7.1.4 Suitable Duties When a worker sustains an injury, an early and safe RTW is the goal of all jurisdictions. Most jurisdictions require employers to provide suitable duties, which can be the same or an equivalent position an injured worker held before their injury. Table 7.4 outlines the arrangements for suitable duties in each jurisdiction.Table 7.4 – Suitable Duties as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions New South Wales 1998 Act, s49 Employer must provide suitable work (1) If a worker who has been totally or partially incapacitated for work as a result of an injury is able to return to work (whether on a full-time or part-time basis and whether or not to his or her previous employment), the employer liable to pay compensation to the worker under this Act in respect of the injury must at the request of the worker provide suitable employment for the worker. (2) The employment that the employer must provide is employment that is both suitable employment (as defined in section 43A of the 1987 Act) and (subject to that qualification) so far as reasonably practicable the same as, or equivalent to, the employment in which the worker was at the time of the injury. (3) This section does not apply if: (a) it is not reasonably practicable to provide employment in accordance with this section, or (b) the worker voluntarily left the employment of that employer after the injury happened (whether before or after the commencement of the incapacity for work), or (c) the employer terminated the worker’s employment after the injury happened, other than for the reason that the worker was not fit for employment as a result of the injury.Note. See also Part 8 sections 240 – 250 of the Workers Compensation Act 1987 for provisions for protection of employment of injured workers.1987 Act, S43A Suitable employment (1) For the purposes of sections 38, 38A and 40: suitable employment, in relation to a worker, means employment in work for which the worker is suited, having regard to the following: (a) the nature of the worker’s incapacity and pre-injury employment, (b) the worker’s age, education, skills and work experience, (c) the worker’s place of residence, (d) the details given in the medical certificate supplied by the worker, (e) the provisions of any injury management plan for the worker, (f) any suitable employment for which the worker has received rehabilitation training, (g) the length of time the worker has been seeking suitable employment, (h) any other relevant circumstances. (2) In the case of employment provided by the worker’s employer, suitable employment includes: (a) employment in respect of which: (i) the number of hours each day or week that the worker performs work, or (ii) the range of duties the worker performs, is suitably increased in stages (in accordance with a rehabilitation plan or return-to-work Page 241 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions plan or otherwise), and (b) if the employer does not provide employment involving the performance of work duties—suitable training of a vocationally useful kind provided: (i) by the employer at the workplace or elsewhere, or (ii) by any other person or body under arrangements made with the employer, but only if the employer pays an appropriate wage or salary to the worker in respect of the time the worker attends the training concerned. (3) However, in any such case, suitable employment does not include: (a) employment that is merely of a token nature and does not involve useful work having regard to the employer’s trade or business, or (b) employment that is demeaning in nature, having regard to subsection (1) (a) and (b) and to the worker’s other employment prospects. (4) A worker is to be regarded as suitably employed if: (a) the worker’s employer provides the worker with, or the worker obtains, suitable employment, or (b) the worker has been reinstated to the worker’s former employment under Part 7 of Chapter 2 of the Industrial Relations Act 1996.Victoria ACA, s5 "suitable employment”, in relation to a worker, means employment in work for which the worker is currently suited— (a) having regard to— (i) the nature of the worker's incapacity and the details provided in medical information including, but not limited to, the certificate of capacity supplied by the worker; and (ii) the nature of the worker's pre-injury employment; and (iii) the worker's age, education, skills and work experience; and (iv) the worker's place of residence; and (v) any plan or document prepared as part of the return to work planning process; and (vi) any occupational rehabilitation services that are being, or have been, provided to or for the worker; and (b) regardless of whether— (i) the work or the employment is available; and (ii) the work or the employment is of a type or nature that is generally available in the employment market;". s5(1D) For the purposes of Part VIIB, the definition of suitable employment also includes — (a) employment in respect of which the number of hours each day or week that the worker performs work or the range of duties the worker performs is suitably increased in stages in accordance with return to work planning or otherwise; (b) employment the worker is undertaking or that is offered to the worker regardless of whether the work or the employment is of a type or nature that is generally available in the employment market; (c) suitable training or vocational re-education provided by the employer or under arrangements approved by the employer (whether or not the employer also provides employment involving the performance of work duties), but only if the employer pays an appropriate wage or salary to the worker in respect of the time the worker attends suitable training or vocational re-education.Obligations of employers s194 Provide employment (1) In this section— employment obligation period means the period of 52 weeks— (a) beginning on— (i) the date the employer receives from the worker a medical Page 242 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions certificate issued in accordance with section 105(1); or (ii) the date the employer receives a claim for compensation from the worker in the form of weekly payments; or (iii) the date the employer is notified by the Authority that the worker has made a claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments; or (iv) the date the employer is notified by the Authority that the worker has provided the Authority with a medical certificate issued in accordance with section 105(1)— whichever is earliest— (b) being an aggregate period beginning on that earliest date, whether or not consecutive, in respect of which the worker has an incapacity for work resulting from or materially contributed to by the injury to which the employment obligation period relates. (2) An employer must, to the extent that it is reasonable to do so, provide to a worker for the duration of the employment obligation period— (a) suitable employment if the worker has a current work capacity; and (b) pre-injury employment if the worker no longer has an incapacity for work. Penalty: 180 penalty units for a natural person; 900 penalty units for a body corporate. (3) For the purposes of this section, the employment obligation period includes any period specified in subsection (4)(b), (4)(c) or (4)(d) if the employer provides suitable employment or pre-injury employment to the worker during that period. (4) For the purposes of this section, except as provided in subsection (3), the employment obligation period does not include— (a) any period during which the worker does not have an incapacity for work; (b) the period commencing on the date of a decision made by the Authority or self-insurer to reject the worker's claim for weekly payments and ending on the date on which— (i) a Conciliation Officer gives a direction that weekly payments are to be paid in relation to the claim; or (ii) a Conciliation Officer makes a recommendation that weekly payments are to be paid in relation to the claim and the recommendation is accepted by the employer or the Authority or self-insurer; or (iii) the claim is determined by a court in favour of the worker; (c) the period commencing on the date the Authority sets aside a decision to accept a claim for compensation against an employer under section 114N(1)(b) and ending on a date specified in subparagraph (i), (ii) or (iii) of paragraph (b); (d) the period commencing on the date a direction given by a Conciliation Officer that weekly payments are to be made is revoked and the date that the payment of weekly payments is resumed. s199 Host to co-operate with labour hire employer (1) This section applies if— (a) the services of a worker are let on hire to another person (host) by the employer (labour hire employer) with whom the worker had entered into a contract of employment; and (b) there is caused to the worker an incapacity for work resulting from or materially contributed to by an injury arising out of or in the course of employment with the labour hire employer whilst the worker is let on hire to the host.Page 243 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions(2) A host must, to the extent that it is reasonable to do so, co-operate with the labour hire employer, in respect of action taken by the labour hire employer in order to comply with sections 194, 195 and 196, to facilitate the worker's return to work. Penalty: 120 penalty units for a natural person; 600 penalty units for a body corporate.Queensland The prescribed minimum period an employer is allowed before dismissing a worker solely or mainly because of the injury is 12 months – s232B. s42 Meaning of suitable duties Suitable duties, in relation to a worker, are work duties for which the worker is suited having regard to the following matters— (a) the nature of the worker’s incapacity and pre-injury employment; (b) relevant medical information; (c) the rehabilitation and return to work plan for the worker; (d) the provisions of the employer’s workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures; (e) the worker’s age, education, skills and work experience; (f) if duties are available at a location (the other location) other than the location in which the worker was injured—whether it is reasonable to expect the worker to attend the other location; (g) any other relevant matters. r106A Suitable duties program (1) An employer must develop a suitable duties program for a worker undertaking rehabilitation. (2) The employer must develop the program in consultation with the worker. (3) The program and any amendments to the program must be consistent with the current medical certificate or report for the worker’s injury. (4) The program must document what are suitable duties for the worker. (5) Suitable duties assigned to a worker must be meaningful and have regard to the objective of the worker’s rehabilitation. (6) The employer must give the insurer a copy of the suitable duties program. (7) The employer must review a worker’s suitable duties on a regular basis and progressively upgrade the program consistent with the worker’s recovery. s232A Definitions for pt 6 In this part— dismiss an injured worker includes a situation where— (a) an unreasonable employment condition that is designed to make the worker leave employment is imposed on the worker; and (b) the worker leaves the employment. former position of an injured worker means, at the worker’s option— (a) the position from which the injured worker was dismissed; or (b) if the worker was transferred to a less advantageous position before dismissal—the position held by the worker when the worker became unfit for employment. injured worker means a worker who sustains an injury. injury means an injury for which compensation is payable. s232B Dismissal of injured worker only after 12 months (1) Within 12 months after a worker sustains an injury, the employer must not dismiss the worker solely or mainly because the worker is not fit for employment in a position because of the injury. Maximum penalty—40 penalty units. (2) This section applies to a dismissal after the commencement of this section even if the worker became unfit before the commencement. s232C Replacement for injured worker (1) This section applies if the employer wants to employ a replacement worker while an injured worker is not fit for employment in a position because of the injury. (2) The employer must, before a replacement worker starts employment, give the replacement worker a written notice informing the replacement worker of— (a) the temporary nature of the employment; andPage 244 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions(b) the injured worker’s right to return to work. (3) In this section— replacement worker means— (a) a person who is specifically employed because an injured worker is not fit for employment in a position because of the injury; or (b) a person replacing a worker who is temporarily promoted or transferred to replace the injured worker. s232D Reinstatement of injured worker (1) This section applies if an injured worker is dismissed because the worker is not fit for employment in a position because of the injury. (2) The worker may apply to the employer, within 12 months after the injury, for reinstatement to the worker’s former position. (3) The worker must give the employer a doctor’s certificate that certifies the worker is fit for employment in the former position. (4) This section applies to a dismissal after the commencement of this section even if the worker became unfit before the commencement. (5) In this section— doctor’s certificate means a certificate signed by a registrant as defined under the Medical Practitioners Registration Act 2001 or a law of the Commonwealth or another State that substantially corresponds to that Act.Employer required to keep position open (if reasonably practicable for injured worker) for 12 months, and to take reasonable steps to rehabilitate worker. If that job is no longer available, or worker can no longer perform it, employer must offer a similar position for Western which worker is qualified, and capable of doing – s84AA(1). Australia Employers are required to notify the worker and WorkCover WA of any intention to dismiss the worker 28 days before the dismissal is due to take place – s84AB. South Australia The employer from whose employment the disability arose must provide suitable employment for the worker – s58B. This obligation is not time limited although it does have to be reasonably practicable for the employer to provide the suitable employment. Employers with less than 10 employees are a noted exclusion to the operation of this section after a period of a year. Failure to comply with this requirement carries a maximum penalty of $25 000. In addition, WorkCover can impose supplementary levies of up 110% of the levy paid for the worker for the period of the breach of s58B.An additional provision requires a minimum notification period of proposed termination to both WorkCover and the worker - s58C. The notice period is dependant upon relevant Federal industrial arrangements and specific exclusions. Failure to comply with this requirement carries a maximum penalty of $15 000. s58B Employer's duty to provide work (1) If a worker who has been incapacitated for work in consequence of a compensable disability is able to return to work (whether on a full-time or part-time basis and whether or not to his or her previous employment), the employer from whose employment the disability arose must provide suitable employment for the worker (the employment being employment for which the worker is fit and, subject to that qualification, so far as reasonably practicable the same as, or equivalent to, the employment in which the worker was employed immediately before the incapacity). (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if— (a) it is not reasonably practicable to provide employment in accordance with that subsection (and the onus of establishing that lies in any legal proceedings on the employer); or (b) the worker left the employment of that employer before the commencement of the incapacity for work; or (c) the worker terminated the employment after the commencement of the incapacity for work; or (e) the employer currently employs less than 10 employees, and the period that has elapsed since the worker became incapacitated for work is more than 1 year. suitable employment, in relation to a worker, means employment in work for which the worker is currently suited, whether or not the work is available, having regard to the Page 245 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions following: (a) the nature of the worker's incapacity and previous employment; (b) the worker's age, education, skills and work experience; (c) the worker's place of residence; (d) medical information relating to the worker that is reasonably available, including in any medical certificate or report; (e) if any rehabilitation programs are being provided to or for the worker; (f) the worker's rehabilitation and return to work plan, if any. Tasmania s143L Injured worker's position to be held open for worker (1) An employer of a worker must, for a period of 12 months commencing on the day on which the worker becomes totally or partially incapacitated by a workplace injury, make available to the worker the employment in respect of which the worker was engaged immediately before becoming incapacitated. Penalty: Fine not exceeding 100 penalty units.(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if – (a) there is medical evidence indicating that it is highly improbable that the worker will be able to perform the employment in respect of which the worker was engaged immediately before becoming incapacitated; or (b) the work for which the worker was employed is no longer required to be performed.(3) If subsection (2) applies in relation to a worker, the worker's employer, as soon as practicable, must notify the worker, and the employer's insurer, if any, of the reason for the application of the subsection in relation to the worker. Penalty: Fine not exceeding 20 penalty units. s143M Employer to provide suitable duties after injury (1) If a worker who suffers from a workplace injury is unable to perform duties for which the worker was engaged immediately before becoming totally or partially incapacitated by the injury, the worker's employer must ensure that the worker is given suitable alternative duties to perform. Penalty: Fine not exceeding 100 penalty units.(2) When providing suitable alternative duties to a worker, the worker's employer must ensure that – (a) the worker has been consulted for the purpose of identifying and choosing the duties; and (b) the duties are suitable, having regard to the worker's incapacity and any restrictions imposed, or advice given, by a medical practitioner, as to the type of work that the worker may perform; and (c) the duties comply with the worker's approved injury management plan or approved return-to-work plan, if any.(3) Subsection (1) does not apply if it is unreasonable or impracticable to give the worker suitable alternative duties to perform. (4) An employer who is of the opinion that it is unreasonable or impracticable to give an injured worker suitable alternative duties to perform, must, as soon as practicable, provide the worker with reasons in writing for the employer's opinion. Penalty: Fine not exceeding 20 penalty units.(5) For the purposes of this Part, suitable alternative duties in relation to a worker are those duties for which the worker is suited, having regard to the following: (a) the nature of the worker's incapacity and pre-injury employment; (b) the worker's age, education, skills and work experience; (c) the worker's place of residence; (d) any suitable duties for which the worker has received rehabilitation training; (e) any other relevant circumstances – but do not include – (f) duties that are merely of a token nature or do not involve useful work, having regard to the employer's trade or business; or (g) duties that are demeaning in nature, having regard to paragraphs (a) and (b) and to the worker's other employment prospects.Page 246 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions Note – under section 69B, step-downs in weekly payments are discounted if employer fails to provide suitable alternative duties.No requirement under the Act for employer to keep a position open for injured worker but employer must take all reasonable steps to provide suitable employment and, if unable to do so, he/she must refer the worker to an alternative employer incentive scheme developed by the NT WorkSafe Authority – s75A(1) and (2). s75A Employer to assist injured worker to find suitable employment (1) An employer liable under this Part to compensate an injured worker shall – (a) take all reasonable steps to provide the injured worker with suitable employment; and (b) so far as is practicable, participate in efforts to retrain the worker. Penalty: In the case of a body corporate – $3,000. In the case of a natural person – $1000 or imprisonment for 3 months. Default penalty: In the case of a body corporate –$500. Northern In the case of a natural person – $50. Territory (2) Where an employer liable under this Part to compensate an injured worker is unable to provide the worker with suitable employment in accordance with subsection (1)(a), the employer must refer the worker to an alternative employer incentive scheme developed by the Authority. Penalty: In the case of a body corporate – $3,000. In the case of a natural person – $1000 or imprisonment for 3 months. Default penalty: In the case of a body corporate –$500. In the case of a natural person – $50. (3) Where an injured worker for whose injury an employer is liable under this Part is employed by another employer under an alternative employer incentive scheme referred to in subsection (1), the first employer is liable to compensate the injured worker for any aggravation, acceleration or exacerbation of the injury that occurs within one year after the worker commences employment with the other employer.Australian Capital Territory Employer has an obligation to keep a position open for 6 months, if requested by the injured * worker – s105. s105 Employer must provide suitable work for full-time, part-time and casual workers (1) This section applies if— (a) a full-time, part-time or casual worker has been totally or partially incapacitated for work because of an injury; and (b) the worker can return to work, whether on a full-time or part-time basis, and whether or not to the worker’s previous employment; and (c) within 6 months after the day the worker became entitled to weekly compensation, the worker asks the employer liable to pay the compensation to provide employment for the worker. (2) The employer must provide employment to the worker that is— (a) so far as reasonably practical, the same as, or equivalent to, the employment in which the worker was employed at the time of the injury; and (b) otherwise suitable employment for the worker. Maximum penalty: 10 penalty units. (3) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. (4) This section does not apply if— (a) the worker voluntarily left the employment of the employer after the injury happened (whether before or after the beginning of the incapacity for work); or (b) the employer ended the worker’s employment after the injury happened, for a reason other than because the worker was not fit for employment because of the injury; or (c) the employer is a non-business employer; or (d) the employer cannot provide suitable employment. s106 Employer must provide suitable work for contract workers (1) This section applies if— (a) a contract worker has been totally or partially incapacitated for work because of an injury; and (b) the worker can return to work, whether on a full-time or part-time basis, and whether or not to the worker’s previous employment; andPage 247 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions (c) within the defined period, the worker asks the employer liable to pay the compensation to provide employment for the worker. (2) The employer must provide employment to the worker that is— (a) so far as reasonably practical, the same as, or equivalent to, the employment in which the worker was employed at the time of the injury; and (b) otherwise suitable employment for the worker. Maximum penalty: 10 penalty units. (3) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. (4) This section does not apply if— (a) the worker voluntarily left the employment of the employer after the injury happened (whether before or after the beginning of the incapacity for work); or (b) the employer ended the worker’s employment after the injury happened for a reason other than because the worker was not fit for employment because of the injury; or (c) the employer is a non-business employer; or (d) the employer cannot provide suitable employment. (5) In this section: contract period includes the period of any reasonably expected extension or renewal of the contract. defined period, for a contract worker who is entitled to weekly compensation, means the period beginning on the day the worker becomes entitled to weekly compensation and ending— (a) if the contract period ends, or would end, before the end of 6 months after the day the worker becomes entitled to weekly compensation—at the end of the contract period; or (b) in any other case—6 months after the day the worker becomes entitled to weekly compensation. s40 Duty to provide suitable employment (1) Where an employee is undertaking, or has completed, a rehabilitation program, the relevant employer shall take all reasonable steps to provide the employee with suitable employment or to assist the employee to find such employment. (2) In this section: relevant employer means: (a) in relation to an employee employed by a Commonwealth authority—that authority; and (aa) in relation to an employee employed by a licensed corporation—that corporation; and (b) in relation to any other employee—the Commonwealth. Commonwealth Comcare Rehabilitation Guidelines for Employers (Issued under s41) (3) The employer has a duty to take all reasonable steps to provide suitable employment for an injured employee or to assist them to find such employment. The employer should: (a) state in their rehabilitation policy their commitment to providing suitable duties wherever practicable (b) develop a system that enables the early and safe return to work of their injured employees. (4) Where the employer, other than a licensed self-insurer or the Australian Defence Force, considers it is not practicable to provide the employee with suitable employment, the employer should outline to Comcare that it has undertaken a proper process for evaluating options and that a decision has been made by a relevant senior manager that providing suitable employment is not practicable. s52 Duty to provide suitable employment Commonwealth If an employee is undertaking, or has completed, a rehabilitation program, his or her Seacare employer must take all reasonable steps to provide the employee with suitable employment, or to assist the employee to find such employment.Commonwealth DVA s61 Assistance in finding suitable work for full-time members (1) This section applies if: (a) a person is a Permanent Forces member or a continuous full-time Reservist; andPage 248 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions(b) the person is incapacitated for service or work as a result of a service injury or disease for which the Commission has accepted liability. (2) To avoid doubt, this section applies to a person who is incapacitated as a result of an aggravated injury or disease even if the incapacity resulted from the original injury or disease and not from the aggravation or material contribution. (3) The person’s rehabilitation authority must take all reasonable steps to: (a) if the person is a Permanent Forces member who has not been identified by or on behalf of the person’s service chief as being likely to be discharged from the Permanent Forces for medical reasons—assist the person to find suitable work within the Permanent Forces; or (b) if the person is a continuous full-time Reservist who has not been identified by or on behalf of the person’s service chief as being likely to be discharged from the Reserves for medical reasons—assist the person to find suitable work as a continuous full-time Reservist; or (c) if the person has been identified by or on behalf of the person’s service chief as being likely to be discharged from the Defence Force for medical reasons—assist the person to find suitable civilian work. Note: A person who has been identified as being likely to be discharged from the Defence Force is entitled to a case manager (see section 64).S62 Assistance in finding suitable work for other members and former members (1) This section applies if: (a) a person: (i) is a part-time Reservist, a cadet or a declared member; or (ii) is a former member; and (b) the person is incapacitated for service or work as a result of a service injury or disease for which the Commission has accepted liability. (2) To avoid doubt, this section applies to a person who is incapacitated as a result of an aggravated injury or disease even if the incapacity resulted from the original injury or disease and not from the aggravation or material contribution. (3) The person’s rehabilitation authority must take all reasonable steps to assist the person to find suitable civilian work.The employer must take all practicable steps to assist the claimant with the claimant’s vocational rehabilitation under his or her individual rehabilitation plan – s71. New Zealand There is no requirement for employers to keep a position open for an injured worker.* as at 30 June 2010 7.1.5 Second injury arrangements In some cases, for a variety of reasons, injured workers can’t RTW with the same employer. Incentives are available in some jurisdictions for another employer to employ the injured worker.Table 7.5 - Second injury arrangements as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Second Injury Arrangements New South Wales 53 Vocational re-education etc provided by Authority (cf 1987 s 153) (1) The Authority may institute, administer or co-ordinate vocational re-education and rehabilitation schemes for injured workers. (2) The Authority may draw from the WorkCover Authority Fund such amounts as may be necessary or desirable for the purposes of the vocational re-education and rehabilitation of injured workers. (3) Without limiting the generality of subsection (2), the Authority may draw from the WorkCover Authority Fund such amounts as the Authority considers appropriate: Page 249 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury Arrangements(a) to provide financial incentives to employers who offer employment to injured workers unable to find suitable employment and who provide (or assist in the provision of) vocational re-education and rehabilitation for those workers, or (b) to provide financial incentives to employers who retain or re-employ their injured workers and who provide (or assist in the provision of) vocational re-education and rehabilitation for those workers, or (c) to provide financial assistance to employers or others who offer injured workers work-trial experience or other voluntary work as part of the workers’ rehabilitation training (being assistance in connection with the cost of any necessary insurance arrangements relating to the workers or for other incidental expenses). (4) The Authority may establish within the WorkCover Authority Fund an account, to be known as the Vocational Re-education and Rehabilitation Account, for the purpose of keeping a separate record of the money in that Fund set aside by the Authority for the purposes of this section and the money paid from that Fund under this section.1998 Act, s54 Second-injury scheme ( JobCover Placement Program) (1) The Authority is to institute and administer under section 53 a scheme (to be called the second-injury scheme) to encourage the employment of injured workers by providing financial incentives to their employers in connection with insurance liabilities arising from further injuries to the workers. (2) The second-injury scheme applies to such injured workers as are approved by the Authority as being suitable for inclusion in the scheme. (3) Any such approval: (a) applies to such employment of the injured worker as is specified in the approval (including employment that is limited to, or excludes, employment with particular employers), and (b) applies for a period of 6 months of any such employment or such other period as is specified in the approval, and (c) applies to all injuries or only to particular injuries, or injuries of a class, specified in the approval, and (d) is subject to any other conditions imposed by the Authority. (4) If the second-injury scheme applies to an injured worker: (a) the employer of the worker is not required under section 152 (Recovery of excess from employer) to repay the relevant part of any weekly compensation claim paid under a policy of insurance for compensation for an injury to the worker to which the scheme applies, and (b) any such claim (or any liability of the employer independently of this Act for that injury) is to be excluded from the claims experience of the employer for the purposes of calculating the premium payable by the employer for a policy of insurance. (5) Subsection (4) is subject to: (a) the regulations, and (b) the terms and conditions of the Authority’s approval for the inclusion of the injured worker in the second-injury scheme, and (c) any other limitation imposed by the Authority when giving that approval. (6) The regulations may make provision for or with respect to the operation of the second- injury scheme.JobCover Placement Program — an incentive scheme for employers. A comprehensive guide to the program for employers There are three benefits available to employers under the JobCover program: (i) Employment Allowance This allowance is designed to offset the costs of engaging and training a new worker. It is payable for up to 12 weeks and is paid to the employer in a lump sum at the end of that time. The allowance is based on the actual wage for the job or $300 per week, whichever is the lesser. Employers may only claim the allowance once for each worker who is eligible for the program and are only eligible if the employer has not claimed any other wage subsidy from any other agency for that worker (for example any unemployment wage subsidy programs). (ii) Premium exemptionPage 250 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury Arrangements The wages paid to the worker during the first 12 months of their employment will be excluded from the wages which are assessed for the employer’s workers compensation premium purposes. (This 12 months includes the first 12 weeks.) This means that employers do not pay any additional workers compensation premium for workers engaged through this program for the first 12 months of their employment. This exemption only applies to employers who are insured with a licensed insurer in NSW. (iii) Second Injury Costs If the worker suffers a work-related aggravation or recurrence of their existing injury within the first 12 months of employment, employers are protected from the costs of the workers compensation claims and the premium will not increase as a result of this claim. This means that if employers are insured with a licensed insurer in NSW they will not have to pay the normal $500 claims excess and the claim will not be included in their claims experience when your premium is calculated. If an employer is self-insured, insured with a specialised insurer or is a State Government department or agency covered by the Treasury Managed Fund, the costs of the claim are reimbursed by the WorkCover Authority. Other return to work strategies used as incentives for employers to take on an injured worker are: 1. Work trial program 2. Funding for retraining 3. Funding for equipment and/or workplace modifications Work Trial Scheme A ‘work trial’ provides workers with on-the –job work experience to develop marketable skills, and/or upgrade their physical and psychological capacity for work. It places the injured worker with a host employer for short periods of time when the pre-injury employer is unable to provide suitable duties. The injured worker may participate in one or more work trials for a combined total of up to 12 weeks. Under exceptional circumstances, WorkCover may approve an extension. Funding for retraining Retraining involves undertaking a formal course of study with a registered training organisation. WorkCover pays for retraining costs where a vocation goal has been established and the reasonable necessity of the course proposed has been established. Funding may include course costs, compulsory course-related fees, textbook and stationery allowance, course equipment, accommodation and transport costs.Funding for equipment and/or workplace modifications Funding is available for the purchase of equipment and/or workplace modifications that is necessary to accommodate a worker’s functional restrictions and enable them to return to suitable employment, or safely and successfully participate in retraining.WorkSafe Incentive Scheme for Employers (WISE) WISE is a 12 month financial incentive of up to $26,000 that is payable to employers who offer ongoing employment of 15 hours or more to workers with a WorkSafe Victoria (‘WorkSafe’) entitlement who cannot return to work with their pre-injury employer. Employers can receive up to $26,000 depending on the number of hours of the job and how much the worker is paid per week. If the worker sustains a new injury in the first year of employment, the employer should contact their WorkSafe Agent. The Agent may decide the injury is related to the original claim or they may ask for a new WorkSafe claim to be lodged. Victoria If the injury is related to the original claim, all costs and any premium impact rests with the previous employer. If it is decided that it is a new WorkSafe claim, this will not impact on the new employer’s WorkSafe premium. The employer is liable, however for the first 10 days of weekly payment and the first $592 (indexed annually on the 1 July) of medical expenses. Most employers are eligible for WISE if they offer ongoing employment of 15 hours or more to a worker with a WorkSafe entitlement. Employers who are not eligible for WISE are labour hire companies, employment agencies or group training organisations that place workers into a workplace of another employer. To ensure an employer get the right person for their job, they can consider the applicant as Page 251 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury Arrangements they would any other job applicant. The employer makes the final choice. Workers with WorkSafe entitlements who approach employers about WISE will be work ready. In most instances, they will be receiving assistance from an occupational rehabilitation provider and that support continues to be available after they start with a new employer. To give an employer the added confidence that they have chosen the right applicant, an occupational rehabilitation provider will complete a workplace assessment to confirm the worker’s capacity and skills match the job and the workplace. Once the worker accepts a job offer, the employer completes a WISE Placement Form with the assistance of the occupational rehabilitation provider and forwards this to the worker’s WorkSafe Agent. Employers have the same employment obligations with a WISE worker as any of their other workers How is the WISE financial subsidy paid? The employer is given a WISE Payment Request Book which they complete and forward at the appropriate time to the worker’s WorkSafe Agent. All WISE payments are made direct to the employer. Initial payment This payment covers the first 4 weeks of employment with the amount payable based on the number of hours to be worked. Less than 20 hours $1,000 20-30 hours $1,500 More than 30 hours $2,000Week 12 payment Payment for Weeks 5 to 12 with the amount payable calculated at 50% of the worker’s weekly gross earnings** up to $1000 per week. Week 24 payment Payment for Weeks 13 to 24 with the amount payable calculated at 50% of the worker’s weekly gross earnings** up to $1000 per week. Week 45 payment and Week 52 payment Payments are made at Week 45 and Week 52 with the amount payable based on the actual hours worked averaged over the preceding 4 weeks. Less than 20 hours $1,000 20-30 hours $1,500 More than 30 hours $2,000 Maximum amount of WISE that can be paid is $26,000. ** WorkSafe weekly payments are not included as part of the worker’s weekly gross earnings.No direct financial subsidy scheme. Suitable duties program: a) total incapacity: When a worker returns to work on a graduated RTW program, the insurer may be responsible for wages paid for an agreed period. The employer is encouraged to pay wages according to partial incapacity as at (b); and b) partial incapacity: When a worker returns to work on a graduated RTW program, employer is responsible for wages paid for the hours worked, with the insurer paying Queensland the difference.Exempt employer policy: Host employer of injured worker is not responsible for aggravation or exacerbation of the same injury for a period of 6 months (applied administratively by WorkCover Queensland).Return to Work Assist – case management and career guidance for workers at risk of long- term unemployment due to injury. Western No direct financial subsidy scheme. AustraliaSouth Australia Re-employment Incentive Scheme for Employers (RISE)Page 252 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury ArrangementsWorkCover Corporation provides financial incentives and support to employers who provide employment or training opportunities to rehabilitated workers. Typically these workers have suffered a workplace injury and are unable to return to work with their previous employer. The Benefits to Employers If an employer is able to offer paid employment to a RISE eligible worker:- Employers will receive a subsidy consisting of: Wage Subsidies  75% of gross wages paid in the first 3 months  40% of gross wages paid in the second 3 months  a retention bonus of 10% if the placement continues beyond 12 months (to a maximum of $2000); Conditions  Subsidies are paid monthly in arrears  Allowances, overtime, recoverable compensation and superannuation are not included for subsidy calculation purposes.Protection from injury aggravation costs In addition to the above incentives, employers in South Australia are protected from the normal liability to pay the first two week’s wages if the worker suffers an aggravation of the prior disability during the first two years from placement. This protection cannot be extended to placements outside South Australia. Further details about aggravations are found in section 11. Training allowance An allowance of up to $1000 for appropriate training courses is available. See section 7 for details. Savings on recruiting costs Recruiting is a costly and time consuming process. Under the RISE scheme there are no placement fees or advertising costs charged to the employer. In addition, the time saved by not advertising directly to the public can be considerable. Workplace modification and equipment RISE will approve any reasonable proposal to provide necessary uniforms, equipment or modifications to ensure the chosen worker can perform in the position.7. Training and Relocation Allowances Training allowance Under the RISE scheme an amount of up to $1000 is available to train the selected worker in any necessary skills which will ensure the placement is productive and secure. The training allowance is paid to cover external training courses, tuition fees, training resources and appropriate licence fees. In all cases the training or license must be directly related to the work to be performed. In-house training costs are not usually covered by this allowance. How to apply for training allowance Any training needs identified for a worker placed under RISE are to be costed and approval first sought from the RISE Placement Service. A RISE Placement Field Officer will contact you or visit your premises to discuss the proposal. It is important to obtain prior approval from the RISE Placement Service or the worker’s case manager before proceeding with any training activity that WorkCover is expected to pay for. Payment of accounts Training and equipment costs paid are to be documented as far as it is possible. Invoices for payment should be sent to the RISE Placement Service. RISE will pay approved training costs direct to training organisations and licensing authorities, or will reimburse the employer or worker direct where the account has already been paid. Relocation allowance If a worker placed under the RISE scheme requires relocation, the RISE Placement Service and the Case Manager may contribute to reasonable removal expenses. The relocation allowance is paid in accordance with the following guidelines:  the placement accepted is in excess of 80 kilometres from current place of residence  the job is a permanent one, not casual employment or contract  the relocation allowance applies to household goods and personal effects only  reimbursements is limited to a maximum of 80% of the lowest of 3 quotes, or $1500. Workers who may qualify for the relocation subsidy should contact the RISE Placement Page 253 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury ArrangementsService for further details.8. Workplace Modifications and Special Equipment Where a worker is placed in a position under the RISE scheme it may be necessary to provide modifications to the workplace to accommodate a disability or incapacity. In some cases the worker will need special furniture, lifting equipment or other appliances to make the performance of the duties possible and to prevent any possibility of an aggravation to an existing condition. The RISE Placement Service Field Officer will engage appropriate professional assistance to assess the needs of each individual worker, to advise on appropriate modifications and to assist in the selection of the necessary equipment. Equipment agreement Where equipment is supplied to assist a worker in the new position, an Equipment Agreement will be drawn up defining the conditions applicable to the supply of the equipment and its ownership. A sample of an Equipment Agreement appears below. Where equipment is used by other employees or has resale value, the employer can purchase the equipment at the time the RISE retention bonus is paid.13. Work Training Work training is a RISE initiative to place a rehabilitated worker into real life work situations in order to upgrade their skills and thereby improve their chances of securing new employment.Features of work training  is usually for an appropriate period to assess the worker, or to impart new skill  the Case Manager continues to pay the worker  abnormal travel expenses incurred by the worker may be paid by the Case Manager  there is no obligation on the employer to offer a position at the end of the work training placement  workers are covered by WorkCover for all new injuries or aggravations while on work training placements  RISE benefits can be applied if a Work Training placement leads to an offer of paid work  Work Training placements can be terminated by the employer or WorkCover at any time.What is the benefit for the employer ?  the productive output achieved by the worker  an opportunity to assess potential employees without obligation or risk  WorkCover’s claim costs are reduced if the trial leads to paid work.What are the expectations of the employer ? Employers are expected to:  provide on-the-job instruction  have similar expectations of the worker as for any other employee regarding behaviour, safety and discipline  discuss any problems that arise with the RISE Placement Service Field Officer (or the worker’s Rehabilitation Provider)  give the worker regular feedback on how they are performing in the job  provide a written report and perhaps a reference at the end of the training  supply all necessary safety equipment and ensure the worker is properly inducted in safety routines and expectations. What are the expectations of the worker ? Workers are expected to:  attend the employers premises as and when instructed by the employer, and undertake the work to the best of their ability  obey all safety requirements and procedures to ensure their own safety and that of other employees  advise the RISE Placement Service Field Officer (or their Rehabilitation Provider) if any difficulties arise.Tasmania No direct financial subsidy scheme.Northern Bulletin WH 13.02.08Page 254 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury Arrangements Alternative employer incentive scheme The scheme provides that:  Weekly benefits continue to be paid by original employer for up to a twelve week training/placement period (no payment is made by the host employer).  If after the initial training/placement period, the host employer provides employment, then that host employer will be eligible for an incentive payment. This is only payable after the completion of twelve weeks of paid employment (ie. This period is in addition to the training period). The amount paid will be 45% of average weekly earnings (AWE), or 50% of the wage payable for that employment, which ever is the lesser. The incentive Territory payment will be made to the host employer as a lump sum after the completion of the 12 week paid employment period.  Further incentives may be payable to the host employer for up to 12 months, from the commencement date of the initial 12 week incentive period. Such further incentives will be as negotiated between the host employer and the original employers’ insurer.  The incentive payments are made on the understanding that the host employer will offer ongoing employment after the completion of the placement period/s.  The original employer’s insurer will guarantee to indemnify the alternative employer for any aggravation, acceleration or exacerbation for the pre-existing compensable condition during the first 12 months of the work placement. s108 Second injury arrangements (1) Arrangements may be entered into under this section to encourage the employment of injured workers by providing financial incentives to their employers in relation to insurance liabilities arising from further injuries to the workers. (2) An insurer who is liable to pay compensation to an injured worker may enter into an arrangement with a new employer (the new employer) of the injured worker providing for either or both of the following: (a) for the insurer to indemnify the new employer in relation to the employer’s liability to pay compensation to the injured worker under this Act; Australian (b) for the insurer to pay a wage subsidy to the new employer in relation to the worker’s Capital Territory employment. * (3) An arrangement under this section— (a) applies for 6 months or, if a period is stated in the arrangement, that period; and (b) if it provides for an indemnity—applies to all injuries or only to the injuries stated in the indemnity arrangement; and (c) is subject to the conditions the insurer decides and the new employer agrees to. (4) A claim for compensation for an injury to the worker to which an indemnity under this section applies is excluded from the claims experience of the new employer in working out the premium payable by the new employer for an insurance policy. (5) This section applies only in relation to approved insurers.Commonwealth Comcare Rehabilitation Program Guidelines and Procedures for a Work Trial Placement 1. Introduction One of the broad principles that underpin the Safety Rehabilitation and Compensation (SRC) Act 1988, and occupational rehabilitation, is the safe and early return to work of injured employees. Comcare has developed a model with workplace based rehabilitation at its core. The focus is on early intervention, and the aim is to return injured employees to their pre-injury employer, performing their pre-injury duties and hours. However, this is not always possible and the rehabilitation provider and case manager may need to pursue other options. Generally this will occur through exploration of other return to work possibilities. The possibilities should be explored in sequence, usually referred to as the "Return to Work Hierarchy". Where a worker is unable to return to the pre-injury employer the case manager may need to look to alternative strategies, in order to affect a return to work. One such strategy involves placement of the injured employee with a host employer (a Work Trial). The aim of doing so is to ensure that rehabilitation is able to continue through the use of a Page 255 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury Arrangements more suitable work environment. This process may offer the opportunity to explore other placement options whilst giving the employee the opportunity to build new skills and establish a sound working relationship with a potential new employer. This guideline offers a process which case managers and rehabilitation providers are encouraged to adopt when developing a RTWP involving a work trial. 2. Reasons for using a work trial may include  Rebuilding work skills, self confidence and establishing work routines following a long absence from the workforce and/or loss of work skills due to sustaining a work related injury.  Work hardening; whereby an injured employee is offered a program aimed at improving physical or psychological work tolerances so as to allow a return to pre-injury work and pre- injury employer, or placement with a new employer.  Learning alternative work skills; when an employee is unable to return to work with the pre- injury employer and requires the opportunity to build new work skills in order to improve the injured employee's employment potential and increase the opportunity for placement with a new employer.  The employee has located a new potential employer where an employment vacancy exists, and there is a need to establish a working relationship with the potential new employer. 3.12 Worker's compensation coverage during Work Trial. The host employer does not have to pay worker’s compensation insurance for the injured employee on a work trial. In the event of an injury or accident the injured employee should submit an incident report to the host agency and notify all parties involved in the work trial. If a workers’ compensation claim is made for a new injury/illness, or aggravation of the pre- existing injury/illness, a new claim form is submitted through the rehabilitation authority.3.13 Incapacity entitlement during Work Trial. The duties performed on the Work Trial form part of a rehabilitation program. The duties are provided by the 'host' employer in lieu of the pre-injury employer. The duties provided would have been assessed as medically suitable by treating practitioners or assessed as suitable under Section 36 of the SRC Act, therefore considered suitable duties provided by the pre- injury employer. The employee is paid for hours worked by the pre-injury employer. Any reduced rate compensation entitlements “incapacity” are reimbursed by Comcare under the relevant section of the Act.  The employer at time of injury (the liable employer) may arrange a work trial at its expense with the new employer (host employer) when a return to employment with the liable employer is not possible. The liable employer is responsible for the provision of the rehabilitation program, its expense and any shortfall in income as a result of the incapacity. The liable employer may negotiate with the host employer to cover full wages and on-costs for part or all of the work trial as an incentive. At the conclusion of the work trial the liable employer will continue to meet the cost of any ongoing rehabilitation and any income loss arising from the injury. (Liable employers under the Comcare premium arrangements would have these costs reimbursed by Comcare.)The host employer is required to maintain OHS responsibilities during the period of the work trial. The employer may arrange for employment as a supernumerary on board a ship or ashore following consultation with all key parties. Where return to sea is unlikely the employer should determine whether suitable Commonwealth employment can be found ashore and if such employment is outside of the seafaring Seacare industry the employer is to assist the employee in finding such suitable employment with another employer whether inside or outside the industry. (“Best Practice Guide – Seafarers Rehabilitation and Return to Work” – Publication)Commonwealth Work Trials are used to achieve a return to work for clients who are not able to return to DVA their original workplace. Page 256 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury ArrangementsThe primary purpose of a work trial should be to achieve paid employment. Accordingly a work trial should be ideally with an employer who has a vacancy and is looking to recruit to that vacancy. There may be circumstances that warrant placement of a client in a work trial that will not lead to an offer of employment from that employer. Accordingly a work trial can be used by clients participating in a rehabilitation program to: · gain a recent work history and referees; · update existing skills; · gain new skills; · test out their capacity for work; · become more competitive in the job seeking process; · gain confidence in themselves and their abilities; and · form social relationships and expanded support networks.It is preferable that work trials not extend beyond 12 weeks. In those situations where a definite offer of employment will follow the trial then a longer period can be considered. However, care should be taken to ensure that any extension to the work trial will better equip the client for future employment, rather than merely providing a subsidised employee for the work trial sponsor. If after 12 weeks there is still some doubt in the employer’s mind regarding the work capacity of the employee, we should explore the possibility of offering an ‘Employer Incentive’ as an alternative to extending the work trial. This may be an interim step towards the employer assuming full responsibility for wages and is often an effective compromise position in negotiations. Ultimately the duration of a work trial depends on factors such as: · the aim of the placement; · the return to work medical guidelines provided by the treating doctor; · the need for a graduated return to work; and · the skill base of the client.While a work trial will normally be up to 12 weeks duration, it must be flexible to meet the needs of the client and the employer. Where the employer is accessing employment incentives, as discussed below, then a work trial may be arranged for 1–2 weeks duration only. At the conclusion of the work trial the rehabilitation service provider should meet with the employer for the purpose of negotiating ongoing paid employment. This may necessitate either an extension of the work trial for a further period or the payment of employment incentives, if such action is required to secure ongoing paid employment for the client. During a work trial the client is required to attend the employer’s premises as instructed by the employer and undertake the work to the best of his/her ability. In the event that the client experiences an increase in pain and or symptoms which does not allow him/her to continue working then the following procedure must be adhered to: · the client will immediately report to his/her supervisor; · the client should document exactly what task was being undertaken; · the client will immediately telephone their rehabilitation service provider and/or Rehabilitation Coordinator to report the incident; and · the client will arrange to see their treating doctor on the same day and obtain a medical review and where appropriate a medical certificate.The Rehabilitation Coordinator and rehabilitation service provider are responsible for negotiating the terms of the work trial, including liaison with the relevant union, incentives and equipment required. This includes visiting the employer prior to the commencement of the placement to ensure the supervisor has been provided with an outline of the work capabilities of the client and that the work site is ergonomically suitable. In addition to the above, the rehabilitation service provider will closely monitor the placement to ensure that any identified problems are addressed promptly and that the goals of the placement are met and are within the return to work medical guidelines obtained from the treating doctor. The employer shall have similar expectations of a client in a work trial as for any other worker regarding attendance, behaviour, safety, and discipline. The supervisor should be Page 257 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury Arrangements encouraged to develop an on-the-job training program that enables the client to acquire the competencies and skills required for the job. The supervisor should also monitor the performance of the client and provide feed back to the client. Ultimately the supervisor will be required to provide a report on the client’s performance. The role of the treating doctor is to set medical guidelines for the return to work and to support and motivate the client. The doctor should also inform the rehabilitation service provider of any potential medical problems arising out of the placement. Formal training aimed at enhancing both personal and job specific skills should be assessed as an adjunct to the on-the-job training that may take place during the trial placement. If the employer makes a job offer subsequent to the work trial, the rehabilitation service provider should ensure that wages payable and conditions of employment are in accordance with the relevant award or Industrial Relations Agreement in that work setting. During the period of the work trial DVA will continue to make incapacity payments to the client in accordance with the provisions in Chapter 4 of the MRCA. During a work trial DVA is responsible for worker’s compensation coverage associated with a new injury or an aggravation of an existing injury. A work trial is the result of a person having rendered defence service. That is, the original condition has resulted in the undertaking of a work trial, and the work trial is therefore related to the person rendering defence service. Employer incentives consist of a monthly grant for 6 months and a retention bonus. Incentive payments are paid to an employer only when the employer is paying the client full wages, and incapacity payments have been ceased or reduced in accordance with the client’s new earnings. Employers are eligible for the incentives if: · they have not previously employed the client; · their place of employment meets the necessary safety standards; · they do not unreasonably dismiss other workers to create vacancies for workers available with incentives; and · they can provide ongoing full or part time paid employment.Clients would be eligible for placement via the incentives if they are: · unable to return to their previous employer; · able to work within specified return to work medical guidelines; and · in receipt of incapacity benefits.Incentives are paid under subsection 51(5) of the MRCA. The employer incentives payable are as follows: · reimbursement of 75% of gross wages for the first three months of employment; · reimbursement of 40% of gross wages for the second three months of employment; and · a retention bonus of 10% of gross wages (up to a maximum of $2000) if the employment is sustained beyond 12 months.Gross wages exclude allowances, overtime, superannuation, commissions and any compensation payments. To access the employment incentive scheme the employer must provide DVA with details of the offer of employment including gross wages, hours of employment, duties and conditions of employment. There are instances when rehabilitation clients choose to pursue self employment in preference to pursuing paid employment with a new employer. Self employment is a viable vocational rehabilitation outcome where: · the client is committed to such a venture; · medical evidence of the client’s ability to do the work exists; and · the client is able to provide documentary evidence via a properly prepared business plan of their ability to earn in a particular self employment venture.Page 258 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Second Injury ArrangementsA rehabilitation plan for a client considering self employment may include the following: · referral to the nearest Small Business Advisory Centre; · referral to the nearest ATO; · attendance at a ‘Starting Your Own Business’ workshop; · a business plan prepared by a suitably experienced Accountant or Business Planner; · small business management training; · mentoring; and · an Occupational Therapy assessment of the new business and provision of necessary aids and appliances in accordance with Section 56 of MRCA. To assist the client establish themselves in business, incapacity benefits may continue to be paid for a reasonable period. What is considered a reasonable period will be determined by: · the client’s progress with their rehabilitation program; · recommendations received from the client’s rehabilitation service provider and treating practitioners; · any feedback provided from a business mentor (if a mentor is providing support to the client); and · income that the business is able to generate. Clients considering self employment may be provided with business related training (as described in following section), for example business management or particular technical expertise. Any approval for assistance is subject to a thorough assessment indicating: · that this activity is likely to result in sustainable employment; · the types of support recommended (technical expertise, training, business planning, mentoring etc); · particular modifications to any equipment required or the workplace; and · the likely viability of the business enterprise. A rehabilitation plan which includes a self employment objective is not able to provide: · business loans; · funding for tools of trade; or · equipment needed to establish a business.Preparation of a business plan is seen as an integral part of the rehabilitation plan for any client who proposes to enter into self employment. The process of preparing a business plan enables the client to determine the level of commitment they are prepared and will need to make to the venture to ensure success. The business plan should include: · a description of the business, including who will work in the business and where the business will be located; · an analysis of the market, including the competition; · a list of the initial outlay costs; · a cash flow projection which details the monthly financial incomings and outgoings of the business over a 12 month period; and · a projected profit and loss statement for a 12 month period.Mentoring in the early stages of development of a small business can provide valuable support and assistance for those new to the realms of self employment and small business.No direct financial subsidy scheme. New Zealand Recovery of costs can be made from previous insurer if the effects of new injury are exacerbated by a previous injury.* as at 30 June 2010Page 259 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20107.2 Responsibilities of Stakeholders When a worker is injured in the workplace, several stakeholders have responsibilities prescribed to assist in the rehabilitation and RTW of the injured worker. The principal stakeholders with responsibilities covered in legislation include: the employer; the worker; the insurer/authority; and the workplace rehabilitation providers. The responsibility of these stakeholders are included in tables 7.6 to 7.9. 7.2.1 Responsibility of employersTable 7.6 - Responsibilities of Employers as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers New South Wales As an employer, you must:  have a workers compensation policy that covers all your workers  fulfil your responsibilities if a worker is injured  display the 'Watching out for you' poster which outlines what to do if there is an injury  participate and cooperate in the establishment of an injury management plan – s46 (1998 Act)  comply with the provisions of the insurer’s Injury Management Program and any Injury Management Plan – s46 (1998 Act)  establish a return to work program – s52 (1998 Act)  if a Category 1 employer (base tariff premium of over $50 000), employ a Return to Work Coordinator who has undertaken approved training, and  provide suitable employment (if reasonably practicable to do so) on request from partially incapacitated workers – s49(1) (1998 Act).1998 Act, s44 Early notification of workplace injury (2) The employer of an injured worker must notify the insurer or the Authority within 48 hours after becoming aware that a worker has received a workplace injury in the manner prescribed by the regulations. (4) Subsection (2) do not apply when the insurer is a self-insurer.1998 Act, s46 Employer’s injury management plan obligations (1) The employer must participate and co-operate in the establishment of an injury management plan required to be established for an injured worker. (2) The employer must comply with obligations imposed on the employer by or under an injury management plan for an injured worker. (3) This section does not apply when the employer is a self-insurer.1998 Act, s56 Compliance by employer (1) Any increased costs associated with a failure by an employer to comply with a requirement of this Chapter can be taken into account (in conformity with the requirements of this Act with respect to the determination of premiums) in the calculation of a claims experience factor for the employer for use in the determination of the premium payable for an insurance policy by the employer. (2) The regulations may make provision for or with respect to the payment by an employer who fails to comply with a requirement of this Chapter of an amount by way of a premium surcharge. (3) The amount of any such premium surcharge payable under the regulations need not be referable to any increase in costs attributable to or associated with the employer’s failure to comply. (4) The amount of a premium surcharge payable under the regulations is to be added to, and becomes payable as part of, the premium payable by the employer for the issue or renewal of a policy of insurance as provided by the regulations. (5) It is a condition of any policy of insurance issued under the 1987 Act that the employer must comply with the requirements of this Chapter, but only if the insurer has taken appropriate steps to ensure that the employer is made aware of those obligations.1998 Act, s69 Action by employer in respect of claims (1) An employer (not being a self-insurer): (a) who receives a claim for compensation or any other documentation in respect of such a claim—must, within 7 days after receipt of the claim or documentation, Page 260 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers forward it to the insurer who the employer believes is liable to indemnify the employer in respect of the claim, or (b) who receives a request from that insurer for further specified information in respect of the claim or documentation—must, within 7 days after receipt of the request, furnish that insurer with such of the specified information as is in the employer’s possession or reasonably obtainable by the employer, or (c) who has received compensation money under this Act from an insurer—must, as soon as practicable, pay the money to the person entitled to the compensation.Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. a. A person is not guilty of an offence for a failure to comply with any provision of subsection (1) if there was a reasonable excuse for that failure. An employer of an injured worker who dismisses the worker is guilty of an offence if the worker is dismissed because the worker is not fit for employment as a result of the injury, and the worker is dismissed within 6 months after the worker first became unfit for employment. If the employer offers a dismissed injured worker’s position to a replacement worker, the employer must advise the replacement worker that the injured worker may be re-instated to that position within two years of the date of injury Industrial Relations Commission may order reinstatement – Part 8 (1987 Act).Victoria ACA 1985, s101 Employer to keep register of injuries etc. (1)The employer must cause to be kept at each workplace of a kind specified by the Authority at a place readily accessible at all reasonable times to a worker employed in the workplace a summary in a form approved by the Authority of— (a) the requirements relating to the giving of notice of an injury and the making of a claim under this Act; and (b) if an authorised agent is responsible for managing claims under the Act against the employer, the name of the authorised agent; and (c) the benefits available to workers under this Act. (2) The employer must cause to be kept a register of injuries in a form approved by the Authority at each workplace of a kind specified by the Authority at a place readily accessible at all reasonable times to a worker employed in the work place or any person acting on a worker's behalf. (3) On receiving notice of an injury (otherwise than as specified in section 102(3)) an employer must cause the specified particulars of the injury to be entered in the register. s102 Notice of injury (4) The employer must acknowledge in writing the giving of notice of an injury. s103(4E) If the employer or self-insurer or the Authority receives from a worker a claim for compensation made in accordance with this section, the employer or self-insurer or the Authority must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, give the worker acknowledgement in writing that the claim has been received. s108 Responsibilities of employer (1)An employer must forward to the Authority— (a) any claim for compensation under section 92, 92A or 92B; (ab) any claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments; (aba) any relevant medical certificate in accordance with section 105 relating to a claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments; (b) any claim for compensation under section 98, 98A or 98C; (ba) any claim for compensation under Division 2B of Part IV which comes within the employer's liability under the employer's excess under section 125(1)(a) or 125A(3) and has not been paid by the employer or which the employer will not pay pending a decision by the Authority; (c) any claim for compensation under Division 2B of Part IV which does not come within the employer's liability under the employer's excess under section 125(1)(a) or 125A(3)—Page 261 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers within 10 days after the employer receives the claim. s114D Payment of weekly payments (2) If an employer is notified by the Authority that a worker is entitled to weekly payments, the employer must make weekly payments to the worker in accordance with subsection (6). (6) A weekly payment must be made to a worker- (a) before the expiry of 7 days after the end of the week in respect of which it is payable; or (b) if the worker would be paid less frequently if the worker were at work, at such time or at such intervals as he or she would be paid if at work. s194 Provide employment – see more details above under ‘Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions’ (2) An employer must, to the extent that it is reasonable to do so, provide to a worker for the duration of the employment obligation period— (a) suitable employment if the worker has a current work capacity; and (b) pre-injury employment if the worker no longer has an incapacity for work. Penalty: 180 penalty units for a natural person 900 penalty units for a body corporate. s195 Plan return to work– see more details above under ‘Return to Work Plans’ (1) An employer must, to the extent that it is reasonable to do so, plan the return to work of a worker from the date on which the employer knows or ought reasonably to have known of the worker's incapacity for work, whichever is the earlier date. Penalty: 120 penalty units for a natural person 600 penalty units for a body corporate. s196 Consult about the return to work of a worker (1) An employer must, to the extent that it is reasonable to do so, consult about the return to work of a worker with— (a) the worker; and (b) subject to the consent of the worker, the worker's treating health practitioner; and (c) a provider of occupational rehabilitation services that provides those services to the worker in accordance with section 99 and 99A. Penalty: 120 penalty units for a natural person 600 penalty units for a body corporate. (2) The employer must consult with the persons specified in subsection (1) by— (a) sharing information about the worker's return to work; and (b) providing a reasonable opportunity for those persons to consider and express their views about the worker's return to work; and (c) taking those views into account. (3) For the purposes of this section, an employer's consultation with a worker about the return to work of the worker must involve the employer consulting directly with the worker however a worker may be assisted by a representative during any consultation. s197 Nominate a return to work co-ordinator (1) Subject to this section, an employer must nominate a person who has an appropriate level of seniority and is competent to assist the employer to meet the obligations of the employer under this Part to be a return to work co-ordinator. Penalty: 120 penalty units for a natural person 600 penalty units for a body corporate. (2) A person is competent to assist the employer to meet the obligations of the employer under this Part if the person has knowledge, skills or experience relevant to planning for return to work, including— (a) knowledge of the obligations of employers and workers under this Part; andPage 262 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers(b) knowledge of the compensation scheme provided for under this Act and the functions of the Authority and, if relevant, self-insurers under this Part. (3) An employer who has certified, or in respect of whom there has been assessed, total rateable remuneration of $2 000 000 or more for all workplaces of the employer in respect of the preceding policy period must ensure that a person is— (a) nominated as the return to work co-ordinator; and (b) appointed at all times. (4) An employer who has certified, or in respect of whom there has been assessed, total remuneration of less than $2 000 000 for all workplaces of the employer in respect of the preceding policy period must ensure that the person nominated as a return to work co-ordinator is appointed for the duration of the employer's obligations under this Part to a worker who has an incapacity for work. (5) A return to work co-ordinator is not personally liable for any act or omission done or omitted to be done in good faith in the course of acting as a return to work co-ordinator (6) Any liability resulting from an act or omission that, but for subsection (5), would attach to a return to work co-ordinator, instead attaches to the employer. s199 Host to co-operate with labour hire employer – see more details above under ‘Mandatory Suitable Duties and Exemptions’ (2) A host must, to the extent that it is reasonable to do so, co-operate with the labour hire employer, in respect of action taken by the labour hire employer in order to comply with sections 194, 195 and 196, to facilitate the worker's return to work. Penalty: 120 penalty units for a natural person 600 penalty units for a body corporate.Queensland Employer obligations - an overviewAll employers must:  have a current workers’ compensation insurance policy with WorkCover Queensland that covers all workers (or may 'self-insure' if they meet the self- insurance criteria)  notify WorkCover Queensland of any workplace injuries within eight business days  take all reasonable steps to help or provide their workers with rehabilitation and suitable duties while they are being paid compensation  ensure rehabilitation is of a suitable standard as detailed in the Workers’ Compensation and Rehabilitation Regulation 2003  give WorkCover a copy of the suitable duties program  take every reasonable step to help with the worker’s rehabilitation - s228; and  have rehabilitation policy and procedures in place – s227(2).Employers must take all reasonable steps to assist or provide rehabilitation and suitable duties to injured workers. Within 12 months after a worker sustains an injury, the employer must not dismiss the worker solely or mainly because of the injury – s232B. s41 and s43. If an employer has wages in Queensland of $5.998 million for the preceding financial year or are is in a high risk industry with wages in Queensland for the preceding financial year of $1.826 million, the employer must:  have a workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures accredited by Q-COMP which outlines: o your commitment to assist injured workers to access necessary treatment and rehabilitation o specific steps you will take to achieve safe, timely and durable return to work  appoint a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator (RRTWC) registered with Q- COMP who will: o initiate early communication with an injured worker o develop the suitable duties program with the worker and their employer, Page 263 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers in line with the current medical certificate. s133 Employer’s duty to report injury (1) An employer, other than an employer who is a self-insurer, whose worker sustains an injury for which compensation may be payable must complete a report in the approved form and send it to the nearest office of WorkCover. (2) The employer must send the report immediately after the first of the following happens— (a) the employer knows the injury has been sustained; (b) the worker reports the injury to the employer; (c) the employer receives WorkCover’s written request for a report. (3) If an employer fails to comply with subsection (1) within 8 business days after any of the circumstances mentioned in subsection (2), the employer commits an offence, unless the employer has a reasonable excuse. Maximum penalty—50 penalty units. s133A Employer’s duty to tell WorkCover if worker asks for, or employer makes, a payment (1) An employer, other than a self-insurer, must give WorkCover written notice in the approved form if— (a) a worker asks the employer for compensation for an injury sustained by the worker; or (b) the employer pays the worker an amount, either in compensation or instead of compensation, that is payable by the employer or WorkCover under the Act for an injury sustained by the worker. (2) If the employer fails to comply with subsection (1) within 8 business days after the request or payment is made, the employer commits an offence, unless the employer has a reasonable excuse. Maximum penalty—50 penalty units. s226 Employer’s obligation to appoint rehabilitation and return to work coordinator (1) An employer must appoint a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator if the employer meets criteria prescribed under a regulation. (2) The rehabilitation and return to work coordinator must be in Queensland and be employed by the employer under a contract (regardless of whether the contract is a contract of service). (3) The employer must, unless the employer has a reasonable excuse, appoint the rehabilitation and return to work coordinator— (a) within 6 months after— (i) establishing a workplace; or (ii) starting to employ workers at a workplace; or (b) within a later period approved by the Authority. Maximum penalty—50 penalty units. (4) A rehabilitation and return to work coordinator, who is employed under a contract of service at the workplace, is not civilly liable for an act done, or an omission made, in giving effect to the workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures of an employer. (5) If subsection (4) prevents a civil liability attaching to a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator, the liability attaches instead to the employer. s227 Employer’s obligation to have workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures (1) This section applies if an employer meets criteria prescribed under a regulation. (2) The employer must have workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures. Maximum penalty—50 penalty units. (3) The employer must, unless the employer has a reasonable excuse, have workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures— (a) within 6 months after— (i) establishing a workplace; or (ii) starting to employ workers at a workplace; or (b) within a later period approved by the Authority. Maximum penalty—50 penalty units. (4) The employer must review the employer’s workplace rehabilitation policy and Page 264 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers procedures at least every 3 years and must comply with reporting requirements as prescribed under a regulation. s228 Employer’s obligation to assist or provide rehabilitation (1) The employer of a worker who has sustained an injury must take all reasonable steps to assist or provide the worker with rehabilitation for the period for which the worker is entitled to compensation. (2) The rehabilitation must be of a suitable standard as prescribed under a regulation. (3) If an employer, other than a self-insurer, considers it is not practicable to provide the worker with suitable duties, the employer must give WorkCover written evidence that the suitable duties are not practicable. s229 Employer’s failure in relation to rehabilitation (1) This section applies if an employer, other than a self-insurer, fails to take reasonable steps to assist or provide a worker with rehabilitation. (2) WorkCover may require the employer to pay WorkCover an amount by way of penalty equal to the amount of compensation paid to the worker during the period of non- compliance by the employer. (3) WorkCover may recover the amount from the employer— (a) as a debt; or (b) as an addition to a premium payable by the employer. (4) The employer may apply to WorkCover in writing to waive or reduce the penalty because of extenuating circumstances. (5) The application must specify the extenuating circumstances and the reasons the penalty should be waived or reduced in the particular case. (6) WorkCover must consider the application and may— (a) waive or reduce the penalty; or (b) refuse to waive or reduce the penalty. (7) If the employer is dissatisfied with WorkCover’s decision, the employer may have the decision reviewed under chapter 13.121. employer must have injury management system in place – s155B; and  establish return to work program as soon as practicable after doctor writes to insurer saying a return to work program should be established or medical certificate states total or partial return to work – s155C  ensure the establishment, content and implementation of the injury management system and return to work program are in accordance with the Workers’ Compensation Code of Western Practice (Injury Management) 2005. Australia Workers’ Compensation Code of Practice (Injury Management) 2005: Return to work program Establishment of a return to work program An employer has to give a worker an opportunity to participate in the establishment of a return to work program and ensure that the worker agrees with the content of the worker’s return to work program. South An employer must - Australia  comply with an obligation imposed through a rehabilitation program or RTW plan – s26, s28A(4), and regs 22 - 23, WRC Regulations 2010*  appoint a R&RTW co-ordinator – s28D(1)  provide suitable employment for which the worker is fit, if reasonably practicable – s58B(1).51—Duty to give notice of disability (6) Subject to subsection (8), where an employer (not being an exempt employer) receives notice of a disability given or purportedly given under this section the employer shall, within 5 business days after the receipt of the notice, send a copy of the notice to the Corporation together with the prescribed information. Maximum Penalty: $1 000.Page 265 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers52—Claim for compensation (5) Within 5 business days after receipt of a claim under this section, an employer (not being an exempt employer) shall forward to the Corporation— (a) a copy of the claim; (b) a statement in the designated form containing such information as may be prescribed. Maximum Penalty: $1 000. (5a) An employer (not being a self-insured employer) must furnish to the Corporation, in such manner and form as the Corporation may determine, such other information as the Corporation may reasonably require in order to determine a claim. Maximum penalty: $1 000. s58A—Reports of return to work etc (1) An employer (other than an exempt employer) must notify the Corporation whenever — (a) a worker who has been receiving weekly payments for total incapacity returns to work; or (b) there is a change in the weekly earnings of a worker who is receiving weekly payments for partial incapacity; or (c) there is a change in the type of work performed by a worker who is receiving weekly payments for partial incapacity, (but notification is not required in a case or class of cases excepted by the Corporation from the operation of this subsection). (2) Where a worker who has been receiving weekly payments for total incapacity returns to work with an employer other than the employer from whose employment the disability arose, the worker must notify that previous employer of the return to work. (3) A notification under subsection (1) or (2)— (a) must be given within 14 days of the occurrence of the notifiable event or such longer period as the regulations may allow; and (b) must include full particulars of the notifiable event. (4) A person who without reasonable excuse fails to comply with this section is guilty of an offence. Penalty: $1 000. *Regs 22 and 23 of WRC Regs 2010 in force from 1 November 2010, preceded by identical regs 4 and 5 of the WRC (Rehabilitation and Requirements Regulations 1996. Tasmania Employer responsibilities:  Upon receiving notification of an injury, an employer must: -notify their insurer within 3 working days - s143A; and - serve a written notice on the worker advising of the worker’s right to make a workers compensation claim - s33A.  Upon receiving a claim for workers compensation, an employer must: - notify the insurer of the claim within 3 working days - s36(1AA); and - forward it within 5 working days - s36(1));and - commence making weekly payments of compensation if the worker has been certified as being totally or partially incapacitated for work - s81; and - pay for medical and other expenses up to the value of $5000 unless the employer is of the opinion that the claimed expenses are unreasonable or unnecessary (in which case the employer must serve the worker and service provider with a notice and refer the matter to the Tribunal) - s77AB.  The employer or their insurer must give the worker written notice of the status of their claim within 28 days of the date the claim was served on the employer - s39.  An employer must have an injury management program and comply with that program - s142.  Where an employer has received an independent medical review report, the employer must serve a copy on the primary treating medical practitioner and injury management coordinator - s90B.  Where an employer has developed its own injury management program, that employer must appoint an injury management coordinator. As soon as practicable after becoming aware than a worker has suffered a significant injury, the employer must assign the worker to an injury management coordinator - s143B.  An employer that employs more than 50 workers must appoint a return to work Page 266 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers coordinator - s143D.  An employer must take all reasonable steps to comply with any requirements of a return to work plan or injury management plan - s143E(7).  An employer must keep an injured worker’s job available to them to return to for a period of 12 months following the worker becoming incapacitated unless there is medical evidence indicating that it is highly improbable that the worker will be able to do their pre- injury job or the worker’s pre-injury job is no longer required - s143L.  An employer must provide suitable alternative duties unless it is unreasonable or impractical to do so - s143M.  An employer must display in a prominent place at every workplace a summary of the provisions of the Act, and details of the employer’s insurer - s152. Northern Territory s75A Employer to assist injured worker to find suitable employment  take all reasonable steps to provide injured worker with suitable employment and participate in retraining the worker so far as is practicable – s75A(1)  refer worker to an alternative employment incentive scheme developed by the Authority if employer cannot provide suitable employment – s75A(2)  ensure return to work and rehabilitation program is provided by an accredited vocational rehabilitation provider – s75B(1)(A), and  pay for any workplace modification and rehabilitation training – s76(1).If an injured worker is employed by another employer under an alternative employer incentive scheme, the first employer must compensate the worker for any aggravation, acceleration or exacerbation of the injury that occurs within one year after the worker starts employment with the other employer – s75A(3). s75B Worker to undertake reasonable treatment and training, or assessment (1A) The employer of a worker who participates in a rehabilitation program or workplace based return to work program under subsection (1) must ensure that program is provided by an accredited vocational rehabilitation provider. s78 Other rehabilitation (1) Subject to this section, in addition to any other compensation under this Part, an employer shall pay the costs incurred for such home modifications, vehicle modifications and household and attendant care services as are reasonable and necessary for the purpose of this Division for a worker who suffers or is likely to suffer a permanent or long-term incapacity. s84 Employer to forward incident report and claim (1) An employer shall, immediately on receiving a claim for compensation, complete the employer's report section of the claim form and, within 3 working days after receiving the claim – (a) where the employer is a self-insurer or is uninsured – forward a copy of the claim to the Authority; (b) in all other cases – forward the claim, and a copy, to his or her insurer; and (c) in all cases – retain a copy of the claim for his or her own records. (3) Notwithstanding sections 81 and 82, if a person making a claim for compensation becomes aware that the employer – (a) has not complied or is not likely to comply with subsection (1)(a) or (b); (b) is refusing to receive the claim; (c) cannot be identified; (d) cannot be found; (e) is dead; or (f) is a corporation which has been wound up, he or she may lodge a claim for compensation with the relevant insurer or the Authority. (4) Where under subsection (3) a person lodges a claim for compensation with the relevant insurer or the Authority – (a) the insurer shall give to the Authority a copy of the claim and accompanying documents; or (b) the Authority shall give to the relevant insurer the claim and accompanying documents, within 10 working days after the insurer or Authority receives them. (5) An employer who – (a) refuses to receive a claim for compensation; or (b) dismisses a worker from employment for the reason only that the worker has given or attempted to give to the employer or the Authority a claim for compensation, is guilty of an offence. Penalty for an offence against this section: In the case of a body corporate – $10,000.Page 267 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of EmployersAustralian Capital  Establish a Return-to-Work Program in relation to policies and procedures for the Territory * rehabilitation of injured workers – s109;  Provide suitable employment if requested by the worker within 6 months from the day the worker became entitled to compensation – s105 & s106; and  comply with obligations imposed by insurer’s injury management program:– s91. s89 Insurer to give effect to injury management program (2) An insurer must take appropriate steps to ensure that each employer who is insured by the insurer is aware of the employer’s obligations under this chapter and is aware of the requirements of the insurer’s injury management program. Note An employer may have obligations under the following provisions of this part:  under s 91 to comply with the obligations imposed on the employer under the injury management program  under s 93 (2) to give notice of injury to the insurer  under s 100 to take part and cooperate in establishing a personal injury plan for a worker, and to comply with the plan  under s 105 and s 106 to provide suitable work for an injured worker  under s 109 to establish a return-to-work program. (3) Subsection (2) does not apply to a self-insurer. s91 Employer’s obligations for injury management programs (1) An employer must comply with the reasonable obligations imposed on the employer by the employer’s insurer under the insurer’s injury management program. Maximum penalty: 10 penalty units. (2) This section does not apply to a non-business employer. (3) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. s92 Register of injuries (1) This section applies to a mine, quarry, factory, workshop, office or shop (the workplace). (2) A register of injuries (the register) is to be kept at the workplace in a place that is readily accessible to workers at the workplace. (3) The manager of the mine or quarry, or the occupier of the factory, workshop, office or shop, must ensure the register is kept in accordance with subsection (2). Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (4) A person must not change, damage, deface, remove or otherwise interfere with the register. Maximum penalty: 20 penalty units. (5) A worker employed at the workplace, or a person acting on the worker’s behalf, may enter in the register details of an injury received by the worker. (6) If details of the injury are entered in the register as soon as possible after the injury happens, the entry is taken to be notice of the injury given to the employer by the injured worker for this Act. (7) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. (8) This section does not prevent the alteration of the register to correct an error of fact. s93 Early notification of workplace injury by making an entry in a register of injuries (see s 92). (2) The employer must give the insurer notice of the injury (an injury notice) under s94 within 48 hours after becoming aware that the worker has received a workplace injury. (3) Subsection (2) does not apply if the insurer is a self-insurer. s94 Injury notice (1) An injury notice must state— (a) the name and address of the injured worker; andPage 268 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers(b) the cause of the injury (in ordinary language); and (c) the date and time the injury happened; and (d) the name and address of the employer; and (e) the name and address of the nominated treating doctor or, if there is no treating doctor, a doctor who has treated the worker for the injury. (2) The employer may give the notice orally, in writing or in electronic form. (3) However, if the employer gives the notice orally, the employer must give the notice in writing or in electronic form within 3 days after giving the notice orally. s94A Uninsured employer to give DI fund manager injury notice etc (1) An employer (other than a self-insurer) commits an offence if— (a) the employer is given an injury notice for an injured worker; and (b) the employer does not have a compulsory insurance policy that applies to the worker in relation to the injury; and (c) the employer does not, within 48 hours after receiving the injury notice— (i) give the DI fund manager a copy of the injury notice; and (ii) tell the manager, in writing, that the employer does not have a compulsory insurance policy that applies to the worker in relation to the injury. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (2) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. s100 Employer’s personal injury plan obligations (1) The employer must take part and cooperate in the establishment of a personal injury plan for the injured worker. Maximum penalty: 10 penalty units. (2) The employer must comply with the reasonable obligations imposed on the employer under the personal injury plan. Maximum penalty: 10 penalty units. (3) This section does not apply if the employer is a self-insurer. (4) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. s126 Action by employer in relation to claims (1) If an employer receives a claim for compensation or another document in relation to a claim, the employer must, within 7 days after the day the employer receives the claim or document, forward it to the insurer liable to indemnify the employer for the claim (the liable insurer). Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (2) If the employer receives a written request from the liable insurer for further stated information in relation to the claim or document, the employer must, within 7 days after the day the employer receives the request— (a) give the insurer the requested information; or (b) if the information is not in the employer’s possession and is not reasonably obtainable by the employer—tell the insurer that in writing. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (3) If an employer has received an amount of compensation under this Act from an insurer, the employer must immediately pay the amount to the person entitled to the compensation. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (4) This section does not apply to an employer who is a self-insurer. (5) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. s140 Meaning of vocational rehabilitation (1) In this chapter: vocational rehabilitation, for the injured worker, means— (a) the assessment of the needs of the worker for paragraph (b); and (b) the provision of appropriate, adequate and timely services for the worker aimed at maintaining the worker in suitable employment or returning the worker to suitable employment.Page 269 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers(2) For the definition of vocational rehabilitation, services are taken to be appropriate, adequate and timely if they are in accordance with a relevant protocol. s142 Vocational rehabilitation (1) If the worker has a compensable injury, the employer must provide the worker with vocational rehabilitation in accordance with this Act. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (2) The provision of vocational rehabilitation to the worker is not taken to be an admission of liability for the worker’s claim for compensation. (3) This section does not apply to a non-business employer. (4) A regulation may exempt employers from subsection (1), either completely or in prescribed circumstances. (5) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence.Commonwealth Comcare  The employer is given statutory powers under the SRC Act (s36 and s37) to assess, develop and deliver rehabilitation programs for injured employees.  Comply with Comcare’s rehabilitation guidelines (s41) which require development of an employer specific rehabilitation policy which addresses: early intervention case management; rehabilitation assessment and rehabilitation programs; and the provision of suitable duties.  For assessment: the employer may, and shall on written request from the employee, undertake an assessment of the employee’s capability to undertake a rehabilitation program - s36(1), and  The employer may arrange for the employee to be examined to assist in the assessment (s36) of capability of undertaking rehabilitation and must have regard to any assessment report, amongst other things, in developing a rehabilitation program – s37.  For a program: the employer may make arrangements with an approved rehabilitation provider to provide a rehabilitation program or provide for the rehabilitation program itself - s37(2).  The employer shall have regard to the assessment, future liability, cost of program, improvement in the employee’s opportunities, psychological effect on the employee if not providing the program, employee’s attitude to the program, relative merits of alternative programs etc - s37(3).  The employer is required to advise the employee in writing of its decision, the reasons for its decision and notice of rights of review of its decision - s37(1) and s61(1).  During or on upon completion of the rehabilitation program the employer shall take all reasonable steps to provide suitable employment - s40.Rehabilitation Guidelines for Employers (Issued under s41) 7. To enable effective rehabilitation, the employer should ensure there is a system in place for the early identification and notification of injury, and therefore decision, on whether a rehabilitation assessment is required. This system should be well documented and communicated within the organisation and monitored for its effectiveness. 8. In accordance with the provisions of section 36 of the SRC Act the employer can arrange for an assessment of an injured employee’s capability of undertaking a rehabilitation program at any time. While the reasons for initiating an assessment will vary depending on the individual case, the triggers for such an assessment could include: a. any absence from work indicating a severe injury, especially an expected absence from work for 10 days or more b. the nature or circumstance of the injury being such that it alerts to a potentially complex case, such as a psychological, occupational overuse or soft tissue injury c. the medical evidence or prognosis suggests that there is a possibility of re-injury at work d. the employee has had a previous injury e. the work environment, including relationships with supervisors and co-workers, has contributed to the injury f. the employee has made a written request for an assessment.Your responsibilities as a senior manager…  show your commitment to effectively implementing your agency’s rehabilitation policy  develop a workplace culture that prevents injury and supports injured employeesPage 270 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers  ensure your case managers receive organisational support to fulfil their role and succeed with early intervention  keep informed of your agency’s return to work performance, access performance reports that will track your organisation’s claim costs/return to work outcomes and pinpoint problems  review and improve the effectiveness of your agency return to work strategies.Your responsibilities as a supervisor…  foster a supportive workplace which encourages safe work practices and early reporting of injuries  advise the case manager as soon as you become aware of an injury  ensure steps are taken to prevent further injury by understanding the cause of injury and putting in place safeguards  keep in close contact with the injured employee – be supportive and identify the assistance available to enable a return to work – the case manager will coordinate this process  work with the case manager to identify suitable duties and provide ongoing support  consider changing the way work is done or modifying the work environment  be involved and contribute to the development of the return to work plan for the injured employee and promptly let the case manager know if you, the injured employee or coworkers have any concerns along the way  after the injured employee has returned to work, work with them to ensure this outcome is sustained.Your responsibilities as a case manager…  let staff know your role and how to contact you  initiate, co-ordinate and monitor the rehabilitation process in consultation with all parties  decide if an assessment for a return to work program is required, particularly when an employee is likely to be away from work for more than 10 days - s36 of SRC Act  organise a return to work program if necessary — you may need to contract an approved rehabilitation provider to develop the return to workplan - s37  actively manage the approved rehabilitation provider to ensure a quality and cost effective program  put any decisions you make about a rehabilitation assessment or return to work plan in writing to the employee  actively manage the rehabilitation program to ensure a successful return to work  work with the supervisor and approved rehabilitation provider to make sure the injured employee is given suitable employment - s40  make sure your agency complies with the rehabilitation guidelines issued by Comcare - s41. s49 Assessment of capability of undertaking rehabilitation program(1) If an employee suffers an injury that lasts, or is expected to last, 28 days, which results in an impairment or an incapacity for work, the employee's employer must, within 28 days after receiving notice of the injury, arrange for the assessment of the employee's capability of undertaking a rehabilitation program. s50 Provision of rehabilitation programs 1) if an employee of an employer is assessed under section 49 as capable of undertaking a Commonwealth rehabilitation program, the employer must, after consulting the employee in relation to: Seacare a) the selection of an approved rehabilitation provider; and b) the development of an appropriate rehabilitation program by an approved program provider; make arrangements with an approved program provider for the provision of an appropriate rehabilitation program. s52 Duty to provide suitable employment If an employee is undertaking, or has completed, a rehabilitation program, his or her employer must take all reasonable steps to provide the employee with suitable employment, or to assist the employee to find such employment.Commonwealth DVA S61 Assistance in finding suitable work for full-time membersPage 271 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Employers(1) This section applies if: (a) a person is a Permanent Forces member or a continuous full-time Reservist; and (b) the person is incapacitated for service or work as a result of a service injury or disease for which the Commission has accepted liability. (2) To avoid doubt, this section applies to a person who is incapacitated as a result of an aggravated injury or disease even if the incapacity resulted from the original injury or disease and not from the aggravation or material contribution. (3) The person’s rehabilitation authority must take all reasonable steps to: (a) if the person is a Permanent Forces member who has not been identified by or on behalf of the person’s service chief as being likely to be discharged from the Permanent Forces for medical reasons—assist the person to find suitable work within the Permanent Forces; or (b) if the person is a continuous full-time Reservist who has not been identified by or on behalf of the person’s service chief as being likely to be discharged from the Reserves for medical reasons—assist the person to find suitable work as a continuous full-time Reservist; or (c) if the person has been identified by or on behalf of the person’s service chief as being likely to be discharged from the Defence Force for medical reasons—assist the person to find suitable civilian work. Note: A person who has been identified as being likely to be discharged from the Defence Force is entitled to a case manager (see s64).S62 Assistance in finding suitable work for other members and former members (1) This section applies if: (a) a person: (i) is a part-time Reservist, a cadet or a declared member; or (ii) is a former member; and (b) the person is incapacitated for service or work as a result of a service injury or disease for which the Commission has accepted liability. (2) To avoid doubt, this section applies to a person who is incapacitated as a result of an aggravated injury or disease even if the incapacity resulted from the original injury or disease and not from the aggravation or material contribution. (3) The person’s rehabilitation authority must take all reasonable steps to assist the person to find suitable civilian work.64 Transition management (1) This section applies to a person if: (a) the person is a Permanent Forces member or a continuous full-time Reservist; and (b) the person has been identified by or on behalf of the person’s service chief as being likely to be discharged from the Defence Force for medical reasons. (2) The person’s service chief must appoint a case manager for the person. (3) The role of the case manager is to assist the person in the transition to civilian life, including by advising the person about entitlements and services for which the person may be eligible as a member or former member, and about how to obtain access to such entitlements and services.New Zealand -* as at 30 June 2010 7.2.2 Responsibility of workersTable 7.7 - Responsibilities of Workers as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Responsibilities of WorkersNew South Injured workers need to: Wales  participate and cooperate in the establishment of an Injury Management Plan (if significant injury) – 1998 Act, s47(1)Page 272 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers  comply with the obligations imposed by the Injury Management Plan – 1998 Act, s47(2)  nominate a treating doctor who is prepared to participate in the development and arrangements under the Injury Management Plan – 1998 Act, s47(3)  authorise the treating doctor to provide relevant information to the insurer and employer – 1998 Act, s47(5), and  make reasonable efforts to return to work with the pre-injury employer as soon as possible, having regard to the nature of the injury – 1998 Act, s48.Unreasonable failure to comply can result in suspension or cessation of weekly payments.As a worker you must notify your employer as soon as possible of an injury, permit your nominated treating doctor to release information to the Scheme Agent or insurer and your employer, and participate and cooperate with the development and implementation of injury management and return to work plans.1998 Act, s44 Early notification of workplace injury (1) An injured worker must notify the employer that the worker has received a workplace injury as soon as possible after the injury happens.1998 Act, s47 Worker’s injury management plan obligations (1) An injured worker must participate and co-operate in the establishment of an injury management plan required to be established for the worker. (2) The worker must comply with obligations imposed on the worker by or under an injury management plan for the worker. (3) The worker must, when requested to do so by the insurer, nominate as the worker’s treating doctor for the purposes of an injury management plan for the worker a medical practitioner who is prepared to participate in the development of, and in the arrangements under, the plan. (5) The worker must authorise the worker’s nominated treating doctor to provide relevant information to the insurer or the employer for the purposes of an injury management plan for the worker.1998 Act, s48 Injured worker’s obligation to return to work An injured worker must make all reasonable efforts to return to work with his or her pre- injury employer (that is, the employer liable to pay compensation to the worker) as soon as possible, having regard to the nature of the injury.1998 Act, s57 Compliance by worker (1) If a worker fails unreasonably to comply with a requirement of this Chapter after being requested to do so by the insurer, the worker has no entitlement to weekly payments of compensation during any period that the failure continues, subject to subsection (2). (2) A worker’s entitlement to weekly payments does not cease under this section until the insurer has given the worker written notice to that effect, together with a statement of the reasons for the entitlement ceasing and the action that the insurer considers the worker must take to be entitled to the resumption of weekly payments. (3) The resumption of weekly payments does not entitle the worker to weekly payments for the period in respect of which the worker had no entitlement to weekly payments.Note. See also provisions for discontinuation of weekly payments in the 1987 Act (ss 52A, 54).1987 Act, 52A Discontinuation of weekly payments for partial incapacity after 2 years(1) Weekly payments of compensation in respect of partial incapacity for work are not payable for any period beyond the first 104 weeks of partial incapacity for work (whether or not any part of that period is compensated as if the incapacity for work was total) but only if one or more of the following paragraphs (referred to in this section as grounds for discontinuation) applies to the worker at the relevant time: (a) the worker is not suitably employed (within the meaning of section 43A) and is not seeking suitable employment (as determined in accordance with section 38A), (b) the worker is not suitably employed (within the meaning of section 43A) and has previously unreasonably rejected suitable employment (within the meaning of section 40 (2B)),Page 273 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers(c) the worker has sought suitable employment but has failed to obtain suitable employment primarily because of the state of the labour market (rather than because of the effects of the worker’s injury). (2) The relevant time for the purposes of this section is the time at which the notice under section 54 of intention to discontinue payment of compensation pursuant to this section is given. The discontinuation of payments under this section has effect even if, after the relevant time, none of the grounds for discontinuation applies to the worker. (3) A worker is not entitled to a resumption of payment of weekly compensation for partial incapacity for work once payment is discontinued because of this section. (4) The notice under section 54 of intention to discontinue payment of compensation pursuant to this section must be given. The notice can be given up to 6 weeks before the end of the 104 week period for which the worker has received or is entitled to receive weekly payments of compensation but cannot be given earlier than that. (5) The fact that the worker becomes totally incapacitated for work after the relevant time does not affect the operation of this section in respect of partial incapacity for work. (6) This section does not affect any entitlement to compensation under this Act in respect of any period of total incapacity for work. (7) A period of partial incapacity for work does not count as part of the 104 weeks referred to in subsection (1) unless the worker received or was entitled to receive compensation for that period. Separate periods during which the worker received or was entitled to receive those payments are to be aggregated. (8) If: (a) a claim for weekly payments of compensation is made by a worker after the earliest time at which a notice under section 54 to discontinue payment of compensation can be given under this section, or (b) proceedings before the Commission involve a claim for weekly payments of compensation in respect of any period of incapacity for work that includes any period beyond the end of the 104 week period, the notice under section 54 may (but need not) be given before payments are discontinued. If the notice is not given, the relevant time for the purposes of this section is the time at which payments are discontinued. (9) This section does not apply to compensation for an injury received by a person as a worker employed in or about a mine.1998 Act, s254 Notice of injury must be given to employer (1) Neither compensation nor work injury damages are recoverable by an injured worker unless notice of the injury is given to the employer as soon as possible after the injury happened and before the worker has voluntarily left the employment in which the worker was at the time of the injury. (2) The failure to give notice of injury as required by this section (or any defect or inaccuracy in a notice of injury) is not a bar to the recovery of compensation or work injury damages if in proceedings to recover the compensation or damages it is found that there are special circumstances as provided by this section. (3) Each of the following constitutes special circumstances: (a) the person against whom the proceedings are taken has not been prejudiced in respect of the proceedings by the failure to give notice of injury or by the defect or inaccuracy in the notice, (b) the failure to give notice of injury, or the defect or inaccuracy in the notice, was occasioned by ignorance, mistake, absence from the State or other reasonable cause, (c) the person against whom the proceedings are taken had knowledge of the injury from any source at or about the time when the injury happened, (d) the injury has been reported by the employer to the Authority in accordance with this Act. (4) In addition, if the employer is the owner of a mine or quarry, or the occupier of a factory, workshop, office or shop, each of the following constitutes special circumstances: (a) the summary referred to in section 231 has not been posted up in accordance with that section or the employer has otherwise contravened that section, (b) the injury has been reported by or on behalf of the employer to an inspector of mines or an inspector under the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000, (c) the injury has been treated in a first aid room at the mine, quarry, factory, workshop, Page 274 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers office or shop.1998 Act, s255 How notice of injury is given (1) A notice of injury must state: (a) the name and address of the person injured, and (b) the cause of the injury (in ordinary language), and (c) the date on which the injury happened. (2) A notice of injury may be given orally or in writing. (3) If there is more than one employer, a notice of injury may be given to any one of those employers. (4) A notice of injury is taken to have been given to an employer: (a) if it is given to any person designated for the purpose by the employer, or (b) if it is given to any person under whose supervision the worker is employed. (5) A written notice of injury may be served by delivering it to, or by sending it by post to, the residence or any place of business of the person on whom it is to be served. (6) If the regulations so require (and despite anything to the contrary in this section), a notice of injury must be given in the manner, and contain the particulars, prescribed by the regulations.Victoria Entitlements may be suspended (including forfeiture of weekly payments during suspension period) or terminated if worker fails to comply. s102 Notice of injury (1) Notice of an injury that may entitle a person to compensation under this Act must be given by the person to the employer within 30 days after the person becomes aware of the injury. (2) Notice of an injury must— (a) be given in a manner and form approved by the Authority; and (b) include such particulars as are required by the Authority. (3) Notice of an injury is deemed to have been given to an employer if the particulars of the injury as required under section 101(3) are entered in the register of injuries. (4) The employer must acknowledge in writing the giving of notice of an injury. (5) Subject to sub-section (6), a person is not entitled to recover compensation under this Act unless notice of the injury has been given to the employer within the time specified in sub-section (1). (6) The Authority or self-insurer may waive or extend the time limit specified in sub-section (1), if the Authority or self-insurer is satisfied that— (a) it was not reasonably practicable for the person, or another person on his or her behalf, to have given notice in accordance with sub-section (1); or (b) the failure to give notice of the injury in accordance with the time limit specified in sub-section (1) did not unfairly prejudice the employer; or (c) to rely on sub-section (5) would result in a serious injustice to the person. (7) Without limiting the generality of sub-section (6)(a), it is to be taken not to have been reasonably practicable to give notice of the injury in accordance with the time limit specified in sub-section (1) if the failure to give notice was due to— (i) ignorance or a mistake; or (ii) undue influence or duress; or (iii) being absent from Victoria. s103 Claim for compensation (1) A claim for compensation must be in a form approved by the Authority in respect of that type or class of claim. (2) A claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments must— (a) state the date on which the worker ceased work because of the injury; or (b) be accompanied by a medical certificate in accordance with section 105; or (c) be supplemented at a later date by a medical certificate in accordance with section Page 275 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers105. (3) A claim for compensation (other than a claim arising from the death of a worker) must include an authority, signed by the worker, authorising a provider of a medical service or hospital service to the worker in connection with the injury to which the claim relates to give to the Authority, self-insurer or employer information regarding the service relevant to the claim. (4) Where a claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments has been given to or served on the employer or self-insurer or lodged with the Authority but was not accompanied by a medical certificate, compensation in the form of weekly payments is not payable unless and until a medical certificate in accordance with section 105 has been given to or served on the employer or self-insurer or lodged with the Authority. (4A) A claim for compensation— (a) must be given to or served on the employer or self-insurer; or (b) if section 106 of this Act or Part 5 of the Accident Compensation (WorkCover Insurance) Act 1993 applies, must be lodged with the Authority. (4B) A claim for compensation is deemed to have been given to or served on the employer or self-insurer or lodged with the Authority if it is given, served or lodged in accordance with guidelines made by the Minister. (4C) The Minister may make guidelines for the purposes of this section specifying the manner and form in which a claim for compensation may be given, served or lodged. (4D) Guidelines made under subsection (4C) must be published— (a) in the Government Gazette; and (b) on a Government Internet website. (4E) If the employer or self-insurer or the Authority receives from a worker a claim for compensation made in accordance with this section, the employer or self-insurer or the Authority must, as soon as is reasonably practicable, give the worker acknowledgement in writing that the claim has been received. (4F) A worker may notify the Authority that the worker has given to or served on the employer a claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments by giving to the Authority— (a) a copy of the claim signed and dated by the worker; and (b) a copy of the relevant medical certificate in accordance with section 105. (4G) A claim is deemed to have been made in accordance with this section despite any material defect, omission or irregularity in the claim that relates to information that is within the knowledge of the employer or self-insurer or the Authority, as the case requires. (4H) A claim that contains a material defect, omission or irregularity to which subsection (4G) does not apply is deemed not to have been made if, within 14 days after the claim is given to or served on the employer, lodged with the Authority or given to the self- insurer, as the case requires, the Authority or the self-insurer returns the claim to the claimant with a notice that— (a) specifies in detail each material defect, omission and irregularity identified in the claim; and (b) states that any period within which the claim is required to be dealt with does not commence until a claim that does not contain any specified material defect, omission or irregularity is given to, served on or lodged with the Authority or the self-insurer. (5) If— (a) a claim for compensation is made in respect of an injury to a worker arising out of or in the course of, or due to the nature of, employment with a particular employer; and (b) the claim is made after the worker ceases to be employed by that employer— the claim is deemed not to have been made unless the claimant satisfies the Authority or self-insurer that he or she could not reasonably have made the claim while employed by that employer. (6) If a claim for compensation relates to an injury resulting from an accident involving a motor vehicle within the meaning of the Road Safety Act 1986 the claim is deemed not to have been made unless a report of the accident has been made to a member of the police force, whether under section 61 of the Road Safety Act 1986 or otherwise. (7) Subject to subsection (8), a claim for compensation must be given, served or lodged under this section or section 106 or Part 5 of the Accident Compensation (WorkCover Insurance) Act 1993—Page 276 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers(a) in the case of a claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments, as soon as practicable after the incapacity arising from the injury becomes known; (b) in the case of a claim for compensation under section 92, 92A or 92B within the period of 2 years after the date of the death of the relevant worker; (c) in the case of a claim for compensation under section 98A, at the same time as the claim for compensation under section 98 in respect of the same injury is given, served or lodged; (d) in the case of a claim for compensation under section 99, within 6 months after the date of the relevant service. (8) If the Authority or self-insurer is satisfied that a person making a claim for compensation had a special excuse for not making the claim within the relevant applicable time limit, the Authority or self-insurer may waive or extend the time limit to enable the claim for compensation to be made. (9) A claim for compensation by a worker under section 98 or 98A must seek compensation for all injuries of the worker that are within the categories of injury listed in the Table to section 98(1) that are compensable under that section and that are manifest and that have stabilised. (10) Subsection (9) only applies in respect of claims for compensation that are given, served or lodged after the commencement of section 16 of the Accident Compensation (Amendment) Act 2001. (11) Subsection (9) only applies in respect of injuries of the worker arising out of, or in the course of, or due to the nature of, the worker's employment with— (a) the employer to, or on, whom the claim for compensation was given or served under section 103(4A); or (b) the employer referred to in section 106 if the claim for compensation was lodged with the Authority; or (c) the employer referred to in Part 5 of the Accident Compensation (WorkCover Insurance) Act 1993 if the claim for compensation was lodged with the Authority. (12) Subsection (9) does not apply to a worker who, at the time the claim for compensation was given, served or lodged— (a) was under 18 years of age; or (b) was not capable of managing his or her affairs in relation to the claim by reason of injury, disease, illness, dementia, intellectual impairment, physical disability or mental disorder. s111 Provide certificates of capacity to remain entitled to weekly payments. s112 Submit to reasonable medical examinations on request. s200 Participate in planning for return to work A worker who has an incapacity for work must in co-operation with the employer, Authority or self-insurer make reasonable efforts to actively participate and co-operate in planning for the worker to return to work. s201 Use occupational rehabilitation services A worker who has an incapacity for work must actively use an occupational rehabilitation service provided in accordance with ss 99 and 99A and co-operate with the provider of that service. s202 Participate in assessment A worker who has an incapacity for work must, when requested to do so by the employer, Authority or self-insurer, actively participate and co-operate in any assessment of— (a) capacity for work; (b) rehabilitation progress; (c) future employment prospects. s203 Return to work (1) A worker who has an incapacity for work must, in co-operation with the employer, Authority or self-insurer make reasonable efforts to return to work in suitable employment or pre-injury employment at the worker's place of employment or at another place of employment.Page 277 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), a worker is to be treated as making a reasonable effort to return to work in suitable employment or pre-injury employment during any reasonable period in which— (a) the worker is waiting for the commencement of an occupational rehabilitation service after approval has been given; or (b) the worker is waiting for a response to a request for suitable employment or pre-injury employment made by the worker and received by the employer; or (c) if the employer's response is that suitable employment or pre-injury employment may or will be provided at some time, the worker is waiting for suitable employment or pre-injury employment to commence; or (d) if the employer's response is that suitable employment or pre-injury employment cannot be provided at some time, the worker is waiting for a response to a request for suitable employment or pre-injury employment from another employer. (3) For the purposes of subsection (1), a worker must not be treated as making a reasonable effort to return to work in suitable employment or pre-injury employment during any period in which the worker has refused or failed to meet any obligations under this Division. s204 Participate in an interview (1) A worker who has an incapacity for work must, as required by the Authority or self- insurer— (a) participate in an interview with the representative of the Authority or self- insurer for the purpose of enhancing the worker's opportunities to return to work; and (b) actively participate and co-operate in the interview referred to in paragraph (a) in order to comply with his or her obligations under this Division. s206 Notification of return to work (2) if a worker who has been receiving weekly payments directly from the Authority returns to any work (whether as a worker or otherwise), the worker must immediately notify the Authority of the return to work. (3) If a worker who has been receiving weekly payments returns to any work, whether as a self-employed person or in employment, and whether in receipt of current weekly earnings or not, with an employer other than the employer in whose employment the injury occurred, the worker must immediately notify the employer in whose employment the injury occurred of the return to work.Queensland  Take part in a rehabilitation program. Failure to comply without reasonable excuse may result in entitlements being suspended – s232  let WorkCover know when condition has changed  provide continuous medical certificates to WorkCover, and  give written notice within 10 business days of the worker returning to work, or engagement in a call to the insurer – s136. s131 Time for applying (1) An application for compensation is valid and enforceable only if the application is lodged by the claimant within 6 months after the entitlement to compensation arises. (2) If an application is lodged more than 20 business days after the entitlement to compensation arises, the extent of the insurer’s liability to pay compensation is limited to a period starting no earlier than 20 business days before the day on which the valid application is lodged. (3) Subsection (2) does not apply if death is, or results from, the injury. (4) An insurer must waive subsection (1) for a particular application if it is satisfied that special circumstances of a medical nature, decided by a medical assessment tribunal, exist. (5) An insurer may waive subsection (1) or (2) for a particular application if the insurer is satisfied that a claimant’s failure to lodge the application was due to— (a) mistake; orPage 278 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers(b) the claimant’s absence from the State; or (c) a reasonable cause. s136 Worker must notify return to work or engagement in a calling (1) A worker receiving compensation for an injury must give written notice within 10 business days of the worker’s— (a) return to work; or (b) engagement in a calling. Maximum penalty—50 penalty units. (2) The notice must be given to the insurer. (3) The notice may be a certificate in the approved form of a doctor stating the worker’s capacity for work. s231 Worker must mitigate loss (1) The common law duty of mitigation of loss applies to the worker. (2) The worker’s duty may be discharged by participating in rehabilitation. (3) Without limiting subsection (2), a worker must satisfactorily participate in any return to work program or suitable duties arranged by the insurer or the Authority. (4) The worker’s duty under this section is in addition to any duty the worker may have under section 267. s232 Worker must participate in rehabilitation (1) The worker must satisfactorily participate in rehabilitation— (a) as soon as practicable after the injury is sustained; and (b) for the period for which the worker is entitled to compensation. (2) If the worker fails or refuses to participate in rehabilitation without reasonable excuse, the insurer may, by written notice given to the worker, suspend the worker’s entitlement to compensation until the worker satisfactorily participates in rehabilitation. (3) If the insurer suspends the worker’s entitlement to compensation, the worker may have the decision reviewed under chapter 13. Attend medical examinations – s64 & 65 Western  participate in return to work program – s72B, and Australia  notify employer within 7 days if returning to employment – s59.South Australia An employer must  comply with an obligation imposed through a rehabilitation program or RTW plan – s26, s28A(4), s36(1a)(d) and ) and reg 22, reg 23, WRC Regulations 2010*  make every reasonable effort to return to work – s35(7)  undertake work that has been offered if capable of performing, and take steps to find or obtain suitable employment – 36(1a)(f)  participate in assessments regarding future employment prospects – s36(1a)(fa). s36 Discontinuance of weekly payments (1) Subject to this Act, weekly payments to a worker who has suffered a compensable disability must not be discontinued unless— (f) the worker breaches the obligation of mutuality; (1a) A worker breaches the obligation of mutuality if— (a) the Corporation has, by written notice to the worker, required the worker to submit to an examination by a recognised medical expert nominated by the Corporation and the worker fails to comply with the requirement within the time allowed in the notice or obstructs the examination; or (b) the Corporation has, by written notice to the worker, required the worker to submit to the Corporation a certificate from a recognised medical expert certifying that the compensable disability continues, and the worker fails to comply with the requirement within the time allowed in the notice; or (c) the worker refuses or fails to submit to proper medical treatment for the worker's condition; orPage 279 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers(d) the worker refuses or fails to participate in a rehabilitation program under this Act or participates in a way that frustrates the objectives of the program; or (e) the worker fails to comply with an obligation under a rehabilitation and return to work plan under this Act; or (f) the worker refuses or fails— (i) to undertake work that the worker has been offered and is capable of performing; or (ii) to take reasonable steps to find or obtain suitable employment, or having obtained suitable employment, unreasonably discontinues the employment; or (fa) the worker refuses or fails to participate in assessments of the worker's capacity, rehabilitation progress or future employment prospects (including by failing to attend); or (g) the worker does anything else that is, apart from this subsection, recognised as a breach of the obligation of mutuality. (1b) However, a worker does not breach the obligation of mutuality— (a) by reasonably refusing surgery or the administration of a drug; or (b) where there is a difference of medical opinion about the appropriate treatment for the worker's condition, or the possibility of choice between a number of reasonable forms of treatment—by choosing one form of treatment in preference to another. s51 Duty to give notice of disability (1) Where a worker suffers a compensable disability, notice of that disability must be given — (a) to the employer by whom the worker is employed at the time of the occurrence of the disability; or (b) if the worker is not then in employment or is self-employed—to the Corporation. (2) Notice of a disability should be given— (a) if practicable within 24 hours after the occurrence of the disability but, if that is not practicable, as soon as practicable after the occurrence of the disability; (b) if the worker is not, immediately after the occurrence of the disability, aware of the disability—as soon as practicable after the worker becomes so aware; (c) if the worker dies without having become so aware or before it is practicable to give such a notice—as soon as practicable after the worker's death. (3) Notice of a disability— (a) may be given orally or in writing; and (b) should specify to the best of the knowledge, information and belief of the person giving the notice— (i) the day on which the disability occurred; and (ii) the place at which the disability occurred; and (iii) the nature of the disability; and (iv) the cause of the disability. (4) For the purposes of this section, notice of a disability shall be deemed to have been given to an employer if— (a) it is given to— (i) the employer at any place of business of the employer; or (ii) any person under whose supervision the worker was employed at the time of the disability; or (iii) any person designated for the purpose by the worker's employer; or (b) it is served by post on the employer. (5) A person by whom a notice under this section is given orally shall, at the request of the person to whom the notice is given, complete a written statement in a form determined by the Corporation. s52 Claim for compensation (1) Subject to this section, a claim for compensation— (a) must be made in a manner and form approved by the Corporation; and (b) must be made within the prescribed period; andPage 280 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers(c) must be supported by a certificate in the prescribed form by a recognised medical expert certifying— (i) the nature of the disability; (ii) the probable cause of the disability so far as that is ascertainable by the medical expert; (iii) where the claimant claims to be incapacitated for work—the extent and probable duration of the incapacity; (iv) whether the medical expert has personal knowledge of the worker's workplace and, if so, the extent of that knowledge and whether the medical expert has discussed with the employer the kinds of work that might be appropriate for the worker in view of the disability.*Regs 22 and 23 of WRC Regs 2010 in force from 1 November 2010, preceded by identical regs 4 and 5 of the WRC (Rehabilitation and Requirements Regulations 1996.Worker Responsibilities:  A worker is not entitled to compensation under the Act unless: - notice of the injury has been given to the employer as soon as practicable after the injury; and - a claim for compensation has been made within 6 months of the date of injury (these requirements do not apply in relation to industrial deafness).  As soon as practicable after suffering a workplace injury, an injured worker must notify the employer of the name of the worker’s primary treating medical practitioner. If the worker subsequently replaces the primary treating medical practitioner, he or she must advise the employer of the new primary treating medical practitioner’s details - s143G.  A worker is to submit to an independent medical review at a reasonable time and place of which the worker has been given reasonable notice (the worker can refer the matter to the Tribunal if the worker objects to attending the review) - s90A. Note – compensation can be suspended if a worker refuses to submit to or obstructs a review.  Where a medical practitioner conducting an independent medical review reports that any medical or surgical treatment will terminate or shorten the period of incapacity, the worker must either submit to the treatment or notify the employer/insurer that the worker requires a second opinion (if the second opinion agrees with the independent review, then the worker must submit to the treatment as soon as practicable) - ss 90A(7) and Tasmania 90C). Note – compensation can be suspended if a worker refuses to undertake any non-surgical treatment.  A worker who is certified as being incapacitated for work must notify the employer of the incapacity and the period for which it is likely to continue and must also provide a copy of the medical certificate to the employer - s143L.  A worker must take all reasonable steps to comply with any requirements of a return to work plan or injury management plan - s143E(7).  A worker must perform any actions that his or her injury management plan or return to work plan requires unless the worker is unable to perform an action due to the workplace injury or for other reasonable cause. If the worker is unable to perform an action, the worker must seek medical advice and undergo any appropriate treatment and notify the employer and injury management coordinator - s143N.  A worker who is assigned reduced hours in accordance with the worker’s injury management plan or return to work plan must take all reasonable steps to ensure that attending a medical practitioner does not interfere with the worker’s employment during those hours.  A worker must not wilfully fail to fully disclose to any treating medical practitioner any information that the worker knows, or ought reasonably be expected to know, is relevant to the diagnosis or treatment of the worker’s workplace injury - s143J.Northern Territory  Undertake medical, surgical and rehabilitation treatment, rehabilitation training or workplace based return to work program – s75B(1)  to attend medical exam – s75B(1), and  to provide ongoing certification of incapacity– s91A.Benefits may be terminated if there is unreasonable refusal or failure:  authorise information about injury to be released to employer and insurer if claim form specifies – s82(4), and  notify employer immediately when returning to work with another employer or their Page 281 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers circumstances change – s90. s75B Worker to undertake reasonable treatment and training, or assessment (1) Where compensation is payable under Subdivision B of Division 3 to a worker, the worker shall undertake, at the expense of the worker's employer, reasonable medical, surgical and rehabilitation treatment or participate in rehabilitation training or, as appropriate, in workplace based return to work programs, or as required by his or her employer, present himself or herself at reasonable intervals to a person for assessment of his or her employment prospects. (1A) The employer of a worker who participates in a rehabilitation program or workplace based return to work program under subsection (1) must ensure that program is provided by an accredited vocational rehabilitation provider. (2) Where a worker unreasonably fails to undertake medical, surgical and rehabilitation treatment or to participate in rehabilitation training or a workplace based return to work program which could enable him or her to undertake more profitable employment, he or she shall be deemed to be able to undertake such employment and his or her compensation under Subdivision B of Division 3 may, subject to section 69, be reduced or cancelled accordingly. (3) Where a worker so required under subsection (1) unreasonably refuses to present himself or herself for assessment of his or her employment prospects, he or she shall be deemed to be able to undertake the most profitable employment that would be reasonably possible for a willing worker with his or her experience and skill and who has sustained a similar injury and is in similar circumstances, having regard to the matters referred to in section 68, and his or her compensation under Subdivision B of Division 3 may, subject to section 69, be reduced or cancelled accordingly. s90 Return to work Where a worker who has been receiving weekly payments for incapacity returns to work with an employer other than the employer in whose employment the injury occurred or his or her employment or other circumstances change in such a way as is likely to affect his or her entitlement to, or the amount of, compensation, the worker shall immediately notify the employer in whose employment the injury occurred of the return to work or those changed circumstances. Penalty: $3,000 or imprisonment for 6 months. s80 Notice of injury and claim for compensation (1) Subject to this Act, a person shall not be entitled to compensation unless notice of the relevant injury has, as soon as practicable, been given to or served on the worker's employer. (2) An employer who receives a claim for compensation shall be deemed to have been given notice of the injury to which it relates. s182 Time for taking proceedings (1) Subject to subsections (2) and (3), proceedings for the recovery under this Act of compensation shall not be maintainable unless notice of the injury has been given before the worker has voluntarily left the employment in which he or she was injured and unless the claim for compensation has been made – (a) within 6 months after the occurrence of the injury or, in the case of a disease, the incapacity arising from the disease; or (b) in the case of death, within 6 months after advice of the death has been received by the claimant.Australian Capital  Participate & cooperate in the establishment of a PIP and comply with reasonable Territory * obligations arising from that plan, including any medical or surgical treatment, rehabilitation and retraining – s101  nominate a treating doctor who is prepared to take part in the worker’s PIP – s102, and  make all reasonable efforts to return to work with the pre-injury employer as soon as possible – s104.If a worker fails to comply with their obligations, their weekly compensation payments may be stopped – s113. s93 Early notification of workplace injury (1) The injured worker must tell the employer that the worker has received a workplace Page 282 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers injury as soon as possible after being injured. Note An injured worker may give notice of an injury by making an entry in a register of injuries (see s 92). (2) The employer must give the insurer notice of the injury (an injury notice) under section 94 within 48 hours after becoming aware that the worker has received a workplace injury. (3) Subsection (2) does not apply if the insurer is a self-insurer. s94 Injury notice (1) An injury notice must state— (a) the name and address of the injured worker; and (b) the cause of the injury (in ordinary language); and (c) the date and time the injury happened; and (d) the name and address of the employer; and (e) the name and address of the nominated treating doctor or, if there is no treating doctor, a doctor who has treated the worker for the injury. (2) The employer may give the notice orally, in writing or in electronic form. (3) However, if the employer gives the notice orally, the employer must give the notice in writing or in electronic form within 3 days after giving the notice orally. (4) If the worker has more than 1 employer, the notice must be given to the employer responsible for the workplace where the injury happened. (5) The notice of injury is taken to have been given to an employer— (a) if it is given to a person designated for the purpose by the employer; or (b) if it is given to a person under whose supervision the worker is employed. s94A Uninsured employer to give DI fund manager injury notice etc (1) An employer (other than a self-insurer) commits an offence if— (a) the employer is given an injury notice for an injured worker; and (b) the employer does not have a compulsory insurance policy that applies to the worker in relation to the injury; and (c) the employer does not, within 48 hours after receiving the injury notice— (i) give the DI fund manager a copy of the injury notice; and (ii) tell the manager, in writing, that the employer does not have a compulsory insurance policy that applies to the worker in relation to the injury. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (2) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. s94B Liquidator to give DI fund manager injury notice etc (1) The liquidator of an insurer (other than an insurer that has been wound up under the Corporations Act) commits an offence if— (a) the liquidator is given an injury notice; and (b) the injury notice is for an injury of an injured worker of an employer; and (c) the employer holds or held a compulsory insurance policy with the insurer that requires or required indemnity to be provided for the injured worker’s injury; and (d) the insurer cannot provide the indemnity required to be provided under the policy; and (e) the liquidator does not, within 48 hours after receiving the injury notice— (i) give the DI fund manager a copy of the injury notice; and (ii) tell the manager, in writing, that the employer holds or held a compulsory insurance policy with the insurer that requires or required indemnity for the injury to be provided. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (2) The liquidator of an approved insurer that has been wound up under the Corporations Act commits an offence if— (a) the liquidator is given an injury notice; and (b) the injury notice is for an injury of an injured worker of an employer; and (c) the employer held a compulsory insurance policy with the insurer that required Page 283 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers indemnity for the injured worker’s injury to be provided; and (d) the liquidator does not, within 48 hours after the liquidator receives the notice— (i) return the injury notice to the injured worker; and (ii) tell the worker, in writing, to give the injury notice to the DI fund manager. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (3) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. s94C Injured workers of uninsured employers may give DI fund manager injury notice An injured worker may give the DI fund manager a copy of the injured worker’s injury notice if— (a) the injured worker’s employer— (i) is required to give the notice to the fund manager under section 94A (Uninsured employer to give DI fund manager injury notice etc); but (ii) has not given the notice as required; or (b) the injured worker’s employer is required to give the notice to the fund manager under section 94A but the injured worker suspects that the employer may not have given the notice to the fund manager; or (c) a liquidator— (i) tells the injured worker to give the worker’s injury notice to the fund manager under section 94B (Liquidator to give DI fund manager injury notice etc); or (ii) is required under section 94B to tell the injured worker to give the worker’s injury notice to the fund manager, but does not tell the injured worker as required; or (d) the injured worker was employed by an employer who held a compulsory insurance policy under which the insurer was required to provide indemnity for the worker’s injury, but the insurer cannot provide the indemnity required to be provided under the policy; or (e) the injured worker was employed by an employer who was a self-insurer and the injured worker believes, on reasonable grounds, that the employer is unable to pay compensation in relation to the injury; or (f) the injured worker’s employer no longer exists. s95 What if employer does not give notice of injury within time? (1) This section applies if an employer (other than a self-insurer) is given an injury notice for an injured worker, but does not give the insurer the injury notice within the time mentioned in section 93 (2) (Early notification of workplace injury). (2) The employer is liable to pay the worker weekly compensation from the date of injury until the employer gives the insurer the injury notice. (3) The employer must not be indemnified by the insurer for a payment mentioned in subsection (2). s101 Worker’s personal injury plan obligations (1) The injured worker must take part and cooperate in the establishment of a personal injury plan for the worker. Note If the injured worker does not take part and cooperate in the establishment of the worker’s personal injury plan, the worker’s weekly compensation may be stopped while time for payment of weekly compensation continues to run against the worker (see s 113). (2) The injured worker must comply with reasonable obligations imposed on the worker under the worker’s personal injury plan, including any obligation to receive medical treatment or rehabilitation services. s102 Nomination of doctor for personal injury plan (1) The worker must nominate a doctor, or medical practice, as the worker’s treating doctor for the worker’s personal injury plan. (2) The worker may only nominate a doctor, or medical practice, that is prepared to take part in the development of, and in the arrangements under, the worker’s personal injury plan. (3) The nomination of a medical practice as treating doctor for the worker’s personal injury plan is the nomination of the members of the practice who treat the worker from time to time.Page 284 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers(4) The worker must authorise the worker’s nominated treating doctor to provide relevant information to— (a) the insurer or employer for the worker’s personal injury plan; or (b) a person who requires the information in relation to the management of the worker’s claim for compensation; or (c) the chief executive in relation to the performance of an approved rehabilitation provider. (5) The worker’s personal injury plan must provide a way for the worker to change the worker’s nominated treating doctor. s104 Injured worker’s obligation to return to work The injured worker must make all reasonable efforts to return to work with the worker’s pre- incapacity employer (that is, the employer liable to pay compensation to the worker) as soon as possible, considering the nature of the injury. s113 Compliance by workers (1) A worker is not entitled to weekly compensation for a period when the worker unreasonably— (a) contravenes a requirement under this chapter (including under the worker’s personal injury plan) after being asked in writing by the insurer to comply with the requirement; or (b) fails to take part in or make a reasonable effort to take part in vocational rehabilitation or a return-to-work program; or (c) fails to attend an assessment of the worker’s employment prospects; or (d) fails to attend a medical assessment of the worker’s injury; or (e) fails to undertake suitable alternative duties (if any) provided by the employer; or (f) fails to take up an offer of suitable work for which the worker is qualified and that the worker can perform. (2) A worker’s entitlement to weekly compensation does not stop under this section until 2 weeks after the day, or latest day, the insurer gives written notice to the worker and to the Minister that the compensation will stop. (3) The notice must be accompanied by a statement of the reasons for the entitlement stopping and the action that the insurer considers the worker must take to be entitled to the continuation, or resumption, of weekly compensation. (4) The resumption of weekly compensation does not entitle the worker to weekly compensation for the period when the worker had no entitlement to weekly compensation. s120 Time for taking proceedings generally (1) A proceeding for the recovery of compensation for an injury may continue only if— (a) notice of the injury (an injury notice) was given as soon as practicable after the injury happened, and before the worker voluntarily left the employment in which the worker was injured; and (b) the claim for compensation was made— (i) within 3 years after the injury happened; or (ii) if the worker was not aware of the injury when it happened—within 3 years after the worker became aware of the injury; or (iii) if the worker dies—within 3 years after the claimant became aware of the death. (2) However, a proceeding for the recovery of compensation for an injury may also continue if— (a) the Magistrates Court allows the proceeding to be maintained under section 120A (Proceedings on late claims); or (b) the proceeding may be maintained under section 124 (No notice or defective or inaccurate notice). Note An injured worker may give notice of an injury by making an entry in a register of injuries (see s 92). 120A Proceedings on late claims (1) A person may apply to the Magistrates Court to allow a proceeding for the recovery of compensation to be maintained. Note Section 120 (2) allows the proceeding to be continued even if the claim was made after the end of the time periods set out in s 120 (1), if the Magistrates Court allows it to be Page 285 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers maintained under this section. (2) The Magistrates Court may allow the application if the court considers that it is just and reasonable to allow the proceeding to be maintained. (3) Before making a decision about whether to allow the application, the Magistrates Court may hear anyone likely to be affected by the proceeding if the court considers it appropriate. (4) In considering whether to allow the application, the Magistrates Court must have regard to all the circumstances of the case, including the following: (a) the length of and reasons for the delay in making the claim; (b) the extent to which, having regard to the delay, there is or is likely to be prejudice to the employer; (c) the conduct of the employer and the employer’s insurer after the cause of action accrued to the claimant, including any steps taken by the employer or the employer’s insurer to make available to the claimant ways of working out facts that were or might have been relevant to the cause of action; (d) the duration of any disability of the worker arising at the time of or after the injury giving rise to the claim; (e) the extent to which the claimant acted promptly and reasonably once the claimant knew that the injury to, or death of, the worker could be capable at that time of giving rise to a claim for compensation; (f) any steps taken by the claimant to obtain medical, legal or other expert advice and the nature of any advice received. (5) In this section: claimant, if the claim is made by a person other than the worker, includes the worker. s126 Action by employer in relation to claims (1) If an employer receives a claim for compensation or another document in relation to a claim, the employer must, within 7 days after the day the employer receives the claim or document, forward it to the insurer liable to indemnify the employer for the claim (the liable insurer). Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (2) If the employer receives a written request from the liable insurer for further stated information in relation to the claim or document, the employer must, within 7 days after the day the employer receives the request— (a) give the insurer the requested information; or (b) if the information is not in the employer’s possession and is not reasonably obtainable by the employer—tell the insurer that in writing. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (3) If an employer has received an amount of compensation under this Act from an insurer, the employer must immediately pay the amount to the person entitled to the compensation. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (4) This section does not apply to an employer who is a self-insurer. (5) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence.Commonwealth Comcare  The employee shall cooperate in the assessment of the capacity to undertake a rehabilitation program  the employee shall undergo a required examination - s36(3)  the employee should cooperate and actively participate with the case manager and/or rehabilitation provider in the development of the rehabilitation program  All rights and proceedings under the Act are suspended if an employee fails, without reasonable excuse, to undergo a rehabilitation examination or a program - s36(4) and s37(7). s36 Assessment of capability of undertaking rehabilitation program (4) Where an employee refuses or fails, without reasonable excuse, to undergo an examination in accordance with a requirement, or in any way obstructs such an examination, the employee’s rights to compensation under this Act, and to institute or continue any proceedings under this Act in relation to compensation, are suspended until the examination takes place.Page 286 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers(7) Where an employee’s right to compensation is suspended under subsection (4), compensation is not payable in respect of the period of the suspension. s37 Provision of rehabilitation programs (7) Where an employee refuses or fails, without reasonable excuse, to undertake a rehabilitation program provided for the employee under this section, the employee’s rights to compensation under this Act, and to institute or continue any proceedings under this Act in relation to compensation, are suspended until the employee begins to undertake the program. (8) Where an employee’s right to compensation is suspended under subsection (7), compensation is not payable in respect of the period of the suspension. s53 Notice of injury or loss of, or damage to, property (1) This Act does not apply in relation to an injury to an employee unless notice in writing of the injury is given to the relevant authority: (a) as soon as practicable after the employee becomes aware of the injury; or (b) if the employee dies without having become so aware or before it is practicable to serve such a notice—as soon as practicable after the employee’s death. (2) This Act does not apply in relation to the loss of, or damage to, property used by an employee, being a loss or damage in circumstances referred to in section 15, unless notice in writing of the accident that resulted in the loss or damage is given to the relevant authority: (a) as soon as practicable after the employee becomes aware that the accident had resulted in the loss or damage; or (b) if the employee dies without having become so aware or before it is practicable to serve such a notice—as soon as practicable after the employee’s death. (3) Where: (a) a notice purporting to be a notice referred to in this section has been given to the relevant authority; (b) the notice, as regards the time of giving the notice or otherwise, failed to comply with the requirements of this section; and (c) the relevant authority would not, by reason of the failure, be prejudiced if the notice were treated as a sufficient notice, or the failure resulted from the death, or absence from Australia, of a person, from ignorance, from a mistake or from any other reasonable cause; the notice shall be taken to have been given under this section. s54 Claims for compensation (1) Compensation is not payable to a person under this Act unless a claim for compensation is made by or on behalf of the person under this section. (2) A claim shall be made by giving the relevant authority: (a) a written claim in accordance with the form approved by Comcare for the purposes of this paragraph; and (b) except where the claim is for compensation under section 16 or 17—a certificate by a legally qualified medical practitioner in accordance with the form approved by Comcare for the purposes of this paragraph. (3) Where a written claim, other than a claim for compensation under section 16 or 17, is given to a relevant authority under paragraph (2)(a) and the claim is not accompanied by a certificate of the kind referred to in paragraph (2)(b), the claim shall be taken not to have been made until such a certificate is given to that authority. (4) Where a claim is given to Comcare, Comcare shall cause a copy of the claim to be given to: (a) where the employee concerned is or was a member of the Defence Force at the time when the relevant injury or accident occurred—the Secretary of the Department of Defence; or (b) in any other case—the principal officer of the Entity, Commonwealth authority or licensed corporation in which the employee was employed at that time. (5) Strict compliance with an approved form referred to in subsection (2) is not required and substantial compliance is sufficient.Rehabilitation Guidelines for Employers (Issued under s41)Page 287 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers7. To enable effective rehabilitation, the employer should ensure there is a system in place for the early identification and notification of injury, and therefore decision, on whether a rehabilitation assessment is required. This system should be well documented and communicated within the organisation and monitored for its effectiveness. 10. A return to work plan as part of a rehabilitation program should: a. be developed in consultation with the injured employee and the treating medical practitioner b. be individualised, outcome-based and set out the steps to be followed in achieving the return to work c. be available to an employee with a work capacity (unless contraindicated, for example where the employee has retired) d. be developed using appropriate expertise, such as approved rehabilitation providers, where required e. recognise the existing skills, experience and capabilities of the injured employee to enable suitable duties to be found f. if necessary, utilise retraining and redeployment when it is not possible for the employee to return to pre-injury duties.Guidelines - Your responsibilities as an injured employee…  find out about your agency’s rehabilitation policy  ensure you let your supervisor or case manager know if you are going to be away from work for an extended period due to a work related injury  you may need to undergo an assessment for rehabilitation  talk to your case manager about your obligations and rights regarding rehabilitation  actively participate in the return to work program  talk to your case manager or rehabilitation provider if you have any concerns about your return to work plan.Commonwealth Seacare s49 Assessment of capability of undertaking rehabilitation program (4) If an employee, without reasonable excuse, does not undergo an examination in accordance with a requirement, or in any way obstructs such an examination, the employee's rights to compensation under this Act, and to institute or continue any proceedings under this Act in relation to compensation, are suspended until the examination takes place. (5) If an employee's right to compensation is suspended under subsection (4), compensation is not payable in respect of the period of the suspension. s50 Provision of rehabilitation programs5) If an employee, without reasonable excuse, does not undertake a rehabilitation program provided for the employee under this section, the employee's rights to compensation under this Act, and to institute or continue any proceedings under this Act in relation to compensation, are suspended until the employee starts to undertake the program. 6) If an employee's right to compensation is suspended under subsection (5), compensation is not payable in respect of the period of the suspension. s62 Notice of injury or loss of, or damage to, property(1) Subject to subsection (2), this Act does not apply to an injury suffered by an employee unless a written notice of the injury is given to the employer: (a) as soon as practicable after the employee becomes aware of the injury; or (b) if the employee dies without having become so aware or before it is practicable to serve such a notice--as soon as practicable after the employee's death. (2) This Act does not apply in relation to the loss of, or damage to, property used by an employee, being loss or damage caused in circumstances referred to in section 27, unless a written notice of the accident that resulted in the loss or damage is given to the employer: (a) as soon as practicable after the employee becomes aware that the accident had resulted in the loss or damage; or (b) if the employee dies without having become so aware or before it is practicable to serve such a notice--as soon as practicable after the employee's death. (3) For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2), if the injury was suffered by an employee Page 288 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers on a prescribed ship, a notice given to the master of the ship is taken to be given to the employer. (4) If: (a) a written notice, purporting to be a notice under this section, has been given to an employer; and (b) the notice, or the giving of the notice, does not comply with this section; the notice is taken to have been given under this section if: (c) the employer to whom it was given would not thereby be prejudiced; or (d) the non-compliance resulted from the death, or absence from Australia, of a person, or from ignorance, or mistake, or any other reasonable cause. s63 Claims for compensation(1) Compensation is not payable to a person under this Act unless a claim for compensation is made by or on behalf of the person under this section. (2) A claim must be made by giving the employer: (a) a written claim, in accordance with a form approved by the Authority for the purposes of this paragraph; and (b) except where the claim is for compensation under section 28, 29 or 30--a certificate by a legally qualified medical practitioner in accordance with the form approved by the Authority for the purposes of this paragraph; and (c) a notice setting out: (i) the name and address of any other employer who has been given, or to whom it is intended to give, a claim under paragraph (2)(a) in relation to the injury; and (ii) the name and address of any other employer whose employment is believed to have materially contributed to the injury. (3) If a written claim (other than a claim for compensation under section 28, 29 or 30) is given to a person under paragraph (2)(a) and the claim is not accompanied by a certificate of the kind referred to in paragraph (2)(b), the claim is taken not to have been made until such a certificate is given to that employer. (4) Strict compliance with an approved form referred to in subsection (2) is not required and substantial compliance is sufficient. Commonwealth DVA A rehabilitation client's obligations include to: .undertake suitable work if they have medical clearance and the duties offered are within his capacity; .provide current medical certificates, that specify capacity to undertake suitable work (failure to supply a medical certificate will result in cessation of income maintenance); .participate and cooperate in his rehabilitation program (if a client refuses or fails to participate in a rehabilitation program or frustrate the objectives of the program compensation entitlements, excluding medical treatment under the MRCA, may be suspended); .report immediately to DVA, the approved rehabilitation service provider or the Rehabilitation Co-ordinator, any changes in circumstances which may impact on the client's capacity to complete an approved program, including: – a change in permanent address; – change in current location, such as relocating interstate or overseas; – change in health; – intention to take a holiday of more than two continuous weeks; and - attend medical or other examinations as directed. S50 Consequences of failure to undergo an examination (1) If the rehabilitation authority for a person requires the person to undergo an Page 289 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers examination under section 45 and the person: (a) refuses or fails to undergo the examination; or (b) in any way obstructs the examination; the rehabilitation authority may determine that the person’s right to compensation (but not the person’s right to treatment or compensation for treatment under Chapter 6) under this Act is suspended until the examination takes place. (2) A determination under subsection (1) must not be made in relation to a refusal or failure to undergo the examination if, before the time fixed for the examination, the person gives to the rehabilitation authority evidence of a reasonable excuse for the refusal or failure. (3) The rehabilitation authority must determine that the suspension under subsection (1) is terminated from a date determined by the rehabilitation authority if, within 14 days after the date fixed for the examination, the person gives to the rehabilitation authority evidence of a reasonable excuse for the refusal, failure or obstruction. (4) If a determination under subsection (1) is made by a delegate of the rehabilitation authority, the rehabilitation authority must ensure that any determination terminating the suspension under subsection (3) also made by a delegate of the rehabilitation authority is made by a delegate other than a delegate who was involved in making the determination under subsection (1). (5) If a person’s right to compensation is suspended under subsection (1), compensation is not payable during or in respect of the period of the suspension.S52 Consequences of failure to undertake a rehabilitation program (1) If the rehabilitation authority for a person requires the person to undertake a rehabilitation program under section 51, and the person refuses or fails to undertake the rehabilitation program, the rehabilitation authority may determine that the person’s right to compensation (but not the person’s right to treatment or compensation for treatment under Chapter 6) under this Act is suspended until the person undertakes the rehabilitation program. (2) A determination under subsection (1) must not be made in relation to a refusal or failure to undertake the rehabilitation program if, before the date fixed for starting the rehabilitation program, the person gives to the rehabilitation authority evidence of a reasonable excuse for the refusal or failure. (3) The rehabilitation authority must determine that the suspension under subsection (1) is terminated from a date determined by the rehabilitation authority if, within 14 days after the date fixed for starting the rehabilitation program, the person gives to the rehabilitation authority evidence of a reasonable excuse for the refusal or failure. (4) If a determination under subsection (1) is made by a delegate of the rehabilitation authority, the rehabilitation authority must ensure that any determination terminating the suspension under subsection (3) also made by a delegate of the rehabilitation authority is made by a delegate other than a delegate who was involved in making the determination under subsection (1). (5) If a person’s right to compensation is suspended under subsection (1), compensation is not payable during or in respect of the period of the suspension.New Zealand s55 Responsibilities of claimant to assist in establishment of cover and entitlements (1) A person who lodges a claim under section 48 must, when reasonably required to do so by the Corporation, - (a) give the Corporation a certificate by a registered health professional that deals with the matters, and contains the information, that the Corporation requires: (b) give the Corporation any other relevant information that the Corporation requires: (c) authorise the Corporation to obtain medical and other records that are or may be relevant to the claim: (d) undergo a medical assessment by a registered health professional specified by the Corporation, at the Corporation’s expense: (e) undergo any other assessment at the Corporation’s expense. (2) Whenever reasonably requested to do so by the Corporation, a person who lodges a claim under section 48 must give the Corporation a statement in writing about any specified matters relating to the person’s eligibility, or continuing eligibility, for cover or an entitlement. (3) If the Corporation requires the person to do so, the person must make the Page 290 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workers statement referred to in subsection (2) as a statutory declaration or in a form supplied by the Corporation. s72 Responsibilities of claimant who receives entitlement (1) A claimant who receives any entitlement must, when reasonably required to do so by the Corporation, - (a) give the Corporation a certificate by a registered health professional or treatment provider that deals with the matters and contains the information that the Corporation requires; (b) give the Corporation any other relevant information that the Corporation requires; (c) authorise the Corporation to obtain medical and other records that are or may be relevant to the claim; (d) undergo assessment by a registered health professional specified by the Corporation, at the Corporation’s expense; (e) undergo assessment, at the Corporation’s expense; (f) co-operate with the Corporation in the development and implementation of an individual rehabilitation plan; (g) undergo assessment of present and likely capabilities for the purposes of rehabilitation, at the Corporation’s expense; (h) participate in rehabilitation. (2) Every such claimant must give the Corporation a statement in writing about any matters relating to the claimant’s entitlement, or continuing entitlement, to an entitlement that the Corporation specifies, and must do so whenever the Corporation requires such a statement. (3) If the Corporation requires the claimant to do so, the claimant must make the statement to in subsection (2) as a statutory declaration or in a form supplied by the Corporation.* as at 30 June 2010 7.2.3 Responsibilities of Authority/InsurerTable 7.8 - Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer New South Wales 1998 Act, s43 Injury management programs (1) An insurer must establish and maintain an injury management program and must revise its injury management program from time to time or when the Authority directs. An insurer must lodge a copy of its injury management program, and any revised injury management program, with the Authority. (2) An insurer must give effect to its injury management program and for that purpose must comply with the obligations imposed on the insurer by or under the program. (3) An insurer must take appropriate steps to ensure that each employer who is insured by the insurer is made aware of the employer’s obligations under this Chapter and made and kept aware of the requirements of the insurer’s injury management program. This subsection does not apply to a self-insurer. (4) Within 3 working days after being notified of a significant injury to a worker, the insurer must initiate action under the insurer’s injury management program and must (in accordance with that program) make contact with the worker, the employer (except when the insurer is a self-insurer) and (if appropriate and reasonably practicable) the worker’s treating doctor. A working day is any day except a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday. (5) An employer must comply with the obligations imposed on the employer by or under the insurer’s injury management program. This subsection does not apply when the employer is a self-insurer.1998 Act, s44 Early notification of workplace injury (3) If an employer has given notice to the insurer in accordance with subsection (2) of a workplace injury to a worker, the insurer must forward that notice to the Authority in accordance with the regulations.1998 Act, s45 Injury management plan for worker with significant injury (1) When it appears that a workplace injury is a significant injury, an insurer who is or may be liable to pay compensation to the injured worker must establish an injury management plan for the injured worker.Page 291 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer (2) The injury management plan must be established in consultation with the employer (except when the insurer is a self-insurer), the treating doctor and the worker concerned, to the maximum extent that their co-operation and participation allow. (3) The insurer must provide both the employer and the injured worker with information with respect to the injury management plan. (4) The information that the insurer must provide to the injured worker includes a statement to the effect that the worker may have no entitlement to weekly payments of compensation if the worker fails unreasonably to comply with the requirements of this Chapter after being requested to do so by the insurer. (5) The insurer must keep the employer of a worker who has received a significant injury informed of significant steps taken or proposed to be taken under the injury management plan for the worker. This subsection does not apply when the insurer is a self-insurer. (6) An insurer must as far as possible ensure that vocational retraining provided or arranged for an injured worker under an injury management plan is such as may reasonably be thought likely to lead to a real prospect of employment or an appropriate increase in earnings for the injured worker. (7) An insurer must give effect to an injury management plan established for an injured worker and for that purpose must comply with the obligations imposed on the insurer by or under the plan.1998 Act, s55 Compliance by insurers (1) It is a condition of an insurer’s licence that the insurer must comply with the requirements of this Chapter. (2) If the Authority is satisfied that an insurer has persistently or repeatedly failed to comply with the requirements of this Chapter without reasonable excuse, the Authority can do any of the following: (a) cancel or suspend the insurer’s licence, (b) impose a pecuniary penalty of up to an amount that is equivalent to 100 penalty units, (c) amend the terms or conditions of the insurer’s licence (for example by the inclusion of a condition providing for increased supervision of the insurer by the Authority), (d) issue a letter of censure to the insurer. (3) Before the Authority takes action under this section, the Authority must give the insurer concerned an opportunity to make submissions to the Authority regarding the proposed action. The Authority is to consider any submissions so made. (4) If the Authority then decides to take the proposed action or other action authorised by this section, the Authority is to give the insurer written notice of the action. Any action taken by the Authority under this section takes effect when notice of it is given to the insurer or on such later date as the notice may provide. (5) The Authority may, at any time, terminate or reduce a period of suspension of an insurer’s licence. (6) A pecuniary penalty imposed on an insurer under this section may be recovered by the Authority in a court of competent jurisdiction as a debt due to the Crown. (7) The Authority is to monitor compliance by insurers with the requirements of this Chapter.1998 Act, s55A Compliance by scheme agentsA scheme agent must comply with the requirements of this Chapter. Maximum penalty: 1,000 penalty units. Note. Section 154M (2) of the 1987 Act provides that certain provisions of this Act (including certain provisions of this Chapter) extend to scheme agents acting on behalf of the Nominal Insurer.1987 Act, s54 Notice required before termination or reduction of payment of weekly compensation(cf former s 54A) (1) If a worker: (a) has received weekly payments of compensation for a continuous period of at least 12 weeks, and (b) has provided the worker’s employer, or the employer’s insurer, with a certificate by a medical practitioner specifying the expected duration of the worker’s incapacity, the person paying the compensation shall not discontinue payment, or reduce the amount, of the compensation during the period of incapacity so specified without giving Page 292 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer the worker the prescribed period of notice of intention to discontinue payment of the compensation or to reduce the amount of the compensation. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units.1987 Act s154M Certain provisions extended to scheme agents (1) A reference in section 163, 164 or 169 to a licensed insurer or insurer includes, in the application of the section to any matter concerning the Nominal Insurer, a reference to a scheme agent acting on behalf of the Nominal Insurer in connection with that matter. (2) Except as may otherwise be provided by the regulations, a reference in any of the following provisions of the 1998 Act to a licensed insurer or insurer includes, in the application of the provision to any matter concerning the Nominal Insurer, a reference to a scheme agent acting on behalf of the Nominal Insurer in connection with that matter: Sections 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 56–59, 65, 66, 69, 71–75, 76, 107, 108, 113, 117, 118, 126, 136, 141, 232, 235A, 235B, 238, 260, 261, 264, 266–272, 274–276, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 287, 291, 295, 301, 308, 330, 337, 345 and 356.Victoria s109 Responsibilities of self-insurers and the Authority (1) If the Authority or a self-insurer does not give written notice of a decision to accept or reject a claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments— (a) if the claim was accompanied by a medical certificate in accordance with section 105, within 28 days after receiving the claim; or (b) if the claim was not accompanied by a medical certificate in accordance with section 105, within 28 days after receiving such a medical certificate— the claim is deemed to have been accepted and the Authority or self-insurer must pay compensation in the form of weekly payments to the worker subject to and in accordance with this Act. (2) The Authority or a self-insurer must give written notice of a decision to accept or reject a claim for compensation referred to in section 108(1)(ba) or (c) within 28 days after receiving the claim. (3) The written notice of a decision to accept or reject a claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments or for compensation for medical or like services under Division 2B of Part IV must, in the case of a decision to reject the claim, include a statement of the reasons for the decision. (4) If— (a) a worker notifies the Authority of a claim given to the employer under section 103(4F); and (b) the Authority receives from the employer, within the period referred to in section 108(1), the claim and the relevant medical certificate in accordance with section 105, and does not give notice of a decision to accept or reject the claim within 28 days after the Authority receives the claim and medical certificate— the claim is deemed to have been accepted by the Authority and the Authority must pay compensation in the form of weekly payments to the worker, subject to and in accordance with this Part. (5) If— (a) a worker notifies the Authority of a claim given to the employer under section 103(4F) that is accompanied by a medical certificate in accordance with section 105; and (b) the Authority does not receive the claim from the employer within the period referred to in section 108(1); and (c) the Authority does not give notice of a decision to accept or reject the claim within 39 days after the Authority receives notice of the claim— the claim is deemed to have been accepted by the Authority and the Authority must pay compensation in the form of weekly payments to the worker, subject to and in accordance with this Part. (6) If the Authority receives a claim in accordance with section 103(2) (not being a claim thatPage 293 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer has been rejected under this section) for compensation in the form of weekly payments that is accompanied by the relevant medical certificate in accordance with section 105 from the employer more than 28 days after the expiry of the period of 10 days referred to in section 108— (a) the claim is deemed to have been accepted; and (b) the Authority must pay compensation in the form of weekly payments to the worker, subject to and in accordance with this Act. (7) A decision or deemed decision under this section is binding on the employer in respect of the employer's liability under the employer's excess. (8) If subsection (6) applies— (a) a deemed decision under that subsection is binding on the employer; (b) the employer is liable for all weekly payments made to the worker by the Authority after— (i) the day on which the claim was given to the employer; or (ii) if the claim was not accompanied by a medical certificate in accordance with section 105, the day on which the certificate is given to the employer— whichever is the later, until the day on which the claim and the medical certificate have been received by the Authority from the employer. s109AA Employer may request reasons for decision on a claim (1) Where the Authority has given notice to a worker or claimant of its decision to accept, or to reject— (a) a claim for compensation in the form of weekly payments or for compensation under section 98, 98A or 98C; or (b) a claim for compensation in respect of the death of a worker— the employer may, in writing, request the Authority to provide a written statement of the reasons for its decision. (2) The Authority must, within 28 days after receiving a request under subsection (1), comply with the request. s114D Payment of weekly payments (1)If a worker is entitled to weekly payments, the Authority unless the Authority determines otherwise, must make the payments to the worker's employer. s208 Information about the employment obligation period (1) As soon as practicable after accepting a claim for compensation from a worker who has an incapacity for work, the Authority or self-insurer must inform the worker— (a) of the obligation of the employer to provide suitable employment or pre-injury employment for the duration of the employment obligation period; and (b) as to how the employment obligation period is to be calculated. (2) Subject to, and in accordance with, any directions issued under subsection (3), if the Authority or self-insurer estimates that at least 30 weeks of the employment obligation period have expired, the Authority or self-insurer must advise the worker in writing, no later than what the Authority or self-insurer estimates to be the expiration of 36 weeks of the employment obligation period— (a) as to the number of weeks of the employment obligation period which in the opinion of the Authority or self-insurer have expired; and (b) that the worker may request the Authority or self-insurer to provide more information in respect of return to work. s209 Authority may give direction (1) The Authority may direct an employer to use the services of an approved provider of occupational rehabilitation services to advise and assist the employer in relation to the employer's return to work obligations.Page 294 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer s217 Inspectors subject to Authority's directions (1)An inspector is subject to the Authority's directions in the performance of his or her functions or exercise of his or her powers under this Act. s218 Power to enter (1)Subject to subsection (2), an inspector may, without force, enter a place that the inspector reasonably believes is a workplace at any time during the work hours of the workplace. s219 Announcement on entry Immediately on entering a workplace under this Subdivision, an inspector must take reasonable steps to notify the occupier or apparent occupier of the entry and to produce his or her identity card for inspection by that person. s220 Report to be given about entry (1) An inspector who enters a workplace under this Subdivision must give a report concerning the entry when, or as soon as practicable after, the inspector leaves the workplace to the occupier or apparent occupier for the time being of the workplace. (2) If the purpose of the entry into a workplace by an inspector relates to the return to work of a worker, the inspector may give a copy of the report concerning the entry, to the worker and any authorised agent selected by the employer to assist in the management of the worker's claim for compensation. (3) The report must be in writing and include— (a) the time of the entry and departure; and (b) the purpose of the entry; and (c) a description of things done while at the workplace; and (d) a summary of the inspector's observations while at the workplace; and (e) the procedure for contacting the Authority and the inspector for further details of the entry; and (f) the procedure for seeking review of any decision made by the inspector during the entry. (4)If the inspector takes photographs or makes sketches or recordings under section 221(e), the report must also include a statement that— (a) the photographs have been taken or sketches or recordings have been made; and (b) they are or will be available for inspection at a specified place. s221 General powers on entry An inspector who enters a workplace under this Subdivision may do any of the following — (a) inspect, examine and make enquiries at the workplace; (b) inspect and examine any thing (including a document) at the workplace; (c) bring any equipment or materials to the workplace that may be required; (d) seize any thing (including a document) at the workplace that may afford evidence of the commission of an offence against this Act; (e) take photographs or measurements or make sketches or recordings; (f) exercise any other power conferred on the inspector by this Act; (g) do any other thing that is reasonably necessary for the purpose of the inspector performing his or her functions or exercising his or her powers under this Act. S222 Powers in relation to obtaining information (1) An inspector who enters a workplace under this Subdivision may— (a) require a person to produce a document or part of a document that is in the person's possession or control; andPage 295 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer(b) examine that document or part; and (c) require a person to answer any questions put by the inspector. (3) Before requiring a person to produce a document or part of a document or to answer questions under subsection (1), an inspector must— (a) produce his or her identity card for inspection by the person and warn the person that a refusal or failure to comply with the requirement, without reasonable excuse, is an offence; and (b) inform the person that he or she may refuse or fail to answer any question if answering the question would tend to incriminate him or her. (4) A person is not liable to be prosecuted for an offence against subsection (2) if the inspector concerned failed to comply with subsection (3). s224 Power to issue Return to Work improvement notice (1)If an inspector reasonably believes that an employer— (a) is contravening a provision of this Part; or (b) has contravened such a provision in circumstances that make it likely that the contravention will continue or be repeated— the inspector may issue to the employer a Return to Work improvement notice requiring the employer to remedy the contravention or likely contravention. (2) A Return to Work improvement notice must— (a) state the basis for the inspector's belief on which the issue of the notice is based; and (b) specify the provision of this Part that the inspector considers has been or is likely to be contravened; and (c) specify a date (with or without a time) by which the employer is required to remedy the contravention or likely contravention; and (d) set out the penalty for contravening the notice; and (e) state how the employer may seek review of the issue of the notice; and (f) include a statement of the effect of section 229 (proceedings for offence not affected by Return to Work improvement notice). (3) A Return to Work improvement notice may include directions concerning the measures to be taken to remedy the contravention or likely contravention to which the notice relates and may, in particular, include— (a) a direction that if the person has not remedied the contravention, likely contravention, matters or activities (as the case may be) by the date and time (if any) specified in the notice, an activity to which the notice relates is to cease until an inspector has certified in writing that the contravention, likely contravention, matters or activities have been remedied; and (b) interim directions, or interim conditions on the carrying on of any activities to which the notice relates, that the inspector considers necessary to enable the worker's early, safe and sustainable return to work. (4) An employer to whom a Return to Work improvement notice is issued must comply with the Return to Work improvement notice. Queensland s220 Insurer’s responsibility for worker’s rehabilitation (1) An insurer must take the steps it considers practicable to secure the rehabilitation and early return to suitable duties of workers who have an entitlement to compensation. (2) An insurer is responsible for coordinating the development and maintenance of a rehabilitation and return to work plan in consultation with the injured worker, the worker’s employer and treating registered persons. (3) Subsection (4) applies if an injured worker is unable to return to work with the worker’s former employer when the entitlement of the worker to weekly payments of compensation under chapter 3, part 9 stops. (4) The insurer must notify the Authority in the way decided by the Authority. (5) In this section— former employer means any employer of the worker at or after the time the worker was injured.Page 296 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer s221 Authority’s responsibility for rehabilitation (1) The Authority must— (a) provide rehabilitation advisory services for workers, employers and insurers; and (b) ensure employers and insurers comply with their rehabilitation requirements under this Act. (2) If the worker consents, the Authority must refer a worker for whom a notice has been given under section 220(4) to programs that may help return the worker to work. Examples of programs— vocational assessments, reskilling or retraining, job placement, host employment r108 Early worker contact A worker who sustains an injury and who requires rehabilitation must be contacted about rehabilitation and return to work as soon as practicable after the injury is sustained or is reported.Insurers’ Responsibilities Injury management: insurers' obligations - s155D  To make employers aware of their obligations in relation to return to work programs and injury management systems. If requested by the employer either: 1. assist the employer comply with their obligations in relation to return to work programs and injury management systems 2. discharge the employer’s obligations on behalf of the employer.Notification to WorkCover WA - s157A  Provide to WorkCover WA details for early identification of injuries that require, or may require, injury management (workers whose period of incapacity exceeds 4 consecutive weeks or any period of 12 weeks within a 12 month period). Western Australia WorkCover WA Responsibilities To provide Information about injury management matters - s157 WorkCover WA is to: Provide information and advice on injury management generally. Make available, upon request, to employers, workers and other persons such information or other assistance as it considers appropriate to facilitate the arranging of injury management. Make arrangements with other persons or authorities for the use of facilities for providing information about injury management and related matters. Provide information on injury management or related matters to an arbitrator.South s26—Rehabilitation programmes Australia (1) The Corporation shall establish or approve rehabilitation programmes with the object of ensuring that workers suffering from compensable disabilities— (a) achieve the best practicable levels of physical and mental recovery; and (b) are, where possible, restored to the workforce and the community. (2) A rehabilitation programme may be established by the Corporation in relation to— (a) a particular worker; (b) workers of a particular class; (c) workers suffering from disabilities of a particular class. (3) For the purposes, or in the course, of a rehabilitation programme the Corporation may — (a) provide for the physical, mental or vocational assessment of workers; (b) provide advisory services to workers, members of the families of workers, employers and others; (c) assist workers in seeking, obtaining or retaining employment; (d) assist in the training or retraining of workers; (e) assist workers to find appropriate accommodation; (f) provide for the necessary and reasonable costs (including costs of travel, accommodation and child care) incurred by workers in order to participate in Page 297 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer rehabilitation programmes; (g) provide equipment, facilities and services to assist workers to cope with their disabilities at home or in the workplace; (h) provide assistance to persons who may be in a position to help workers to overcome or cope with their disabilities; (i) disseminate information that relates to work related disabilities; (j) conduct, participate in or subsidise research into any aspect of rehabilitation; (k) encourage and support the work of organisations that provide assistance to workers suffering from compensable disabilities; (l) do anything else that may assist in the rehabilitation of workers. (4) The Corporation may admit a disabled worker to a rehabilitation programme notwithstanding that it has not been finally established that the worker's disability is compensable.Insurer Responsibilities  An insurer is not to provide workers compensation insurance unless licensed by the WorkCover Tasmanian Board - s98.  An insurer who receives a claim for compensation,must, within 5 working days after receiving it, forward a copy to the WorkCover Tasmania Board - s36(2).  Within 28 days after an employer receives a claim, the employer or insurer must provide the worker with notice of the status of the worker’s claim.  Where an insurer has received a report in relation to an independent medical review, it must service a copy on the worker’s primary treating medical practitioner and the injury management coordinator - s90B.  An insurer must give an employer written notice of the impending expiry of its policy not less than 28 days before the expiry - s97AA. Tasmania  An insurer is not to refuse to issue or renew a policy of insurance (except with the consent of the WorkCover Tasmania Board) - s103.  An insurer is to provide the Board with such returns, at such times and in such manner as the Board determines and is to keep such records as are prescribed - s114.  An insurer must ensure that there is an injury management program in place in respect of each of its employers and must comply with those programs - s142.  An insurer must appoint injury management coordinator(s). Where a worker has suffered a significant injury, the insurer must assign the worker to an injury management coordinator as soon as practicable – s143B.  An insurer must pay prescribed contributions to the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Fund - s147.The insurer must manage of the claim on behalf of the employer and indemnify the employer. Therefore the insurer is responsible for making workers compensation Northern payments, in cooperation with the employer managing the rehabilitation and return to work Territory processes, and provide statistical reporting to NT WorkSafe.Australian Capital s88 Insurer to establish etc injury management program Territory * (1) An insurer must establish and maintain an injury management program. Note The DI fund manager is not required to comply with this section (see s 86A (2) (b)). (2) An insurer must review the effectiveness of its injury management program at least once every 2 years and revise the program in accordance with the results of the review. (3) An insurer must give a copy of its injury management program, and any revised injury management program, to the Minister. s89 Insurer to give effect to injury management program (1) An insurer must give effect to its injury management program, in particular by complying with the obligations imposed on the insurer under the program. Note The DI fund manager is not required to comply with this section (see s 86A (2) (b)). (2) An insurer must take appropriate steps to ensure that each employer who is insured by the insurer is aware of the employer’s obligations under this chapter and is aware of the requirements of the insurer’s injury management program. Note: An employer may have obligations under the following provisions of this part: under s 91 to comply with the obligations imposed on the employer under the Page 298 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer injury management program  under s 93 (2) to give notice of injury to the insurer  under s 100 to take part and cooperate in establishing a personal injury plan for a worker, and to comply with the plan  under s 105 and s 106 to provide suitable work for an injured worker  under s 109 to establish a return-to-work program.(3) Subsection (2) does not apply to a self-insurer. s90 Insurer’s obligation of prompt payment (1) An insurer commits an offence if— (a) the insurer receives written notice requiring payment for the provision of a service; and (b) the insurer is required under this Act to pay for the service; and (c) the insurer fails to pay the person who provided the service (the service provider) for the service not later than 30 days after the day the insurer receives the notice. Maximum penalty: 10 penalty units. (2) Subsection (1) does not apply if— (a) the insurer does not pay for the service because the insurer has reasonable grounds to believe that the service has not been provided, or has not been properly provided; and (b) the insurer has told the service provider, in writing, why the insurer has not paid for the service. (3) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. s94B Liquidator to give DI fund manager injury notice etc (1) The liquidator of an insurer (other than an insurer that has been wound up under the Corporations Act) commits an offence if— (a) the liquidator is given an injury notice; and (b) the injury notice is for an injury of an injured worker of an employer; and (c) the employer holds or held a compulsory insurance policy with the insurer that requires or required indemnity to be provided for the injured worker’s injury; and (d) the insurer cannot provide the indemnity required to be provided under the policy; and (e) the liquidator does not, within 48 hours after receiving the injury notice— (i) give the DI fund manager a copy of the injury notice; and (ii) tell the manager, in writing, that the employer holds or held a compulsory insurance policy with the insurer that requires or required indemnity for the injury to be provided. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (2) The liquidator of an approved insurer that has been wound up under the Corporations Act commits an offence if— (a) the liquidator is given an injury notice; and (b) the injury notice is for an injury of an injured worker of an employer; and (c) the employer held a compulsory insurance policy with the insurer that required indemnity for the injured worker’s injury to be provided; and (d) the liquidator does not, within 48 hours after the liquidator receives the notice— (i) return the injury notice to the injured worker; and (ii) tell the worker, in writing, to give the injury notice to the DI fund manager. Maximum penalty: 50 penalty units. (3) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. s96 Obligations of insurer on being notified of injury (1) Within 3 business days after the day an insurer receives an injury notice, the insurer must take action under the insurer’s injury management program. Maximum penalty: 10 penalty units. (2) Within 3 business days after the day an insurer receives an injury notice, if there are reasonable grounds for the insurer to believe that the injury is a significant injury, the insurer must make contact under the insurer’s injury management program with each of the following people: (a) the injured worker;Page 299 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer (b) the employer (unless the employer is a self-insurer); (c) the worker’s nominated treating doctor (if appropriate and practical). Maximum penalty: 30 penalty units. (3) If a workplace injury results in the worker being incapacitated for work for a continuous period of longer than 7 days, within 3 business days after the day the 1st continuous period of 7 days incapacity ends, the insurer must make contact under the insurer’s injury management program with each of the following people: (a) the injured worker; (b) the employer (unless the employer is a self-insurer); (c) the worker’s nominated treating doctor (if appropriate and practical). Maximum penalty: 30 penalty units. (4) An offence against this section is a strict liability offence. (5) In this section: continuous period, in relation to a worker’s incapacity—a period is a continuous period— (a) whether or not any of the days in the period are business days; and (b) whether or not the incapacity is total or partial or a combination of both. significant injury means a workplace injury that is likely to result in the worker being incapacitated for work for a continuous period of longer than 7 days. s97 Personal injury plan for worker with significant injury (1) If it appears to an insurer who is, or may be, liable to pay compensation to an injured worker on behalf of the worker’s employer that the workplace injury is a significant injury, the insurer must establish a personal injury plan for the worker. (2) The personal injury plan must be established in agreement with the employer (unless the employer is a self-insurer or a non-business employer) and the injured worker, to the maximum extent that their cooperation and participation allow. (3) The insurer must give effect to the personal injury plan established for the injured worker and, for that purpose, must comply with the obligations imposed on the insurer under the plan. (4) In this section: significant injury means a workplace injury that is likely to result in the worker being incapacitated for work for a continuous period of longer than 7 days, whether or not any of those days are business days and whether or not the incapacity is total or partial or a combination of both. s98 Provision of information about personal injury plan (1) The insurer must give both the employer and the injured worker information about the personal injury plan. (2) The information must include a statement to the effect that the worker’s entitlement to weekly compensation may stop if the worker unreasonably fails to comply with the requirements of this chapter after being asked to do so by the insurer. (3) The insurer must keep the employer informed of significant steps taken, or proposed to be taken, under the personal injury plan for the worker, unless the employer is a self- insurer. s99 Vocational rehabilitation The insurer must ensure, as far as possible, that vocational rehabilitation provided or arranged for the injured worker under the personal injury plan is of a kind that may reasonably be thought likely to lead to a real prospect of employment or a real increase in earnings for the injured worker. s99A Appointment of approved rehabilitation provider under personal injury plan (1) The insurer may appoint an approved rehabilitation provider for an injured worker as part of the worker’s personal injury plan. (2) However, the insurer must appoint an approved rehabilitation provider for the injured worker as part of the personal injury plan if the worker has not returned to the worker’s pre-injury duties and pre-injury working hours, within 4 weeks after the day the worker gave notice of the injury. s112 Compliance by insurers, including DI fund (1) It is a condition of an insurer’s approval that the insurer must comply with the requirements of this chapter. (Chapter 5 – Injury Management) (2) If, for this chapter, the insurer in relation to an injured worker’s injury is the DI fund, the Page 300 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer DI fund manager must comply with the requirements of this chapter applying to the fund. (3) Without limiting subsection (2), the DI fund manager must comply with the requirements of this chapter applying to the DI fund as insurer in relation to an injured worker’s injury if the manager— (a) receives a copy of the injury notice for the worker in relation to the injury under section 94A (Uninsured employer to give DI fund manager injury notice etc), section 94B (Liquidator to give DI fund manager injury notice etc) or section 94C (Injured workers of uninsured employers may give DI fund manager injury notice); or (b) is otherwise satisfied that it is reasonably likely that there is no compulsory insurance policy in force that applies to the worker in relation to the injury. Example Melissa suffers a workplace injury while working for Joe. Joe does not have a compulsory insurance policy and gives the DI fund manager a copy of the injury notice. The DI fund manager must comply with the requirements of an insurer under this chapter in relation to Melissa’s injury. Note An example is part of the Act, is not exhaustive and may extend, but does not limit, the meaning of the provision in which it appears (see Legislation Act, s 126 and s 132). s41 Rehabilitation authorities to comply with guidelines (1) Comcare may prepare and issue to rehabilitation authorities guidelines in relation to the performance or exercise by those authorities of their functions or powers under this Part. (2) A rehabilitation authority shall comply with any guidelines issued under subsection (1). s54 Claims for compensation (4) Where a claim is given to Comcare, Comcare shall cause a copy of the claim to be Commonwealth given to: Comcare (a) where the employee concerned is or was a member of the Defence Force at the time when the relevant injury or accident occurred—the Secretary of the Department of Defence; or (b) in any other case—the principal officer of the Entity, Commonwealth authority or licensed corporation in which the employee was employed at that time. (5) Strict compliance with an approved form referred to in subsection (2) is not required and substantial compliance is sufficient. s104 Functions Subject to this Act, the Authority has the following functions: (a) to monitor the operation of this Act; Commonwealth (b) to promote high operational standards of claims management and effective Seacare rehabilitation procedures by employers; (c) to co-operate with other bodies or persons with the aim of reducing the incidence of injuries to employees; (d) to publish material relating to the functions referred to in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c); Commonwealth DVA s44 When an assessment may or must be carried outAssessments on rehabilitation authority’s initiative(1) The rehabilitation authority for a person to whom this Part applies may, on its own initiative, carry out an initial assessment or a further assessment of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation.Requests for assessments(2) A person to whom this Part applies may request his or her rehabilitation authority to carry out an initial assessment or a further assessment of his or her capacity for rehabilitation.(3) The rehabilitation authority: (a) must carry out an initial assessment; and (b) may carry out a further assessment;Page 301 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer if the person requests the rehabilitation authority to do so.Requirement to carry out assessment before ceasing or varying a program(4) The rehabilitation authority must carry out an assessment before ceasing or varying a rehabilitation program under section 53. s45 What may be done as part of an assessment(1) This section applies if the person’s rehabilitation authority carries out an assessment under section 44 of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation.(2) The rehabilitation authority may seek the assistance of a person the authority is satisfied has suitable qualifications or expertise to provide assistance.(3) The rehabilitation authority may take into account any relevant information of which it is aware.(4) The rehabilitation authority may require the person to undergo an examination under section 46. s46 Requirements for examinations(1) This section applies if the person’s rehabilitation authority requires the person to undergo an examination.(2) The examination is to be carried out by an examiner nominated by the rehabilitation authority whom the authority is satisfied has suitable qualifications or expertise to carry out the examination.(3) The examiner must give a written report of the examination to the rehabilitation authority. The report must include: (a) an assessment of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation; and (b) if the person has a capacity for rehabilitation—the kinds of rehabilitation from which the person would benefit; and (c) any other information relating to the provision of a rehabilitation program for the person that the rehabilitation authority requires.(4) The Commonwealth is liable to pay the cost of conducting the examination. s51 Rehabilitation authority may determine that a person is to undertake a rehabilitation program(1) The rehabilitation authority for a person to whom this Part applies may determine that the person is to undertake a rehabilitation program specified in the determination if an assessment has been made under section 44 of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation.(2) In making a determination under subsection (1) in respect of the person, the person’s rehabilitation authority is to have regard to the following: (a) any written report in respect of the person under subsection 46(3); (b) any reduction in the future liability of the Commonwealth to pay or provide compensation if the program is undertaken; (c) the cost of the program; (d) any improvement in the person’s opportunity to be engaged in work after completing the program; (e) the person’s attitude to the program; (f) the relative merits of any alternative and appropriate rehabilitation program; (g) any other matter the rehabilitation authority considers relevant.(3) If the rehabilitation authority for a person makes a determination under subsection (1) that a person is to undertake a rehabilitation program, the rehabilitation authority must make arrangements with an approved program Page 302 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer provider for the provision of the program for the person. Note: The person might also be entitled to have his or her home altered or aids or appliances provided under Part 3.(4) For the purposes of designing or providing a rehabilitation program: (a) the rehabilitation authority or approved program provider concerned may seek the assistance of persons with suitable qualifications or expertise in the design or provision of rehabilitation programs; and (b) the rehabilitation authority or approved program provider concerned may take into account any relevant information of which it is aware or that is brought to its attention.(5) The cost of a rehabilitation program provided for a person under this section is to be paid by the Commonwealth. s53 Cessation or variation of a rehabilitation program(1) This section applies if: (a) the rehabilitation authority for a person has made a determination under subsection 51(1) that the person is to undertake a rehabilitation program; and (b) an approved program provider has commenced providing the rehabilitation program.(2) The rehabilitation authority may, on its own initiative or on written application by the person, determine that: (a) the rehabilitation program cease; or (b) the rehabilitation program be varied.(3) Before making a determination under subsection (2), the rehabilitation authority must: (a) undertake an assessment under section 44 of the person’s capacity for rehabilitation; and (b) consult the person about the proposed determination. s64 Transition management(1) This section applies to a person if: (a) the person is a Permanent Forces member or a continuous full-time Reservist; and (b) the person has been identified by or on behalf of the person’s service chief as being likely to be discharged from the Defence Force for medical reasons.(2) The person’s service chief must appoint a case manager for the person.(3) The role of the case manager is to assist the person in the transition to civilian life, including by advising the person about entitlements and services for which the person may be eligible as a member or former member, and about how to obtain access to such entitlements and services.New Zealand s50 Responsibilities of Corporation after claim lodged 1. On receiving a claim for cover under section 48 from a person, the Corporation must- (a) decide whether or not it accepts that the person has cover; and (b) if it accepts that the person has cover, - (i) provide information about the entitlements to which it considers the claimant may be entitled; and (ii) facilitate the claimant’s access to those entitlements. 2. If the claim is for cover for a treatment injury, the Corporation must provide the claimant with information on the role of the Health and Disability Commissioner under the Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers’ Rights. s55 Responsibilities of claimant to assist in establishment of cover and entitlements (1) A person who lodges a claim under section 48 must, when reasonably required to Page 303 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Authority/Insurer do so by the Corporation - (a) give the Corporation a certificate by a registered health professional that deals with the matters, and contains the information, that the Corporation requires: (b) give the Corporation any other relevant information that the Corporation requires: (c) authorise the Corporation to obtain medical and other records that are or may be relevant to the claim: (d) undergo a medical assessment by a registered health professional specified by the Corporation, at the Corporation’s expense: (e) undergo any other assessment at the Corporation’s expense. (2) Whenever reasonably requested to do so by the Corporation, a person who lodges a claim under section 48 must give the Corporation a statement in writing about any specified matters relating to the person’s eligibility, or continuing eligibility, for cover or an entitlement. (3) If the Corporation requires the person to do so, the person must make the statement referred to in subsection (2) as a statutory declaration or in a form supplied by the Corporation.* as at 30 June 2010Page 304 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20107.2.4 Responsibility of workplace rehabilitation providersTable 7.9 - Responsibility of workplace rehabilitation providers as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workplace Rehabilitation ProviderProviders in the field of workplace rehabilitation have the qualifications, experience and expertise appropriate to provide services in accordance with the following definition based on NOHSC (1995) definition2: Workplace rehabilitation is a managed process involving timely intervention with appropriate and adequate services based on assessed need, and which is aimed at maintaining injured or ill employees in, or returning them to, suitable employment. Providers are engaged to provide specialised expertise in addition to that generally New South available within the employer and insurer operations. Providers are engaged for those Wales injured workers where return to work is not straight forward. Service provision is largely delivered at the workplace by:  facilitating an early return to work of the worker  identifying and designing suitable duties for the injured worker to assist employers to meet their obligations in providing suitable employment to injured workers  identifying and coordinating rehabilitation strategies that ensure workers are able to safely perform their duties  forging the link between the insurer, employer and treatment providers to ensure a focus on return to work  arranging appropriate retraining and placement in alternative employment when the worker is unable to return to pre-injury duties.  Victoria ACA 1985, s5. occupational rehabilitation service means any of the following services provided by a person who is approved by the Authority as a provider of an occupational rehabilitation servicei (a) initial rehabilitation assessment; (b) functional assessment; (c) workplace assessment; (d) job analysis; (e) advice concerning job modification; (f) occupational rehabilitation counselling; (g) vocational assessment; (h) advice or assistance concerning job-seeking; (i) vocational re-education; (j) advice or assistance in arranging vocational re-education; (k) advice or assistance in return to work planning; (l) the provision of aids, appliances, apparatus or other material likely to facilitate the return to work of a worker after an injury; (m) modification to a work station or equipment used by a worker that is likely to facilitate the return to work of the worker after an injury; (n) any other service authorised by the Authority— but does not include a hospital service.Occupational Rehabilitation - Background1. For injured workers, there are a number of specific return to work services known as occupational rehabilitation (OR) services to assist them return to work which can only be delivered by OR providers approved by WorkSafe Victoria.2. The type of OR services approved by an Agent for an injured worker depends on 2 NOHSC: 3021 (1995), Guidance notes for Best Practice Rehabilitation Management of Occupational Injuries and Diseases, April 1995.Page 305 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workplace Rehabilitation Provider whether the return to work (RTW) focus is to help them back to work with the injury employer or with a new employer.3. A request for OR services can be made by the worker or the worker’s treating health care provider or their employer however, the WorkSafe Victoria Agent responsible for managing the injured worker’s claim must approve the OR service before it is offered or provided to a worker. Occupational Rehabilitation – Original Employer Services4. Original Employer Services (OES) are a range of OR services designed to support an injured worker return to work with their injury employer.5. OES aims to provide a structured approach to occupational rehabilitation. This is to ensure consistent service delivery and to impact positively on return to work outcomes for injured workers remaining at, or returning to work with, their injury employer. 6. OES aims to encourage outcome-based purchasing of OR services whilst adding structure and consistency through the use of standardised reporting and incentive fees. OES is based on fee for service with incentive fees paid to OR providers when RTW outcomes have been achieved and sustained for 13 weeks.7. Some or all OES services may be needed to return the injured worker to work. OES services are approved by the WorkSafe Victoria Agent when the injured worker has work capacity or has a potential work capacity. Occupational Rehabilitation – New Employer Services8. New Employer Services (NES) are a range of OR services designed to support an injured worker return to work with a new employer.9. NES service delivery is structured to ensure consistent service delivery through the use of standardised reporting and incentive fees. NES is a fixed fee service with substantial incentive fees paid to OR providers when RTW outcomes have been achieved and sustained for 13 weeks.10. Some or all NES services may be needed to return the worker to a new job with a new employer. Which NES services are approved by the Agent depends on the worker’s capacity for work and whether they can return to work at reduced hours or at their full-time capacity.11. It is expected that after receiving NES services if they have not already secured employment, the worker will be equipped with the competencies and skills to enable them to identify and pursue suitable employment as an independent job seeker.12. As part of the delivery of NES services, an OR provider will use their job brokerage skills to facilitate a safe sustainable RTW outcome.13. NES services may also be suitable for workers who are at work with their injury employer but the injury employer cannot continue to offer them suitable employment.14. To determine whether a worker may benefit from NES, the WorkSafe Victoria Agent refers them for an NES Vocational Assessment to identify suitable employment options based on the worker’s transferable skills and abilities and a labour market analysis relevant to the worker and where they reside.15. OR providers who are approved to provide NES services will also be approved to conduct 130 Week Vocational Assessments. These assessments are approved by WorkSafe Agents to assist them determine whether a worker remains entitled to weekly payments after 130 weeks of weekly payments have been received. In some cases, a 130 Week Vocational Assessment may result in NES services being commenced.Page 306 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workplace Rehabilitation ProviderQueenslandTo provide vocational rehabilitation services as prescribed in regulation 44:  support counselling  vocational counselling  purchase of aids and appliances  case management  retraining criteria assistance  specialised retraining program assistance  training and education  workplace activities  placement activities Western  assessments (functional capacity, vocational, ergonomic, job demands, Australia workplace, aids and appliances)  travel  medical  general reports.Workplace rehabilitation providers must comply with the conditions of approval and code of conduct for workplace rehabilitation providers. These requirements are contained in:  WorkCover WA’s Application for Approval as a Workplace Rehabilitation Provider  HWCA’s Guide: Nationally Consistent Approval Framework for Workplace Rehabilitation ProvidersSouth As set out in the Vocational rehabilitation service and fee specifications package (July Australia 2009) – see www.workcover.com/custom/files/vocrehabservicefeepack.pdfWorkplace rehabilitation providers are responsible for providing the following workplace rehabilitation services:  initial workplace rehabilitation assessment  assessment of a worker’s functional capacity  workplace assessment  job analysis Tasmania  advice about job modification  rehabilitation counselling  vocational assessment  advice or assistance with job seeking  advice or assistance arranging vocational re-education or retraining - ss3 and 77A.Vocational rehabilitation providers must be accredited by NT WorkSafe. The requirements Northern for and conditions of accreditation are set by the NT WorkSafe based on the National Territory Framework. Vocational providers must comply to these requirements.Australian Capital r27 Establishing personal injury plan Territory * It is a condition of a rehabilitation provider’s approval that the provider complies with section 30 (Role of approved rehabilitation provider—establishing personal injury plan) if helping to establish a personal injury plan for an injured worker. r29 Role of approved rehabilitation provider—general An approved rehabilitation provider for an injured worker must liaise and negotiate with everyone involved in the worker’s rehabilitation in an independent way. r30 Role of approved rehabilitation provider—establishing personal injury plan (1) This section applies if an approved rehabilitation provider helps to establish a personal Page 307 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workplace Rehabilitation Provider injury plan for an injured worker. (2) The approved rehabilitation provider must actively help the employer and worker to cooperate, and take part, in the development of the personal injury plan. Examples of active help 1 arranging a meeting with the employer and worker 2 giving information to the employer and worker about personal injury plans Note An example is part of the regulation, is not exhaustive and may extend, but does not limit, the meaning of the provision in which it appears (see Legislation Act, s 126 and s 132). (3) The approved rehabilitation provider must have regard to— (a) the medical evidence about the worker; and (b) if a timetable for rehabilitation is recommended by the worker’s nominated treating doctor—the timetable; and (c) any relevant approved medical guidelines or clinically relevant research. (4) The approved rehabilitation provider must— (a) initiate proposals for suitable duties for the worker; and (b) initiate proposals for the worker’s return to suitable work; and (c) identify any psychosocial factors affecting the worker; and (d) identify any other factor inhibiting the worker’s vocational rehabilitation; and (e) develop reasonable strategies to deal with any factor inhibiting the worker’s vocational rehabilitation. (5) The approved rehabilitation provider must try to ensure that the personal injury plan— (a) meets the needs of the particular worker; and (b) takes into account the medical evidence about the worker; and (c) takes into account any timetable for rehabilitation recommended by the worker’s nominated treating doctor; and (d) takes into account any relevant approved medical guidelines or clinically relevant research. (6) In this section: employer means an employer other than a non-business employer. non-business employer—see the Act, dictionary. Your responsibilities as an approved rehabilitation provider…  provide expert, objective advice to the case manager to assist the timely, safe and durable return to work of an injured employee  provide a prompt response to referrals and other requests Commonwealth  engage the injured employee, treating doctor and supervisor in the development and Comcare implementation of a tailored return to work plan  actively monitor the return to work plan and communicate regularly with all parties to ensure the goals are achieved  ensure you comply with Comcare’s criteria and standards for approved rehabilitation providers. s48 states that approved rehabilitation program providers under Part 3 of the Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 has the same meaning as in the Safety, Commonwealth Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1988. Therefore, the responsibilities of rehabilitation Seacare providers is the same as Comcare. Commonwealth Service providers are engaged by DVA to provide specific services to meet the DVA rehabilitation needs of an individual. Rehabilitation service providers undertake a range of activities including assessment, plan development and management on behalf of DVA to optimise rehabilitation outcomes. Responsibility for the approval of these provisions recommended by the service provider are made by DVA Rehabilitation Coordinators.The Rehabilitation Coordinator has responsibility for the decision of who will provide what rehabilitation services for the client. The choice of support services will depend on the local services available and the specific needs of the client. Service providers used for a client’s rehabilitation fall into four main categories:Rehabilitation service providers: are responsible for the daily management and the accessing of all approved services required by the client. Rehabilitation service providers have to be approved by Comcare Australia, or by the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission (MRCC) to provide such services.Health and Allied Health service providers: are qualified and registered, general practitioners, medical specialists, dentists, psychologists, rehabilitation counsellors, Page 308 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Responsibilities of Workplace Rehabilitation Provider occupational therapists, physiotherapists, osteopaths, podiatrists, prosthetists, orthotists, masseurs or chiropractors and dieticians. Training providers: are accredited educational institutions or training providers at state or national levels.Support service providers: include agencies or individuals who can provide services that assist in job preparation skilling or job placement for people seeking employment; services of a domestic nature (cooking, house cleaning, laundry and gardening services); other services, medical, nursing care, that are required for the essential and regular personal care of the client; and services which assist in altering a client’s place of residence, work or training or can provide rehabilitation aids an appliances.New Zealand N/A* as at 30 June 20107.2.5 Workplace Rehabilitation CoordinatorsSome jurisdictions prescribe employers of a certain size to employ an officer in the organisation on a full-time or ad hoc basis to coordinate the RTW of an injured worker. Table 7.10 - Workplace Rehabilitation Coordinator Requirements as at 30 September 2010Jurisdiction WRC requirements and ThresholdNew South Wales r3 Definitions category 1 employer means: (a) an employer insured under a policy of insurance to which the insurance premiums order for the time being in force applies and whose basic tariff premium (within the meaning of that order) for that policy would exceed $50,000, if the period of insurance to which the premium relates were 12 months, or (b) an employer insured under more than one policy of insurance to which the insurance premiums order for the time being in force applies and whose combined basic tariff premiums (within the meaning of that order) for those policies would exceed $50,000, if the period of insurance to which each premium relates were 12 months, or (c) an employer who is self-insured, or (d) an employer who is insured with a specialised insurer and who employs more than 20 workers. category 2 employer means an employer who is not a category 1 employer. r15I Category 1 employers must have return-to-work co-ordinator (1) A category 1 employer must: (a) employ a person to be a return-to-work co-ordinator for injured workers of the employer, being a person who has undergone such training as the guidelines may require, or (b) engage a person in accordance with such arrangements as the guidelines may from time to time permit to be a return-to-work co-ordinator for injured workers of the employer.Maximum penalty: 20 penalty units. (2) The following are examples of the arrangements that the guidelines can permit for the purposes of this clause: (a) the engagement of a person under an arrangement with a person or organisation that provides return-to-work co-ordinators to employers, (b) an arrangement under which a person is engaged on a shared basis by 2 or more employers.Page 309 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction WRC requirements and Threshold(3) The guidelines can require an employer to obtain the approval of the Authority before entering into an arrangement for the purposes of subclause (1) (b). (4) The guidelines can impose requirements with respect to the training, qualifications and experience of persons who may be engaged to be return-to-work co-ordinators under subclause (1) (b). r15J Functions of return-to-work co-ordinatorsAn employer’s return-to-work co-ordinator has such functions as may be specified in the guidelines.Responsibilities The responsibilities of return to work coordinators are outlined in WorkCover’s Guidelines for workplace return-to-work programs (below). However, specific duties will reflect the needs of a workplace and its workers, and should be outlined in the employer’s return to work program. Duties may include:  Developing and implementing the Return-to-Work Program, educating the workforce, keeping injury and return-to-work statistics and developing policies to improve systems.  Providing information on the return-to-work process and associated workers compensation benefits to injured workers.  Obtaining the injured worker’s consent before obtaining or releasing information about the worker’s return to work.  Determining the injured worker’s needs by discussion with the worker, the nominated treating doctor and other treatment practitioners.  Working with the insurer as they develop an Injury Management Plan for the injured worker.  Identifying appropriate suitable duties and assisting the injured worker to return to work as soon as possible.  Preparing a Return-to-Work Plan (see template in appendix E of the guideline) to document suitable duties and work restrictions so that all parties are informed and managing the return-to-work process.  Referring to an approved workplace rehabilitation provider as needed.  Being the focal point for all contact relating to the injured worker. Most contact will be with the worker, their supervisor, the nominated treating doctor, the insurer, the rehabilitation provider and union.  Coordinating and monitoring progress in treatment, rehabilitation provider services and return-to-work plans.  Assisting in the redeployment of injured workers (either internally or externally) when an injured worker cannot return to pre-injury duties.  Collecting information on locally-based resources in the community, including bilingual resources, and making this information available to injured workers where necessary.  Maintaining confidential case records (appendix C of the guidelines). Shared or engaged return to work coordinators Engaging a return to work coordinator can include a shared arrangement between two or more employers. When Category 1 employers engage a return to work coordinator under shared arrangements, or under another type of work arrangement – eg. engaged a return to work coordinator through a labour hire company – it is essential that:  the employers have a common interest  the shared or outsourced arrangements provide improvements in the return to work services  workers are not disadvantaged  the return to work coordinator has appropriate qualifications and experience  WorkCover approval is obtained  the return to work program is reviewed every two years. There is no requirement for Category 2 employers to appoint a return to work coordinator, however, employer associations and unions may establish shared return to work coordinator positions to assist smaller employers to fulfil their obligations.Page 310 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction WRC requirements and Threshold s197 Nominate a return to work co-ordinator (1) Subject to this section, an employer must nominate a person who has an appropriate level of seniority and is competent to assist the employer to meet the obligations of the employer under this Part to be a return to work co-ordinator. Penalty: 120 penalty units for a natural person 600 penalty units for a body corporate (2) A person is competent to assist the employer to meet the obligations of the employer under this Part if the person has knowledge, skills or experience relevant to planning for return to work, including— (a) knowledge of the obligations of employers and workers under this Part; and (b) knowledge of the compensation scheme provided for under this Act and the Victoria functions of the Authority and, if relevant, self-insurers under this Part. (3) An employer who has certified, or in respect of whom there has been assessed, total rateable remuneration of $2 000 000 or more for all workplaces of the employer in respect of the preceding policy period must ensure that a person is— (a) nominated as the return to work co-ordinator; and (b) appointed at all times. (4) An employer who has certified, or in respect of whom there has been assessed, total remuneration of less than $2 000 000 for all workplaces of the employer in respect of the preceding policy period must ensure that the person nominated as a return to work co-ordinator is appointed for the duration of the employer's obligations under this Part to a worker who has an incapacity for work.Queensland s41 Meaning of rehabilitation and return to work coordinator A rehabilitation and return to work coordinator is a person who— (a) has met the criteria for becoming a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator prescribed under a regulation; and (b) has the functions prescribed under a regulation. s226 Employer’s obligation to appoint rehabilitation and return to work coordinator (1) An employer must appoint a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator if the employer meets criteria prescribed under a regulation. (2) The rehabilitation and return to work coordinator must be in Queensland and be employed by the employer under a contract (regardless of whether the contract is a contract of service). (3) The employer must, unless the employer has a reasonable excuse, appoint the rehabilitation and return to work oordinator— (a) within 6 months after— (i) establishing a workplace; or (ii) starting to employ workers at a workplace; or (b) within a later period approved by the Authority. Maximum penalty—50 penalty units. (5) A rehabilitation and return to work coordinator, who is employed under a contract of service at the workplace, is not civilly liable for an act done, or an omission made, in giving effect to the workplace rehabilitation policy and procedures of an employer. (6) If subsection (5) prevents a civil liability attaching to a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator, the liability attaches instead to the employer. r99C Employer’s obligation to appoint rehabilitation and return to work coordinator— Act, s 226(1) (1) An employer meets the criteria for being required to appoint a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator if— (a) for an employer who employs workers at a workplace in a high risk industry – the wages of the employer in Queensland for the preceding financial year were more than $1.981 million; or (b) otherwise – the wages of the employer in Queensland for the preceding financial year were more than $6.507 million.Page 311 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction WRC requirements and Threshold(2) If QOTE varies, the amount mentioned in subsection (1)(b) must be varied proportionately. (3) The amount as varied is to be rounded up to the nearest $1000. (4) The Authority must notify the variation of the amount mentioned in subsection (1)(b) by industrial gazette notice. (5) An employer may appoint 1 rehabilitation and return to work coordinator for more than 1 workplace if the person can reasonably perform the person’s functions as a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator for each workplace. r99B Functions of rehabilitation and return to work coordinator—Act, s 41(b) The functions of a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator include the following— (a) initiating early communication with an injured worker to clarify the nature and severity of the worker’s injury and to compile initial notification information; (b) providing overall coordination of the worker’s return to work; (c) developing the suitable duties program component of a rehabilitation and return to work plan, if a plan is required, in consultation with the worker and the worker’s employer and ensuring the program is consistent with the current medical certificate or report for the worker’s injury; (d) liaising with— (i) any person engaged by the employer to help in the worker’s rehabilitation and return to work; and (ii) the insurer about the worker’s progress and indicating, as early as possible, if there is a need for the insurer to assist or intervene.Western Not applicable. AustraliaSouth Australia WRC Regs 2010, reg 26—Rehabilitation and return to work co-ordinators— exemptions from requirements (section 28D of Act) (1) Subject to subregulation (2), an employer is exempt from the requirement to appoint a co-ordinator under section 28D of the Act— (a) in respect of a particular financial year if— (i) the employer, as at the relevant time, employs fewer than 30 workers; or (ii) the employer, as at the relevant time, holds an exemption from the Corporation under this paragraph granted on the ground that the Corporation is satisfied— (A) that the employer reasonably expects not to employ 30 or more workers during the financial year for any continuous period of 3 (or more) months; and (B) that in the particular circumstances it is appropriate to grant the exemption; or (b) in respect of part of a particular financial year if— (i) the employer, at a particular time during the financial year, employs fewer than 30 workers; and (ii) the employer obtains an exemption from the Corporation under this paragraph on the ground that the Corporation is satisfied that it is appropriate in the circumstances to grant the exemption.* Reg 26 of WRC Regs 2010 in force from 1 November 2010, preceded by identical reg 3C of the WRC (General) Regulations 1999.Booklet: All you need to know about rehabilitation and return to work coordinators (see WorkCoverSA website)1. Helping injured workers to safely remain at or return to work as soon as possible following a work-related illness or injury by:• keeping in contact with them, especially while they are not at work • liaising with supervisors and line managers regarding suitable employment for injured workers (your employer is required to provide safe, suitable employment that an injured worker is fit to perform, unless it is not reasonably practicable to do so)Page 312 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction WRC requirements and Threshold• providing information about available alternative duties to the injured worker’s doctor (alternative duties can be modified duties which are provided for an injured worker who has some ability to work but cannot perform his or her pre-injury duties – this can form part of a graduated program of return to work) • documenting details of injured workers’ ability to work, restrictions and suitable employment that have been provided to you on a suitable employment schedule • providing supervisors and line managers with a copy of the suitable employment schedule • reporting any barriers to return to work to your employer and the case manager.2. Assisting with liaising with the case manager and/the vocational rehabilitation consultant when they are preparing and implementing rehabilitation and return to work plans (see page 14 for more on return to work plans)3. Communicating with persons involved in rehabilitation or providing medical expert services to workers (see page 19 for more information on medical expert services)4. Monitoring the progress of an injured worker’s ability to return to work and advising your employer and the case manager of any emerging barriers to return to work5. Taking steps to prevent the aggravation or worsening of a worker’s injuries when they return to work.Tasmania Injury Management CoordinatorSection 143B. Injury management co-ordinator to be appointed (1) The licensed insurer of an employer of a worker must appoint an injury management coordinator in respect of the employer. (2) The licensed insurer of an employer of a worker, as soon as practicable after becoming aware that the worker has suffered a significant injury, must assign the worker to the injury management co-ordinator in respect of the employer. (3) If a worker's approved injury management program was submitted by the worker's employer to the employer's insurer under section 143(4) – (a) subsections (1) and (2) do not apply to the employer's insurer; and (b) the employer must – (i) appoint an injury management co-ordinator in respect of the employer; and (ii) assign a worker to the injury management co-ordinator, as soon as practicable after becoming aware that the worker has suffered a significant injury.(4) If a worker's approved injury management program was submitted by the worker's employer to the Board under section 143(5) or (6), the employer must – (a) appoint an injury management co-ordinator in respect of the employer; and (b) assign a worker to the injury management co-ordinator, as soon as practicable after becoming aware that the worker has suffered a significant injury.(5) A person may only be appointed to be an injury management co-ordinator if, where the Board approves a course of training – (a) the person has successfully completed the course of training; or (b) the Board is satisfied that the person has obtained a qualification or completed a course of training that is at least equivalent to the course of training approved by the Board.(6) The employer or insurer who appointed a person to be an injury management coordinator may appoint another person to be the injury management co-ordinator in the place of the person first appointed.Return to work coordinatorSection 143D Return-to-work coordinator may be required to be appointed(1) An employer who employs more than 50 workers must appoint a return-to-work coordinator. Penalty: Fine not exceeding 50 penalty units.Page 313 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction WRC requirements and Threshold(2) A person may only be appointed under subsection (1) to be a return-to-work coordinator if, where the Board approves a course of training – (a) the person has successfully completed the training; or (b) the Board is satisfied that the person has obtained a qualification or completed a course of training that is at least equivalent to the course of training approved by the Board. (3) A worker's employer who employs more than 50 workers, as soon as practicable after becoming aware that a worker has suffered a significant injury, must assign the worker to the return-to-work co-ordinator appointed under subsection (1) in respect of the employer. Penalty: Fine not exceeding 50 penalty units.(4) A worker's employer may only assign a worker to a return-to-work co-ordinator if the coordinator is familiar with the workplace, and the management and staff of the workplace, in which the worker is employed. (5) A return-to-work co-ordinator in respect of a worker is to – (a) assist with return-to-work planning and the implementation of the worker's approved return-to-work plan or approved injury management plan; and (b) monitor the worker's progress towards returning to work; and (c) assist the worker to perform the worker's designated work duties in a safe and appropriate manner; and (d) provide the worker with reassurance and encouragement in respect of the treatment of the worker's injury and the worker's return to work; and (e) encourage and foster a good relationship, and effective communication, between the worker, the worker's employer and the employer's insurer.Northern Not applicable. TerritoryAustralian Not applicable. Capital Territory *Rehabilitation Guidelines for Employers (Issued under s41) 6. Employers should ensure that people with case management responsibilities: a. have the skills, experience and influence to achieve effective return to work outcomes Commonwealth b. are provided with adequate training to undertake their role Comcare c. have senior management support to enable the provision of suitable duties d. have the relevant delegations under section 41A of the SRC Act if they are making determinations for a rehabilitation assessment examination or rehabilitation program e. can refer to a delegated senior manager if a recommendation for suspension of compensation is required.Commonwealth Seacare Commonwealth DVA The role of the DVA Rehabilitation Coordinator is to facilitate and monitor the program of activities for the client involved in the rehabilitation process so as to return the person to a level of functioning, consistent with medical advice in accordance with the relevant legislation, policies and procedures which apply to that individual’s circumstances. The Rehabilitation Coordinator is a link between the client, treating medical practitioners, allied health workers, service providers, training organisations and the managing agency. The Rehabilitation Coordinator is a DVA staff member, or ADF if a serving member.The Australian Defence Force Rehabilitation Program (ADFRP) provides rehabilitation services for Permanent Force members and Reserve Force members on continuous full- time service (CFTS), irrespective of whether a member's injury or illness is related to work. Reservists not on CFTS who were eligible for health care provided by Defence at the time of their injury or illness are also eligible for rehabilitation assistance. These reserve Page 314 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction WRC requirements and Threshold members are expected to lodge a claim for compensation with DVA as soon as possible and will remain eligible for rehabilitation under the ADFRP until a determination in respect of their claim is made. If liability is accepted the MRCC becomes the rehabilitation authority.New Zealand N/A. * as at 30 June 2010Table 7.11 - Workplace Rehabilitation Coordinator Training and Accreditation arrangements as at 30 September 2010Jurisdiction Training and AccreditationNew South Wales Guidelines for workplace Return-to-Work Programs The return-to-work coordinator must hold: a:  certificate certifying attendance at the WorkCover two-day course Introduction to return to work coordination or  certificate certifying attendance at a two-day WorkCover training course for rehabilitation coordinators conducted prior to February 1995 or  letter from Provider Services Branch agreeing to exempt the return to work coordinator from participating in above training. Return to work coordinators require the following skills:  ability to develop a return to work program consistent with workplace requirements  ability to implement policy and procedures of the return to work program and facilitate the training of staff  excellent written and verbal skills, including negotiation and listening skills  ability to implement and explain the Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Act 1998 and the Workers Compensation Act 1987  ability to identify suitable duties, consistent with section 43A of the Workers Compensation Act 1987  ability to develop and implement a return to work plan  decision making skills  ability to disseminate information to all relevant parties  case and caseloads management skills  organisational and time management skills  ability to assess when rehabilitation provider services are required.Advanced return to work coordination Advanced return to work coordination is a one-day course for experienced return to work coordinators. This is an interactive course with a focus on strategic case management and managing complex cases.Trainers Trainers of return to work coordination courses can be searched for on the WorkCover website by name and region. This facility specifies whether a trainer is registered to deliver both levels of training or just the introductory course. Trainers will often operate in many or all regions of NSW. For information about availability of trainer services in a particular region, please contact the trainer direct. Shared or engaged return to work coordinators Shared/engaged return-to-work coordinators must have significant experience in workplace-based occupational rehabilitation, preferably as a return to work coordinator. It is also preferable that a shared return-to-work coordinator has tertiary qualifications.The shared/engaged return-to-work coordinator must have the skills and fulfil all the duties of a return-to-work coordinator as outlined in these guidelines, and have completed the WorkCover approved two-day course. TrainingPage 315 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Training and AccreditationApplications for registration as a trainer can be made to WorkCover's Provider Services Branch. Application forms for the Introductory and Advanced courses are available under further information. The return to work coordinator must hold: (a) a WorkCover certificate certifying attendance at the WorkCover approved two-day course ‘Introduction to return to work coordination’ or (b) a WorkCover certificate certifying attendance at a two-day WorkCover approved training course for rehabilitation coordinators that was conducted prior to February 1995 or (c) a letter from WorkCover’s Provider Services Branch agreeing to exempt the return to work coordinator from the requirement to participate in WorkCover approved training. Applications for exemption can be accessed on the WorkCover website.The Role of a Return to Work Co-ordinator training aims to develop the skills and knowledge of return to work co-ordinators so they can assist in the early, safe and sustainable return to work of injured workers. It has been developed in consultation with key employer associations, Victorian Trades Hall Council and representatives of the Self Insurers Association of Victoria. The program has also been fully endorsed by WorkSafe.The training is designed as a two day program focused on the practical application of principles learned. At the end of Day 1 participants will be able to:  Explain why return to work is important.  Prepare your workplace for return to work.  Provide a detailed account of the responsibilities of a Return to Work Coordinator, including the key strengths expected in this role.  Explain your employer’s return to work obligations - providing employment, planning, return to work, consulting, making return to work information available to workers and nominating return to work coordinators.  Understand how to make return to work arrangements. Victoria  Provide background information regarding the scheme and relevant legislation that will assist them in providing advice to employers. By the end of Day 2, the participants will be able to:  Provide support to the injured worker in the workplace through the use of a variety of methods, techniques and tools.  Respond to workplace injuries to provide support to injured workers, and to prevent further injuries.  Explain the involvement of external parties involved in return to work and methods for effective communication with them.  Identify sources of assistance that can help you to fulfil the responsibilities of the Return to Work Coordinator role.  List resources and publications that reference return to work, the role of the employer, injured worker and Return to Work Coordinator." r99A Criteria for becoming rehabilitation and return to work coordinator—Act, s 41(a) Queensland A person meets the criteria for becoming a rehabilitation and return to work coordinator by satisfactorily completing a workplace rehabilitation course approved or conducted by the Authority.Western Not applicable. AustraliaSouth Australia A coordinator will need to complete either a one-day (Level 1) or a two or three- day training course (Level 2) approved by WorkCover, depending on the Page 316 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Training and Accreditation industry in which your business operates. An employer who is considered low risk (excluding self- insured employers) will need to ensure that the coordinator satisfactorily completes Level 1 training. Any other employer who is required to appoint a coordinator (including self-insured employers) must ensure that the coordinator satisfactorily completes Level 2 training. An employer with an industry base levy rate of less than 4.5% is considered low risk.Some refresher training will need to be undertaken annually if your coordinator wishes to continue in this role. They may also be required to participate in ongoing professional development activities as determined by WorkCover.Tasmania Injury Management CoordinatorSection 143B(5) A person may only be appointed to be an injury management coordinator if, where the Board approves a course of training: (a) the person has successfully completed the course of training; or (b) the Board is satisfied that the person has obtained a qualification or completed a course of training that is at least equivalent to the course of training approved by the Board.WorkCover Tasmania Guideline for Injury Management Coordinator Training Requirements:An IMC is required to complete the following nine units of competency (recognised within the Australian Qualifications Framework) identified by WorkCover. These units focus on the skills required to fulfil the functions of an IMC. 1. FNSWCMP 303A — Work within the workers compensation industry sector 2. FNSWCMP 502A — Develop return to work strategies 3. PSPIM 409A — Maintain injury management case files 4. FNSWCMP 503A — Facilitate workplace assessment with stakeholders for workers compensation cases 5. BSBFLM 503B — Manage effective workplace relationships 6. FNSICGEN 404B — Resolve disputes 7. PSPIM 504A — Contribute to a quality injury management system 8. FNSWCMP 404A — Assist workers with job placement, and 9. FNSINSV 406B — Use specialist terminology in insurance claims. The identified units of competency are sourced primarily from the Financial Services Training Package at both diploma level and certificate IV level. The units are also inclusive of the units of competency recommended for Return to Work Co-ordinators.Return-to-work CoordinatorSection 143D(2) A person may only be appointed under subsection (1) to be a return to work coordinator if, where the Board has approved a course of training- (a) the person has successfully completed the course of training; or(b) the Board is satisfied that the person has obtained a qualification or completed a course of training that is at least equivalent to the course of training approved by the Board.WorkCover publication – “The role of the return-to-work coordinator”While the WorkCover Tasmania Board has not approved a course of training for RTW Co- ordinators, it is recognised that this role requires certain knowledge and skills to enable the appointed person to effectively perform the role. For this reason, it is highly recommended that a RTW Co-ordinator completes the following three units of competencies recognised within the Australian Qualifications Framework:1) FNSWCMP 303A Work within the workers compensation industry sector 2) FNSWCMP 502A Develop return to work strategies, andPage 317 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Training and Accreditation3) BSBFLM 503B Manage effective workplace relationships.Completing these units not only provides individuals with the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively fulfil the role of a RTW Co-ordinator, but also may be used as recognition towards completion of the Injury Management Co-ordinator qualification.Northern TerritoryAustralian Capital Territory *Rehabilitation Guidelines for Employers (Issued under s41) 6. Employers should ensure that people with case management responsibilities: a. have the skills, experience and influence to achieve effective return to work outcomes Commonwealth b. are provided with adequate training to undertake their role Comcare c. have senior management support to enable the provision of suitable duties d. have the relevant delegations under section 41A of the SRC Act if they are making determinations for a rehabilitation assessment examination or rehabilitation program e. can refer to a delegated senior manager if a recommendation for suspension of compensation is required.Commonwealth SeacareFor DVA rehabilitation clients the choice of rehabilitation service providers is from: · the Comcare Australia list of approved rehabilitation service providers · the panel of contracted providers for the VVRS, and · other providers approved by the Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission (MRCC).The role of the DVA Rehabilitation Coordinator is to facilitate and monitor the program of activities for the client involved in the rehabilitation process so as to return the person to a level of functioning, consistent with medical advice in accordance with the relevant legislation, policies and procedures which apply to that individual’s circumstances. The Commonwealth Rehabilitation Coordinator is a link between the client, treating medical practitioners, allied DVA health workers, service providers, training organisations and the managing agency. The Rehabilitation Coordinator is a DVA staff member, or ADF if a serving member. The Australian Defence Force Rehabilitation Program (ADFRP) provides rehabilitation services for Permanent Force members and Reserve Force members on continuous full- time service (CFTS), irrespective of whether a member's injury or illness is related to work. Reservists not on CFTS who were eligible for health care provided by Defence at the time of their injury or illness are also eligible for rehabilitation assistance. These reserve members are expected to lodge a claim for compensation with DVA as soon as possible and will remain eligible for rehabilitation under the ADFRP until a determination in respect of their claim is made. If liability is accepted the MRCC becomes the rehabilitation authority.New Zealand* as at 30 June 2010Page 318 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20107.2.6 Prescribed time periodsEarly intervention is essential for successful outcomes in RTW. Timeframes for injury notification, claims submissions etc are prescribed in most jurisdictionsTable 7.12 - Time for Injury Notification as at 30 September 2010 Employer notifies Injured worker notifies Employer acknowledges Insurer notifies authority Authority notifies insurer Jurisdiction insurer/authority of injury to employer/insurer of injury receipt of notice of injury of injury to worker of injury to worker workerAs soon as possible - 1998 48 hrs of becoming aware - No time specified - 1998 Act, As soon as practicable - New South Wales Act, s44(1). 1998 Act, s44(2). s44(3). 1998 Act, s44(3A).30 days after becoming aware No time specified - s102(4). n/a – only obligation to n/a. n/a. of injury - s102(1). forward claim.Victoria Beyond 30 days after becoming aware of injury - s102(6).Queensland 8 business days - s133(3). n/a. n/a.As soon as practicable - 3 days after claim is made - s178(1)(a). s57A(2). Western Australia Claim within 12 months of injury - s178(1)(b).Within 24 hours or as soon as 5 business days - s51(6). n/a. n/a. South Australia practicable - s51(2).As soon as practicable - 3 working days after s32(1)(a). becoming aware that worker Tasmania has suffered a workplace injury - s143A.As soon as practicable - n/a. s65 of the Workplace Health Copy of claim form supplied n/a. s80(1). and Safety Act 2007 requires to NT WorkSafe within 10 verbal reporting as soon a days of insurers initial Northern Territory practicable and written decision of claim. reporting within 48 hours of occurrence. Page 319 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Employer notifies Injured worker notifies Employer acknowledges Insurer notifies authority Authority notifies insurer Jurisdiction insurer/authority of injury to employer/insurer of injury receipt of notice of injury of injury to worker of injury to worker workerAustralian Capital As soon as possible - s93(1). 48 hrs of becoming aware - N/A. N/A. Territory * S93(2).Commonwealth As soon as practicable - Comcare s53(1)(a).Commonwealth As soon as practicable - Seacare s62(1)(a).Commonwealth N/A. N/A. N/A. N/A. N/A. DVA N/A. New Zealand* as at 30 June 2010Table 7.13 - Time for Claim Submission as at 30 September 2010 Employer/worker Employer Employer passes on Insurer passes on Injured worker puts in supplies further Claim deemed Jurisdiction acknowledges receipt claim form to claim form to claim form information to insurer accepted of claim insurer/authority authority on request 6 months - 1998 Act, 7 days - 1998 Act, 7 days - 1998 Act, Within 7 days of s65(7); or s69(1)(a). s69(1)(b). notification for up to 12 3 years - s65(13). weeks provisional - s274(2). New South Wales 21 days - 1998 Act, s274(1).As soon as practicable As soon as reasonably 10 days - s108(1). No time limit except Not required as 28 days for weekly with employer with practicable - s103(4E). decision must be made authorised agent of payments if received by whom injured ) for or claim for weekly authority has claims insurer within 10 days or weekly payments, 2 payments deemed management function. 39 days in other Victoria years for death claims, accepted. circumstances - s109. 6 months after relevant service for claim for medical and like service - s103.Page 320 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Employer/worker Employer Employer passes on Insurer passes on Injured worker puts in supplies further Claim deemed Jurisdiction acknowledges receipt claim form to claim form to claim form information to insurer accepted of claim insurer/authority authority on request 10 business days of 20 business days - 6 months - s131(1). receiving notice - s134(2). (if beyond 20 days, s167(2). extent of the insurer’s liability to pay compensation is limited to a period starting no Queensland earlier than 20 business days before the day on which the valid application is lodged) - s131(2). Beyond 6 months - s131(5).12 months - s178(1)(b). 3 working days - 21 days after payments Beyond 12 months - s57A(2). commence - s57C(2). Western Australia s178(1)(d).6 months - s52(1)(b). 5 Business days - n/a. 10 Business days - South Australia Beyond 6 months - s52(5). s53(4) (wherever s52(3)(b) . practicable).6 months - s32(1)(b). Employer must notify 5 working days - s36(2). 84 days - s81AB, Beyond 6 months - insurer of claim within 3 s81A(1). s38(1). working days of receiving claim - s36(1AA).Tasmania Employer must complete employer’s report section of claim and forward it to insurer within 5 working days of receiving claim - s36(1).Page 321 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Employer/worker Employer Employer passes on Insurer passes on Injured worker puts in supplies further Claim deemed Jurisdiction acknowledges receipt claim form to claim form to claim form information to insurer accepted of claim insurer/authority authority on request 6 months - s182(1). 3 working days - s84(1). 10 working days - 10 working days after s84(2). receipt by employer if Northern Territory Beyond 6 months - s182(3). no decision has been made - ss85(1) and 87.7 days - s38(2). 7 days - s126(1). 7 days - s126(2). n/a. 28 days - s128(1). Australian Capital 3 years - s120(1)(b), or Territory * Beyond 3 years - s120(2).Commonwealth No specified time - 28 days - S58(2). Comcare S54(1).No time specified - No time specified - s67. Under the Seafarers s62(1). Act, claims are deemed to be rejected if not determined within the following statutory time Commonwealth frames: 60 days for Seacare death claims (s 72), 12 days for incapacity, loss of property and medical expenses (s73), 30 days for permanent impairment (s73A).Commonwealth N/A. N/A. N/A. N/A. N/A. N/A. DVA Within 12 months – s New Zealand 53. * as at 30 June 2010Table 7.14 - Time for Payments as at 30 September 2010Employer passes on Medical invoices sent Medical expenses Jurisdiction Eligibility from Payments begin payments to injured Medical expenses paid to insurer accepted workerNew South Wales Within 7 days of As soon as practicable - Within 7 days of notification if provisional 1998 Act, s69(1)(c). notification if provisionalPage 322 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Employer passes on Medical invoices sent Medical expenses Jurisdiction Eligibility from Payments begin payments to injured Medical expenses paid to insurer accepted worker liability accepted unless liability accepted unless a reasonable excuse a reasonable excuse exists - 1998 Act, s267 exists - 1998 Act, s267 Promptly when liability 21 days of claim lodged accepted by insurer - -1998 Act, s279(1) 1998 Act, s74A(1) 21 days of claim lodged and accepted - s274(1)Date of incapacity for Max 7 days after end of Max 7 days after end of No time limited Claim to be accepted No time specified. work for weekly week in which week in which specified. within 28 days - Victoria payments - s93. payments are due - payments are due - s109(3). s114D(6). s114D(6).Assessment by medical Day of assessment - 2 months - s213(2). No time specified - practitioner, nurse s141(1). s210. Queensland practitioner or dentist - Day after assessment s141(1). day - s141(2).From date of incapacity As soon as practicable Western Australia - s21. after notified that claim No time specified. No time specified. accepted - s57A(7).From date of incapacity. 14 days after date of 14 days after date of South Australia claim - s46(6). claim - s46(6).Date of injury (for Max 14 days from 28 days - s77AA(1) and medical etc expenses). receipt of claim - s81(1) s77AB(2). (a). Tasmania Date of incapacity - s81(3)(a).3 working days from 3 working days from No time specified. No time specified. No time specified - s73. Northern Territory accepting liability - accepting liability - S85(2). S85(2).Date of injury - s38(1) From notification of Immediately - s126(3). 30 days of insurer Australian Capital (b) injury - s38(1)(a). receiving notice - Territory * s90(1).Page 323 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Employer passes on Medical invoices sent Medical expenses Jurisdiction Eligibility from Payments begin payments to injured Medical expenses paid to insurer accepted workerCommonwealth ComcareDate of incapacity - s31 Within 30 days of date of determination of Commonwealth amount for injuries Seacare resulting in death or permanent impairment - s130Onset date, for a person’s incapacity for service or work, means the date determined under section 342 for the person. s342 Determination of the onset date for an incapacity for service or Commonwealth work. DVA The Commission must determine in writing the date of onset of an incapacity for service or work of a member if the member is entitled to compensation under Part 3 of Chapter 4.Date of incapacity – New Zealand Schedule 1, Part 2, cl 32. * as at 30 June 2010Page 324 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Table 7.15 - Time to establish RTW Plan as at 30 September 2010Jurisdiction 3-point contact RTW plan/PIP developedNew South Wales 3 working days for significant injury 1998 Act - s43(4). A return to work plan is developed for each injured worker on suitable duties (Guidelines for Employers Return to Work Programs).N/A. s195 Plan return to work– see more details above under ‘Return to Work Plans’ (1) An employer must, to the extent that it is reasonable to do so, plan the return to work of a worker from the date on which the employer knows or ought reasonably to have known of the worker's incapacity for work, whichever is the earlier date. Victoria Penalty: 120 penalty units for a natural person 600 penalty units for a body corporate Under s 192(3), employer knows or ought reasonably to have known from the beginning of the employment obligation period under s 194 being the date an employer receives a WorkSafe medical certificate or claim for compensation for weekly payment or the employer is notified of receipt of these documents by the insurer, whichever is the earliest.Queensland No time specified - S220(2).As soon as practicable after doctor makes recommendation - S155C(1). Western Australia Max 7 days after 4 consecutive weeks incapacity period or total 12 weeks in a 12 month period - s157A(1).South Australia No time specified - s28A. No time specified - s28A.An injury management coordinator to ensure that contact is Return to work plan made with the worker, the employer and the primary Where a worker is, or is likely to be, incapacitated for work for more that 5 working days but less treating medical practitioner as soon as practicable after a than 28 days, a return to work plan must be prepared before the expiry of 5 days after the worker worker (suffering a significant injury) is assigned to the becomes incapacitated for 5 working days. injury management coordinator - section 143C(2). Tasmania Injury management plan Where a worker is, or is likely to be, incapacitated for work for more than 28 days, an injury management plan must be prepared before the expiry of 5 days after the worker becomes incapacitated for 28 days.Northern Territory No time specified, - s75B(1).Page 325 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction 3-point contact RTW plan/PIP developedAustralian Capital 3 business days for significant injury - s96. Not specified, when suspected that injury is significant (7 days) - s97. Territory * Commonwealth Comcare Commonwealth Seacare Commonwealth N/A. 21 days from referral. DVA New Zealand Not specified. * as at 30 June 2010Page 326 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20107.3 Workplace Rehabilitation Providers 7.3.1 Nationally Consistent Approval Framework for Workplace Rehabilitation ProvidersAt the HWCA workshop meeting on RTW in September 2005, a reference group was assigned the task of outlining a nationally consistent approval system for workplace rehabilitation providers. During 2006 and 2007 the reference group agreed to a nationally consistent framework whereby approval to operate as a workplace rehabilitation provider is required by workers compensation authorities. The group recommended to the HWCA that providers would apply to a workers’ compensation authority for initial approval and demonstrate their ability to meet organisational capability standards, RTW service model principles and mandatory qualifications. If approved in one workers’ compensation authority, other workers’ compensation authorities would recognise this status and ensure additional approval requirements were minimal. The purpose of a nationally consistent approval framework for workplace rehabilitation providers is intended to: . provide a robust approval system across the workers compensation authorities . enable the objective measurement of provider performance against the Conditions of Approval, and . establish standards designed to deliver high quality workplace rehabilitation services to workers, employers and insurers. The benefits of a nationally consistent approval framework for workplace rehabilitation providers include: . an agreed and understood model of workplace rehabilitation . increased uniformity of workplace rehabilitation service definitions and expectations of workplace rehabilitation providers . a more robust exiting system that assures credibility of the approval framework . increased understanding of the expected standards of workplace rehabilitation provider performance for employers, workers and insurers . reduced administrative costs and complexity for workplace rehabilitation providers who are approved to deliver workplace rehabilitation services for more than one workers’ compensation authority, and . for employers and insurers – reduced costs and complexity for those who operate in more than one workers’ compensation jurisdiction. The Nationally Consistent Approval Framework for Workplace Rehabilitation Providers is a national system but does not reduce the responsibility of the insurer, workplace rehabilitation provider and employer to observe the purchasing and workplace rehabilitation service delivery requirements appropriate to the individual workers’ compensation authority.As at 1 July 2010, most Australian jurisdictions had implemented the National Framework. Queensland has not as it does not accredit rehabilitation providers. While DVA accepts and supports the framework’s principles, it has changed its focus in relation to rehabilitation with greater commitment to a holistic approach, which includes an emphasis on addressing biopsychosocial needs. This has extended their service provider requirements beyond workplace rehabilitation. The evaluation process required to review performance and outcomes of DVA’s future non workplace providers will therefore require some variation to those being proposed in the framework.Page 327 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20107.3.2 Minimum Qualifications of Rehabilitation ConsultantsUnder the Framework, approved workplace rehabilitation consultants must ensure rehabilitation consultants have the following qualifications, knowledge and experience: a. Workplace Rehabilitation Consultants will have a qualification recognised, accredited or registered by one of the following associations or state registration boards: • Australian Society of Rehabilitation Counsellors • Rehabilitation Counselling Association of Australia • Australian Association of Occupational Therapists (registered in QLD, SA, NT and WA) • Physiotherapist Registration Board (registered) • Australian Association of Exercise and Sports Science (accredited as an Exercise Physiologist) • Psychologists Registration Board (registered) • Speech Pathology Australia • Australian Association of Social Workers • Medical Board (registered) • Nurses Registration Board (registered) AND 12 months or more experience delivering workplace rehabilitation services. Where workplace rehabilitation consultants have less than 12 months’ experience delivering workplace rehabilitation services, a comprehensive induction program will be completed and professional supervision provided for at least 12 months. Note: Some workplace rehabilitation services can only be delivered by designated professional groups. The minimum qualifications to deliver these services are included in the description of the workplace rehabilitation services as specified by each jurisdiction (see Table 7.16 below). b. Workplace rehabilitation consultants have the appropriate skills, knowledge, and experience to deliver workplace rehabilitation services. c. Workplace rehabilitation consultants have knowledge of injury management principles and workers’ compensation legislation, policy and procedure. d. All staff interacting with injured workers and workplaces have current checks and clearances where appropriate (police, security, OHS and child protection).Table 7.16 – Minimum Qualifications of Rehabilitation Consultants to Provide Certain Services as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants New South Wales * In addition to the minimum qualifications of a rehabilitation consultant WorkCover NSW also allows the following: Approval to work as a rehabilitation consultant A person who does not meet the minimum qualifications of a rehabilitation consultant can apply to WorkCover NSW for approval to deliver workplace rehabilitation services in NSW only. Applicants are required to demonstrate their competence and knowledge to provide the workplace rehabilitation service for which the application is made. (See rehabilitation consultant approval application on the WorkCover NSW website).Initial Rehabilitation Assessment Service Description Examination of the worker’s injury, usual job and duties, current medical situation (including psychosocial factors), education, employment history and workplace factors to determine, and Page 328 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants establish, a plan to address the worker’s and employer’s rehabilitation needs. Activities include:  Assessment of the worker’s and employer’s needs.  Consultations with the doctor and treating professionals.  Workplace visits to identify/negotiate suitable duties, and the development of a return to work plan where a specific workplace assessment is not indicated.Staff qualifications As per rehabilitation consultant qualifications. Functional Assessment Service Description Objective measurement of the injured worker's existing work capacity against specific and relevant work demands. In assessing function, the worker’s skills and abilities are implicitly evaluated. Known predictors of return to work outcomes must be incorporated to maximise the Functional Assessment’s contribution to the return to work process. The Functional Assessment:  Identifies the worker’s current work capacity to individualise pre-injury/suitable duties or alternate vocational option.  Provides for safe upgrading commensurate with improving work capacity.  Is used in discussion with the nominated treating doctor to encourage appropriate medical certification and more precise workplace capacities and restrictions.  Assists in identifying suitable duties options.  Assists in establishing a vocational goal, if a worker is unable to return to their pre-injury job.  Identifies return to work barriers, including psychosocial ‘yellow’ flags. A Functional Assessment can be performed as a stand-alone assessment or as a component of a Workplace Assessment.Staff qualifications A person with a qualification recognised by one of the following associations or registered with relevant state registration boards: Australian Association of Occupational Therapists.  Physiotherapist Registration Board of NSW.With at least six months’ workplace rehabilitation experience or under the supervision of an experienced therapist. Workplace Assessment Service Description On-site assessment of the worker performing pre-injury duties, potential suitable duties and/or equivalent, with the same or a different employer.Activities include:  Identification of the critical physical, psychological, social, environmental and organisational demands and risk factors of all relevant work tasks.  Determination of the employer’s capacity and willingness to offer suitable duties.  Facilitation of a job match of the injured worker’s functional capacity with appropriate components of the pre-injury job or other suitable duties.  Identification of methods of temporarily or permanently modifying/mitigating the work demands to facilitate a safe return to work.  Identification of suitable duties that will increase the worker’s tolerances and work capacity. The worker must participate in the Workplace Assessment. The assessor must determine if the proposed duties are within the worker’s current work capacity and that the worker can perform all proposed duties safely. Page 329 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultantsThe purpose of the Workplace Assessment is to design a Return to Work Plan that is precisely matched to the worker’s current work capacity, providing for safe upgrading of duties commensurate with improving capacity. A Workplace Assessment would necessarily include components of a Functional Assessment to determine capacity for relevant work tasks.A Workplace Assessment includes:  the worker performing the relevant work tasks; and/or  components of a Functional Assessment to determine capacity for relevant work tasks.The Workplace Assessment findings are discussed with the nominated treating doctor to assist appropriate certification and concurrence with the Return to Work Plan. Staff qualifications A person with a qualification recognised by one of the following associations or registered with relevant state registration boards: Australian Association of Occupational Therapists.  Physiotherapist Registration Board of NSW.With at least six months’ workplace rehabilitation experience or under the supervision of an experienced therapist. Advice Concerning Job Modification, Aids and Equipment Service Description Assessment regarding aids, equipment needs and/or modification of either the physical work environment, the management systems of the job, or the work practices to assist in achieving a return to work.Activities include:  Provision of advice regarding aids, equipment and/or modification including discussion, education and negotiation with worker/employer/return to work coordinator and, if applicable, union.  Organisation of the supply of equipment and ensuring that the injured worker can safely utilise the equipment.Staff qualifications A person with a qualification recognised by one of the following associations or registered with relevant state registration boards: Australian Association of Occupational Therapists.  Physiotherapist Registration Board of NSW.  NSW Nurses Registration Board and who has the equivalent of a post-graduate diploma in safety science, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) or ergonomics.With at least six months’ workplace rehabilitation experience or under the supervision of an experienced therapist; OR  an Occupational Physician or Rehabilitation Medical Specialist. Vocational Assessment and Counselling Service Description Assessment of the worker to identify vocational options and recommend strategies to achieve the vocational options. Vocational assessment services can range from brief vocational screening through to comprehensive vocational assessment and counselling, depending on the worker’s circumstances. Realistic vocational options are identified by analysing the worker’s work profile and matching the work profile with a suitable work environment. The work profile includes a description of the worker’s transferable skills, abilities, aptitude, interests, preferences, restrictions and work capacities. Page 330 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultantsJob options are then analysed for their match with the worker’s profile such as work requirements, work culture and availability within the accessible labour market. The worker’s preinjury wage and status is also considered when making the match. If the match is incomplete, skills acquisition is considered through practical or formal training modes. Exploring a worker’s work profile and assisting in identifying vocational options may be undertaken through interviews, counselling, and where appropriate administration of vocational tools.Staff qualifications A person with a qualification recognised by one of the following associations or registered with relevant state registration boards: Australian Society of Rehabilitation Counsellors.  Rehabilitation Counselling Association of Australia.  Psychologists Registration Board of NSW.With at least six months’ experience in workplace rehabilitation; or under supervision of an experienced Counsellor.Rehabilitation Counselling Service Description Provision of a counselling service to an injured worker throughout the course of rehabilitation, focusing on the worker's health and return to work needs. Counselling will be aimed towards the development, implementation and completion of a Return to Work Plan for each worker. Activities include:  Determination of counselling needs.  Supportive, educational and motivational counselling conducted throughout service delivery.  Assisting the injured worker to maximise function and manage disability and adverse events.  When appropriate, counselling to identify suitable job options where vocational counseling is not required as the worker’s transferable skills clearly match an appropriate job option.Staff qualifications A person with a qualification recognised by one of the following associations or registered with relevant state registration boards: Australian Society of Rehabilitation Counsellors.  Rehabilitation Counselling Association of Australia.  Psychologists Registration Board of NSW.  Australian Association of Social Workers. OR  a rehabilitation consultant who has undertaken additional training in counselling. Advice or Assistance Concerning Job Seeking Service Description Provision of advice or assistance in job seeking and job placement. Activities include:  Identifying job seeking needs.  Developing a job seeking plan.  Liaison with employers and relevant parties.  Teaching job seeking skills to optimise the worker’s capacity to job seek independently.  Job search and negotiating placements (both job and work trial).  Provision of post-placement support.Staff qualifications A person with a qualification recognised by one of the following associations or registered with relevant state registration boards:Page 331 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants Australian Society of Rehabilitation Counsellors.  Rehabilitation Counselling Association of Australia. OR  a person who has at least 12 months’ proven track record in placing disadvantaged job seekers with a new employer (minimum of five placements in this period) and under the supervision of a qualified rehabilitation consultant; or  a rehabilitation consultant who has received training in seeking and using labour market information, instructing job seekers in job seeking skills, locating jobs, negotiating placements with employers, and using WorkCover NSW and other incentive programs for employers. Advice or Assistance in Arranging Vocational RetrainingService Description Arranging and monitoring sponsorship for:  Retraining for the purpose of assisting the injured worker obtain a suitable job with the pre- injury employer or new employer.  Work trials for the purpose of assisting injured workers to develop marketable skills to obtain a suitable job and/or upgrade physical and psychological capacity for work.Staff qualifications As per rehabilitation consultant qualifications.Minimum qualification for specific workplace rehabilitation services A person who does not meet the minimum qualifications detailed for a workplace assessment, functional assessment or vocational assessment as detailed above can apply to WorkCover NSW for approval to deliver that service. Applicants must meet the minimum qualifications and experience for rehabilitation consultants and are required to demonstrate their competence to provide the specific workplace rehabilitation service for which the application is made. Guidelines and application forms for the following services can be found on the WorkCover NSW website:  Functional Assessment.  Workplace Assessment.  Vocational Assessment.Victoria CODE DEFINITIONS QUALIFICATIONSRC700-755 Original Employer Services A qualified rehabilitation (OES) professional. An OES Initial Assessment involves a Consultant contacting Formal qualifications in ergonomics. the parties and assessing the availability of suitable duties in the workplace. Formal qualifications in occupational Identifies the worker’s current work health or related field in which capacity, summarises the worker’s ergonomics has been studied. pre-injury duties, medical restrictions, functional limitations, Undergraduate degree studies and proposes solutions to any which includes an ergonomics unit & perceived barriers to return to work a substantial component of human (RTW). biosciences. OES includes delivery of services Undergraduate studies including such as: substantial component of human Workplace visits. factors engineering. Contact to parties including the worker, employer and treating health practitioner(s). Meetings with parties including the worker and employer Provision of advice to the worker Page 332 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants and employer about RTW.RC760 Functional Assessment Specialist in rehabilitation medicine. This assessment will consider the A Physiotherapist. worker’s physiological and/or An Occupational Therapist. psychological functioning as they relate to current work capacity, the An Occupational Physician. RTW goal and suitable A Psychologist. employment options being pursued.RC770 Vocational Re-education A qualified rehabilitation Assessment / Vocational Re- professional. Deployment Assessment A vocational adviser. This person Vocational Re-Education has received formal qualifications in, Assessment and/or experience in employment This assessment will consider the services and knowledge of the suitable employment identified for current labour markets. the worker and determine which type of course or retraining options are most likely to assist the worker to return to work with their pre- injury employer. Vocational Re-Deployment Assessment This type of assessment is used for workers with a current work capacity who may be able to return to work with the pre injury employer at a location other than where they were injured. The assessment will identify the worker's transferable skills and abilities, and outline the agreed actions to be undertaken to enable the worker to seek other suitable employment opportunities at another locations of the injury employer including, but not limited to, preparing a resume for the worker as well as ensuring the worker has the necessary skills to participate effectively in job seeking.RC780 Work Conditioning A Physiotherapist. The process of gradually increasing An Occupational Therapist. a worker’s physical and mental An Occupational Physician. tolerances, to improve fitness and/or confidence in returning to suitable employment. It is preferable that wherever possible, this service emulates the tasks/activities relevant to the RTW goal and suitable employment being pursued.RC790 Functional Education A Physiotherapist. The process for educating the An Occupational Therapist. worker to maximise function and An Occupational Physician. minimise the risk of subsequent Page 333 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants injury to the worker particularly, an injury of the same kind.RC800/805 NES Vocational Assessment -/ A vocational advisor. Subsequent Vocational Assessment A psychologist. An OR consultant completes this service to assist the Agent determine whether a worker is suitable for a 26 Week NES or not. A NES Vocational Assessment recommendation to commence NES (NES Referral option) needs prioritised suitable employment options identified for a worker based on their transferable skills and abilities and a current labour market analysis relevant to the worker and where they reside. Transferable skills and abilities are based on the worker’s knowledge, skills, competencies, current work capacity including restrictions for work, interests as well as aptitude.RC810 NES Workplace Assessment A Physiotherapist. A Consultant completes a NES An Occupational Therapist. Workplace Assessment when they A qualified rehabilitation can demonstrate to the Agent that professional. the worker has been formally offered a new job. The assessment confirms the duties/tasks of the job are suitable and the workplace is safe and appropriate for the worker. A NES Workplace Assessment Report should also include any recommendation for modifications to the workplace and/or the duties/ tasks of the job to minimise the risk of further injury to the worker.RC820 NES Functional Assessment Specialist in rehabilitation medicine. A Consultant completes a NES A Physiotherapist. Functional Assessment when they An Occupational Therapist. can demonstrate to the Agent that the worker has been formally An Occupational Physician. offered a new job but there is some concern the worker’s current work capacity does not match the requirements needed to perform the duties/tasks of the job. A NES Functional Assessment Report will be based on a measurement of the worker’s capacity against the duties/tasks of the job using relevant, objective and verifiable testing methods. A NES Functional Assessment Report should also include any recommendation for additional Page 334 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants assistance to build the worker’s capacity for the new job.RC830 NES Vocational Re-education A qualified rehabilitation Assessment professional. A Consultant completes a NES A vocational advisor. Vocational Re-education Assessment where a NES Vocational Assessment Report recommends that a worker needs retraining (vocational re-education) to enhance their competiveness in the open labour market and secure a job. A NES Vocational Re-education Assessment Report must demonstrate why a particular retraining course is being recommended and be relevant to the prioritised suitable employment options identified for the worker and their current transferable skills/abilities. Workers must be given access to retraining where a qualification, certificate or licence is a prerequisite of any job identified as a prioritised suitable employment option. Retraining must also be considered where no suitable employment options can be identified for a worker based on their current level of transferable skills/abilities suggesting a new vocational redirection is needed.RC831/832 NES Monitoring of Retraining A qualified rehabilitation NES Monitoring of a retraining professional. course will be via telephone to the A vocational advisor. worker, the Agent and where appropriate the retraining organisation. A Consultant will only complete a written report where the Agent believes the worker’s participation in the retraining course may be a concern.RC840/RC886 NES Vocational Counselling / A qualified rehabilitation Refresher Vocational professional. Counselling A vocational advisor. NES Vocational Counselling may be recommended for a worker who has completed a 26 Week NES and is an independent job seeker because An OR Provider believes the worker has particular RTW difficulties that could not be addressed in a 26 Week NES and this has impacted on their ability to Page 335 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants find a job. A Consultant submits the NES Vocational Counselling Report when the number of hours or weeks has been satisfied and the report must demonstrate the progress made by the worker to complete the agreed actions outlined within the ‘Future activities’ section of the Worker Independent Job Seeker Plan. Agents only approve continuation of this service for independent job seekers with particular difficulties.RC850 NES Work Conditioning A Physiotherapist. An Agent will only consider NES An Occupational Therapist. Work Conditioning after a NES An Occupational Physician. Functional Assessment Report has recommended that additional assistance is needed to build the worker’s capacity for the new job and the worker is NOT receiving treatment services from a Physiotherapist or an Occupational Therapist or an Occupational Physician. NES Work Conditioning should be offered over an agreed time period.RC860 NES Functional Education A Physiotherapist. An Agent will only consider NES An Occupational Therapist. Functional Education where NES An Occupational Physician. Work Conditioning has been approved. NES Functional Education may be offered concurrently to NES Work Conditioning over an agreed time period (most usually not more than 4 calendar weeks) and a NES Functional Education Report must demonstrate that the worker understands how to maximise their function to perform the duties/tasks of the job and how to minimise the risk of further injury.RC880-885 NES Job Seeker Plan A qualified rehabilitation A Consultant arranges to meet with professional. the worker to enable the A vocational advisor. completion of a NES Job Seeker A Psychologist. Plan. The plan outlines the actions to be completed within NES to achieve the prioritised suitable employment options identified within the NES Vocational Assessment Report. Where the prioritised suitable employment options have changed after the report was submitted then the actions must be aimed at Page 336 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants achieving the new RTW goals. The number of resumes sent out or the outcome of interviews attended should be reported. NES aims for the worker to become an independent job seeker with the competencies to pursue the prioritised suitable employment options themselves. See - OR Service Fees and Codes - WorkSafe Victoria for additional details and codesAllied health providers need to meet the requirements to practise in Queensland, as established by the relevant health registration board.Further details of the requirements for each of the Allied Health services are available within the links below.Allied Health Providers Chiropractors 1 July 2010 Dental 1 July 2010 Queensland Exercise Physiologists 1 July 2010 Nursing 1 July 2010 Occupational Therapy 1 July 2010 Osteopathy 1 July 2010 Other Rehabilitation 1 July 2010 Physiotherapy 1 July 2010 Podiatry 1 July 2010 Psychology 1 July 2010 Speech Pathology 1 July 2010 Qualifications for approvalAs part of the National Approval Framework for Workplace Rehabilitation Providers, workplace, rehabilitation consultants must have a qualification recognised, accredited or registered by one of the following associations or State registration boards:  Australian Society of Rehabilitation Counsellors  Rehabilitation Counselling Association of Australia  Australian Association of Occupational Therapists (registered in QLD, SA, NT and WA)  Physiotherapist Registration Board (registered)  Australian Association of Exercise and Sports Science (accredited as Exercise Physiologists)  Psychologists Registration Board (registered)  Speech Pathology Australia  Australian Association of Social Workers Western  Medical Board (registered) Australia  Nurses Registration Board (registered) AND 12 months or more experience delivering workplace rehabilitation services.Where Workplace Rehabilitation Consultants have less than 12 months’ experience delivering workplace rehabilitation services, a comprehensive induction program will be completed and professional supervision provided for at least 12 months.Provision of specific services Consultants should also have relevant qualifications for certain prescribed services in regulation 44 of the Workers’ Compensation and Injury Management Regulations 1982 (e.g. a physiotherapist would not provide support counselling). However, the Regulations do not prescribe qualifications for the corresponding vocational rehabilitation services. South AustraliaPage 337 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants Notice in the SA Government Gazette 2010, No 63 (9 September 2010), under s32 of the WRC Act 1986: chiropractor means a person registered as a chiropractor under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law to practise in the chiropractic profession (other than as a student); occupational therapist means a person registered as an occupational therapist under the Occupational Therapy Practice Act 2005 (SA); physiotherapist means a person registered as a physiotherapist under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law to practise in the physiotherapy profession (other than as a student); psychologist means a person registered as a psychologist under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law to practise in the psychology profession (other than as a student);Vocational Rehabilitation Service and Fee Package (booklet) Minimum qualifications and experience for service delivery Pre-injury employer return to work services (non section 30A claims) A person must satisfy the following minimum criteria in order to be registered with WorkCover to provide pre-injury employer return to work services: Qualifications An approved tertiary course in rehabilitation counselling or its equivalent; or a degree in either:  Bachelor of Arts - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, social or health sciences) - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, human services or health sciences) - Major in Disability Studies  Bachelor of Psychology  Bachelor of Social Work  Bachelor of Business or Management (Human Resources Major)  Bachelor of Nursing Based on at least three years of study, or, graduate diploma qualifications in either:  Social work  Psychology  Rehabilitation counselling  Disability studies  Business/Management (Human Resources major)  Counselling  Nursing Or Registered with a professional body as a registered nurse, occupational therapist, physiotherapist or psychologist. Experience A minimum of two years recent employment experience (full-time equivalent) as a provider of vocational rehabilitation services. Pre-injury employer return to work services (psychiatric disability – section 30A claims) A person must satisfy the following minimum criteria in order to be registered with WorkCover to provide return to work pre-injury employer (psychiatric disability) services: Qualifications An approved tertiary course in rehabilitation counselling or its equivalent; or a degree in either:  Bachelor of Arts - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, social or health sciences) - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, human services or health sciences) - Major in Disability Studies  Bachelor of Psychology  Bachelor of Social Work  Bachelor of Nursing (Psychiatric) Based on at least three years of study, or, graduate diploma qualifications in either:  Social work  Psychology  Rehabilitation counselling Page 338 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants  Counselling  Psychiatric nursing Or Registered with a professional body as a registered psychiatric nurse, occupational therapist or psychologist. Experience A minimum of one year’s recent employment experience (full time equivalent) as a provider of vocational rehabilitation services and a minimum of two years experience in the case management of persons with a psychiatric disability. OR A minimum of three years recent employment experience (full-time equivalent) as a vocational rehabilitation provider. Different employer transition A person must satisfy the following minimum criteria in order to be registered with WorkCover to provide different employer transition return to work services: Qualifications An approved tertiary course in rehabilitation counselling or its equivalent; or a degree in either:  Bachelor of Arts - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, social or health sciences) - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, human services or health sciences) - Major in Disability Studies  Bachelor of Psychology  Bachelor of Social Work  Bachelor of Business or Management (Human Resources Major)  Bachelor of Nursing Based on at least three years of study, or, graduate diploma qualifications in either:  Social work  Psychology  Rehabilitation counselling  Disability studies  Business/Management (Human Resources major)  Counselling  Nursing Or Registered with a professional body as a registered nurse, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, or psychologist. Experience A minimum of one year’s recent employment experience (full-time equivalent) in employment counselling and one year employment experience as a vocational rehabilitation consultant OR A minimum of two years recent employment experience (full-time equivalent) as a vocational rehabilitation consultant. IJSP rehabilitation consultant A person must satisfy the following minimum criteria in order to be registered with WorkCover to manage and coordinate service delivery for the Intensive Job Seeking Program: Qualifications An approved tertiary course in rehabilitation counselling or its equivalent; or a degree in either;  Bachelor of Arts - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, social or health sciences) - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, human services or health sciences) - Major in Disability Studies  Bachelor of Psychology  Bachelor of Social Work  Bachelor of Business or Management (Human Resources major)  Bachelor of Nursing Based on at least three years of study, or, graduate diploma qualifications in either:  Social work  Psychology Page 339 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants  Rehabilitation counselling  Disability Studies  Business/Management (Human Resources major)  Counselling  Nursing Or Registered with a professional body as a registered nurse, occupational therapist, physiotherapist, or psychologist. Experience A minimum of one year’s recent employment experience (full-time equivalent) in employment counseling and one year employment experience as a vocational rehabilitation consultant OR A minimum of two years recent employment experience (full-time equivalent) as a vocational rehabilitation consultant Restoration to the community This service is provided by a registered vocational rehabilitation consultant (see below for details) to a worker and/or their family when a worker has suffered a serious/catastrophic injury. The aim of the service is to facilitate the worker’s recovery and restoration to the community. Cases in the category of serious injury are identified by the nature and type of injury and usually involve long periods of hospitalisation, treatment and recovery and result in permanent impairment. A person must satisfy the following minimum criteria in order to be registered with WorkCover to provide restoration to the community services: Qualifications An approved tertiary course in rehabilitation counselling or its equivalent; or a degree in either:  Bachelor of Arts - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, social or health sciences) - Major in Psychology  Bachelor of Science (including behavioural, applied, human services or health sciences) - Major in Disability Studies  Bachelor of Psychology  Bachelor of Social Work  Bachelor of Nursing Based on at least three years of study, or, postgraduate qualifications in either:  Social work  Psychology  Rehabilitation counselling  Counselling  Nursing Or Registered with a professional body as a registered nurse, occupational therapist, physiotherapist or psychologist. Experience A minimum of one years recent employment experience (full-time equivalent) as a vocational rehabilitation consultant AND a minimum of two years recent experience (full-time equivalent) in the case management of seriously injured persons. OR A minimum of three years recent employment experience (full-time equivalent) as a vocational rehabilitation consultant. Tasmania The WorkCover Tasmania Board has adopted the Nationally Consistent Approval Framework for Workplace Rehabilitation Providers (the National Framework). Any organisation seeking to be an accredited workplace rehabilitation provider must submit an application to the Board demonstrating how it will meet the Principles of Workplace Rehabilitation, the Conditions of Approval and the Code of Conduct in accordance with the National Framework.Qualifications of a Workplace Rehabilitation ConsultantIt is a Condition of Approval that a workplace rehabilitation provider has systems for ensuring that its workplace rehabilitation consultants have the minimum qualifications that are eligible for Page 340 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants verification.A workplace rehabilitation consultant will have a qualification that is eligible to be recognised, accredited or registered by one of the following associations or State registration boards:  Australian Society of Rehabilitation Counsellors  Rehabilitation Counselling Association of Australia  Australian Association of Occupational Therapists  Physiotherapist Registration Board  Australian Association of Exercise and Sports Science  Psychologists Registration Board  Speech Pathology Australia  Australian Association of Social Workers  Medical Board  Nurses Registration Board,AND 12 months or more experience delivering workplace rehabilitation services.Where a workplace rehabilitation consultant has less than 12 months experience delivering workplace rehabilitation services, a comprehensive induction program will be completed and professional supervision provided for a least 12 months. The Board also allows a person who does not meet the minimum qualifications for a rehabilitation consultant to apply to the Board for approval to deliver workplace rehabilitation services in Tasmania only. (from WorkCover Tasmania “The role of the workplace rehabilitation provider”)Approval is not given unless NT WorkSafe considers that the person, agency or body is capable of Northern providing vocational rehabilitation under the legislation, and the person, agency or body meets Territory standards approved by NT WorkSafe - S50(2). r22 Qualifications of rehabilitation providers and their employees (1) It is a condition of a rehabilitation provider’s approval that the rehabilitation provider, or an employee of the provider, must not provide a rehabilitation service unless qualified to provide the service. (2) For this section, a person is qualified to provide a rehabilitation service mentioned in table 22, column 2 only if the person has the qualification mentioned in column 3 for the service.Table 22 column 1 column 2 column 3 qualification item service 1 occupational eligibility for membership of the Australian Association of therapy Occupational Therapists 2 physiotherapy registration as a physiotherapist under the Health Australian Professionals Act 2004 or the Physiotherapists Act 1977 Capital (unless repealed) Territory * 3 rehabilitation eligibility for membership of the Australian Society of counselling Rehabilitation Counsellors 4 psychology registration as a psychologist under the Health services Professionals Act 2004 or the Psychologists Act 1994 (unless repealed) 5 social work eligibility for membership of the Australian Association of services Social Workers(3) For this section, a nurse is qualified to provide rehabilitation services if— (a) the nurse has at least 12 months experience providing rehabilitation services; or (b) the nurse has a qualification in safety science, occupational health and safety or ergonomics. Note For the meaning of nurse, see the Legislation Act, dict, pt 1.Page 341 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultantsGuidelines – Criteria for initial approval or renewal of approval as a rehabilitation program provider (workplace rehabilitation provider)Criterion 1: Competence 1.1 The applicant (including a principal and any workplace rehabilitation provider engaged or employed by the applicant) must be competent to manage rehabilitation programs under section 37 of the SRC Act.1.2 The applicant’s management structure must include at least one individual who: (a) holds a workplace rehabilitation qualification referred to in criteria 1.4(a); and (b) is able to demonstrate five years relevant workplace rehabilitation experience.1.3 The applicant must have systems to ensure that workplace rehabilitation providers have the minimum qualifications and that those qualifications have been verified.1.4 The applicant may demonstrate competence by establishing that the applicant (including a principal or workplace rehabilitation provider engaged or employed by the applicant): (a) has a qualification that is recognised1, accredited2 or registered3 by one of the following associations or registration boards (however described) – (i) Australian Society of Rehabilitation Counsellors (recognised), (ii) Rehabilitation Counselling Association of Australia (recognised), (iii) Australian Association of Occupational Therapists (recognised), (iv) Occupational Therapists Registration Board (registered), (v) Physiotherapists Registration Board (registration), Commonwealth (vi) Australian Association of Exercise and Sports Science Comcare (accredited as Exercise Physiologist), (vii) Psychologists Registration Board (registered), (viii) Speech Pathology Australia (recognised), (ix) Australian Association of Social Workers (recognised), (x) Medical Board (registered), or (xi) Nurses Registration Board (registered); and has 12 months or more experience delivering workplace rehabilitation services; andNote: A provider will be taken to satisfy criteria 1.4(a) if they will be eligible for full membership of the relevant professional association on completion of a current period of required supervised professional practice. (b) has appropriate skills, knowledge and experience to deliver workplace rehabilitation services; and (c) has knowledge of injury management principles and workers’ compensation legislation, policy and procedures; and (d) all workplace rehabilitation providers and other staff interfacing with injured employees and their employers and workplaces have appropriate and required checks and clearances, such as child protection, occupational health and safety, police and security. 1.5 Where a workplace rehabilitation provider has less than 12 months experience in delivering workplace rehabilitation services, a provider who otherwise satisfies criteria 1.4 may be taken to have satisfied criteria 1.4 if it can be demonstrated that the applicant can and will provide a comprehensive induction program and professional supervision to that workplace rehabilitation provider for at least 12 months. 1.6 An applicant (including a principal or workplace rehabilitation provider) that has been approved prior to 1 January 2010 and has maintained approval shall be taken to satisfy criteria 1.4. s48 states that approved rehabilitation program providers under Part 3 of the Seafarers Commonwealth Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 has the same meaning as in the Safety, Rehabilitation Seacare and Compensation Act 1988. Therefore, criteria for the qualification of rehab providers is the same as Comcare.Page 342 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultantsCommonwealth As for Comcare. DVA New Zealand Stay at Work Programme 7.2 The Vendor will ensure that each Service Provider providing the Stay at Work Service holds as a minimum, one of the following qualifications: 7.2.1. New Zealand Registered Physiotherapist; 7.2.2. New Zealand Registered Occupational Therapist; or 7.2.3. New Zealand Registered Nurse with relevant postgraduate papers in rehabilitation, workplace assessment, and ergonomics; and 7.2.4. belongs to the professional body relevant to their qualification and holds a current Annual Practising Certificate; and 7.2.5. has experience in rehabilitation, and adheres to the supervision requirements for their relevant professional body. Employment Maintenance Programme 6.1 Staffing Requirements 6.1.1 Professional qualification criteria for the Employment Maintenance Programme are as follows: 6.1.2 The initial interview and vocational modules must be undertaken by an ACC registered Vocational Practitioner who: (a) holds a relevant tertiary qualification (e.g. rehabilitation, psychology, career counselling, social work, human resource management), and has at least one years relevant experience in providing vocational rehabilitation Services; or (b) holds a tertiary qualification and has at least 2 years relevant experience in providing vocational rehabilitation Services; or (c) has at least 5 years relevant experience in providing vocational rehab Services and has demonstrated excellence in Service provision and an ability to work effectively with ACC; and (d) is a current full member of a relevant professional association (e.g. NZAC, CPANZ, NZPSS, NZASW, NZAOT, NZSP) unless clause 6.12(e) applies. (e) Practitioners without current professional membership to a relevant association must have commenced work towards this, and be able to demonstrate their intent to complete this within a stated timeframe. The Vendor must forward to the programme manager evidence of the completed membership by the timeframe stated. The status of the membership must be that of ‘professional’ member. 6.1.3 Rehabilitation Modules must be provided by an ACC registered Rehabilitation Professional who must hold as a minimum, one of the following qualifications, and, in addition to a current practising certificate, have full current membership of the relevant professional body pertaining to their qualification: (a) New Zealand Registered Occupational Therapist; (b) New Zealand Registered Physiotherapist; (c) New Zealand Registered Nurse, practising in Occupational Health, with relevant postgraduate papers in rehabilitation, workplace assessment, and ergonomics; (d) Service Providers must also have experience in rehabilitation, and adhere to the supervision requirements for their relevant professional bodies. Initial Occupational Assessment and Vocational Independence Occupational Assessment 6.1. Staffing Requirements 6.1.1. Each Assessor must be named in Part A Clause 3 of this service schedule and must have: 6.1.1.1. a tertiary qualification relevant to vocational rehabilitation (e.g. occupational therapy, rehabilitation, psychology, career counselling, social work, human resource management); and 6.1.1.2. at least two years relevant experience (field work whilst studying is excluded) in providing vocational rehabilitation services and has demonstrated excellence in service provision and an ability to work effectively with ACC ; and 6.1.1.3. current full membership of a relevant professional association* (e.g. NZAOT, NZSP, NZAC, CPANZ, NZPsS, NZASW, NZOHNA). *Current practitioners without current full membership of a relevant association must complete all requirements and gain current full membership of a relevant professional association by 30 Page 343 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants January 2010. Following this date all applicants must have current full membership of their relevant professional association Work Preparation Programme 6.3.1 Professional qualification criteria for the components of the Individual Work Preparation Programme and Pre-Employment Preparation Programme are as follows: 6.3.2 Initial Interview Component. This component must be undertaken by a person registered with ACC as an Occupational Assessor who must have: (a) A tertiary qualification relevant to vocational rehabilitation (e.g. occupational therapy, rehabilitation, psychology, career counselling, social work, human resource management); and (b) At least 2 years relevant experience in providing vocational rehabilitation services and have demonstrated excellence in service provision and an ability to work effectively with ACC; and (c) Current full membership of a relevant professional association (e.g. NZAOT, NZSP, NZAC, CPANZ, NZOHNA) unless clause 6.3.2(d) below applies; (d) Practitioners without current professional membership to a relevant association must demonstrate their intent to work towards this within a stated timeframe. 6.3.3 Pre-Employment Preparation. This module must be managed by an ACC Registered Vocational Practitioner who must: (a) Hold a relevant tertiary qualification (e.g. rehabilitation, psychology, career counselling, social work, human resource management), and has at least one years relevant experience in providing vocational rehabilitation services; or (b) Hold a tertiary qualification and have at least 2 years relevant experience in providing vocational rehabilitation services; or (c) Have at least 5 years relevant experience in providing vocational rehabilitation services and have demonstrated excellence in service provision and an ability to work effectively with ACC; and (d) Be a current full member of a relevant professional association (e.g. NZAC, CPANZ, NZPsS, NZASW, NZAOT, NZSP) unless clause 6.3.3(e) below applies ; (e) Practitioners without current professional membership to a relevant association must have commenced work towards this, and be able to demonstrate their intent to complete this within a stated timeframe. The status of the membership must be that of ‘professional’ member Work Ready Programme 6.2.1. The Vendor will ensure that a Service Provider providing the CV Review and vocational components of the Work Ready Programme must: 6.2.1.1. hold a relevant tertiary qualification (e.g. rehabilitation, psychology, career counselling, social work, human resource management), and have at least one years relevant experience in providing vocational rehabilitation Services; or 6.2.1.2. hold any tertiary qualification and have at least 2 years relevant experience in providing vocational rehabilitation Services; or 6.2.1.3. have at least 5 years relevant experience in providing vocational rehabilitation services and have demonstrated excellence in Service provision and an ability to work effectively with ACC; and 6.2.1.4. be a current full member of a relevant professional association (e.g. New Zealand Association of Counsellors (NZAC), Career Practitioners Association of New Zealand (CPANZ), New Zealand Psychological Society (NZPsS), Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (NZASW), New Zealand Association of Occupational Therapists (NZAOT), New Zealand Society of Physiotherapists (NZSP) unless clause 6.2.1.5 applies; 6.2.2. Practitioners without current professional membership of a relevant association must have commenced work towards this, and be able to demonstrate their intent to complete this within a stated timeframe. The status of the membership must be that of ‘professional’ member. 6.2.3. On Site Work Assessment –The Vendor will ensure that each Service Provider providing the On Site Work Assessment and monitoring holds as a minimum, one of the following qualifications: 6.2.3.1. New Zealand Registered Physiotherapist; Page 344 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Minimum Qualifications of rehabilitation consultants 6.2.3.2. New Zealand Registered Occupational Therapist; or 6.2.3.3. New Zealand Registered Nurse with relevant postgraduate papers in rehabilitation, workplace assessment, and ergonomics; and 6.2.3.4. hold a current Annual Practising Certificate; and 6.2.3.5. has experience in rehabilitation, and adheres to the supervision requirements for their relevant professional body. Physical Fitness for Work and Independence Programme 6.5.1. Services will only be provided by an appropriately qualified Service Provider who is qualified to practise in New Zealand as one of the following: 6.5.1.1. Physiotherapist; 6.5.1.2. Occupational Therapist; or 6.5.1.3. Medical Practitioner; or 6.5.1.4. Osteopath; and 6.5.1.5. has relevant experience and/or skills to provide the Physical Fitness for Work and Independence Programme; and 6.5.1.6. has access to regular clinical supervision with a qualified and experienced supervisor, in line with the relevant professional body; and 6.5.1.7. practices in accordance with appropriate professional standards of practice. * as at 30 June 2010 1 - The qualification must enable the provider to be eligible for full membership of the recognised professional body. 2 - Exercise physiologists need to be accredited by the Australian Association for Exercise and Sports Science. 3 - In order for certain workplace rehabilitation providers and medical practitioners to practice they must hold current registration with the relevant State or Territory registration board (however described).7.3.3 Approval/Accreditation ProcessThe Framework allows for a nationally consistent approval process for workplace rehabilitation providers. However, approval by a workers’ compensation authority does not imply automatic approval to provide services in another workers’ compensation authority.The application and evaluation processes outline how an organisation may apply to become a provider and, once they are approved, how to maintain that approval through conformance with the Conditions of Approval. In summary an organisation wishing to be approved as a provider:. makes an application to the workers’ compensation authority in which approval is sought. The application outlines how their organisation will meet the Conditions of Approval. If the application is approved, the provider is granted a three year Instrument of Approval. . After the first 12 months of approval the provider may be required to undergo an independent evaluation at the discretion of the workers’ compensation authority. . During the three years of approval, the provider must complete annual self-evaluations and may be required to undergo a periodic evaluation and/or exception evaluation by an independent evaluator, initiated at the discretion of the workers’ compensation authority. . If the provider seeks to renew their Instrument of Approval, they are required to submit a renewal application to the authorities from whom the renewal is sought prior to the expiration of the three year approval period. . An application must include a signed Statement of Commitment to the Conditions of Approval and a Statement of Commitment to the Code of Conduct for Workplace Rehabilitation Providers.Under the Framework, each workers’ compensation authority will charge fees for applications and evaluations according to their own fee schedules.Page 345 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20107.3.4 Conditions of Approval The following conditions apply to Instruments of Approval as a workplace rehabilitation provider: 1. The workplace rehabilitation provider must comply with the Principles of Workplace Rehabilitation. 2. The workplace rehabilitation provider must ensure that all services are delivered in accordance with the Workplace Rehabilitation Model by persons who hold the minimum qualifications as defined in the Principles of Workplace Rehabilitation and in accordance with service descriptions appropriate to the workers’ compensation authority where the approval is being sought. 3. The workplace rehabilitation provider’s management structure must include at least one person who holds a rehabilitation consultant qualification outlined in the Principles of Workplace Rehabilitation and who is able to demonstrate five years’ relevant workplace rehabilitation experience. 4. The workplace rehabilitation provider must participate in annual self-evaluations and in independent evaluations as required by the workers’ compensation authority to demonstrate conformance with the Conditions of Approval. 5. The workplace rehabilitation provider must demonstrate management of 12 cases of workplace rehabilitation within any workers’ compensation jurisdiction for each 12 month period within the three year approval period. (Due consideration will be given to providers servicing rural and remote areas). 6. The workplace rehabilitation provider must maintain the minimum return to work rate as set by the workers’ compensation authority. 7. The workplace rehabilitation provider must provide data to the workers’ compensation authority consistent with the Conditions of Approval. 8. The workplace rehabilitation provider must deliver services in compliance with the Code of Conduct for Workplace Rehabilitation Providers. 9. The workplace rehabilitation provider’s facilities at all locations where services are delivered, must provide an accessible and appropriate environment for workers, staff and visitors and comply with local workplace health and safety legislation. 10. The workplace rehabilitation provider must remain financially solvent. 11. The workplace rehabilitation provider must notify the workers’ compensation authority in advance, or as soon as practical, if any of the following situations arise, and accept that the workers’ compensation authority will review the status of approval and determine whether the proposed arrangements conform with the Conditions of Approval: i. the business is sold or the controlling interest in the business is taken over by a new shareholder(s), owner(s) or director(s). ii. the business changes its trading name or location of premises. iii. the business supplies or has connections with other suppliers of services within the workers’ compensation industry. iv. a new chief executive officer or director or head of management is appointed. v. there is a major change in the service delivery model and/or staff which may impact on the delivery of the workplace rehabilitation services. vi. there is any other change that affects, or may affect, the provider’s service quality and procedures. vii. the provider has entered into voluntary financial administration, becomes insolvent or is the subject of bankruptcy proceedings. viii. there is any professional misconduct proceedings being taken against the provider or any individuals employed or engaged by the provider.Page 346 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 201012. The workplace rehabilitation provider must accept that the workers’ compensation authority may: i. initiate an evaluation at any time during the period of the approval which may involve an evaluation of conformance to the Conditions of Approval ii. consult with the relevant professional or industry associations in determining what are reasonable expectations regarding performance iii. impose additional requirements iv. exchange information with other workers’ compensation authorities on provider performance v. cancel approval status if the above conditions are not met. 7.3.5 Cross Jurisdictional Application for Approval Where an organisation has already been issued with an Instrument of Approval, they may seek approval from other workers’ compensation authorities where they wish to provide workplace rehabilitation services. Those workers’ compensation authorities may require supplementary information prior to granting the applicant approval in their jurisdiction. Providers seeking concurrent approval by more than one workers’ compensation authority will ‘apply’ to the workers’ compensation authorities where approval is sought. However, the ‘home jurisdiction’ will assess the provider’s application against the Conditions of Approval. The home jurisdiction will advise the organisation of the outcome of the assessment. The provider will send this advice (email, letter, instrument of approval, etc) to the other jurisdictions in which approval is sought. The other workers’ compensation authorities will use the outcome of the assessment made by the home jurisdiction to complete their approval process. They may also specify additional jurisdictional requirements. 7.3.6 Workplace Rehabilitation Fees StructureTable 7.17 – Workplace Rehabilitation Fees Structure as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Workplace Rehabilitation Fees StructureFees for workplace rehabilitation are not gazetted and are determined by the market. Current fee structures include hourly rate, fees for specific services, milestone/outcome models and a combination of these models. The hourly rate range is $140 - $189 (plus GST) with most converging between $150 - $160. New South Wales * Fees are gazetted for most allied health services – (ie physiotherapy, osteopathy, chiropractor, exercise physiology, psychology and counselling and remedial massage therapy). Fees are gazetted for medical practitioners, ambulance, public and private hospitals.Original Employer Services Fees plus GSTService Service Description Item Code 10/11OES Initial Assessment RC700 Fixed amount $691.41 OES Progress Report Months 1 - 5 RC701 Fixed amount $89.00 Victoria OES Progress Report Months 7 -11 RC702 Fixed amount $89.00 OES Progress Report Post 12 Months RC703 Fixed amount $89.00 6 Month Progress Report RC705 Fixed amount $123.55 12 Month Progress Report RC710 Fixed amount $123.55 OES Suspension RC712 Fixed amount $89.00 Page 347 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Workplace Rehabilitation Fees StructureOES Servicing RC715 Negotiated number of hours @ hourly rateOES RTW Assistance RC717 Negotiated number of hours @ hourly rate capped at $209.05Incentive Fee for 50% Pre-Injury Hours RC720 Fixed amount $95.00 (PIH) AchievedIncentive Fee for 100% Pre-injury Hours RC730 Fixed amount $190.00 (PIH) AchievedIncentive Fee for 13 Week Sustainability RC740 Fixed amount $510.00 AchievedIncentive Fee for Pre-Injury Duties (PID) RC750 Fixed amount $190.00 or Productive Duties AchievedOES One-Off Assessment RC755 Negotiated number of hours @ hourly rate capped at 691.40Functional Assessment RC760 Negotiated number of hours up to 5 hours @ hourly rateVocational Re-education Assessment / RC770 Negotiated number of Vocational Re-Deployment Assessment hours up to 5 hours @ hourly rateWork Conditioning RC780 Negotiated number of hours up to 5 hours @ hourly rateFunctional Educational RC790 Negotiated number of hours up to 5 hours @ hourly rateOES Cessation RC795 Fixed amount $89.00 Travel RC799 Negotiated number of hours @ hourly rateNew Employer Services Fees plus GSTService Item Service Description Code 10/11NES Vocational Assessment RC800 $696.60 fixed amountNES Subsequent Vocational RC805 Fixed amount Assessment negotiated up to $696.60NES Workplace Assessment RC810 Negotiated number of hours @ hourly rateNES Functional Assessment RC820 Negotiated number of hours @ hourly rateNES Vocational Re-education RC830 Negotiated number of Assessment hours @ hourly rateNES Monitoring of Retraining < 26 RC831 Negotiated number of weeks duration hours up to 4 hours @ hourly rate Page 348 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Workplace Rehabilitation Fees StructureNES Monitoring of Retraining > 26 RC832 Negotiated number of weeks duration hours up to 8 hours @ hourly rateNES Vocational Counselling RC840 Up to 2 hours per 8 weeks @ hourly rate rateNES Work Conditioning RC850 Negotiated number of hours @ hourly rateNES Functional Education RC860 Negotiated number of hours @ hourly rateNES Week 1 includes Job Seeker Plan RC880 Fixed amount $545.20NES Week 8 Job Seeker Plan RC881 Fixed amount $545.20NES Week 16 Job Seeker Plan RC883 Fixed amount $545.20NES Week Worker Independent Job RC882 Fixed amount $545.20 Seeker Plan12 Week NES Refresher Assessment & RC884/RC885 RC884 Fixed Amount Plan $696.60 / RC885 Fixed Amount $1055.25NES Refresher Vocational Counselling RC886 Up to 6 hours @ hourly rateNES Placement Report RC889 Fixed amount $545.20Incentive <52 weeks & no payments at RC890 Fixed amount $3600.00 13 weeks RTWIncentive <52 weeks & <50% payments RC891 Fixed amount $1800.00 at 13 weeks RTWIncentive >52 weeks & no payments at RC892 Fixed amount $6100.00 13 weeks RTWIncentive >52 weeks & <50% payments RC893 Fixed amount $3050.00 at 13 weeks RTW16 Week NES Refresher Vocational RC895 Fixed amount $696.60 AssessmentNES Refresher Job Seeker Plan RC896 Fixed amount $545.20NES Refresher Week 8 Job Seeker RC897 Fixed amount $545.20 PlanNES Refresher Worker Independent RC898 Fixed amount $545.20 Job Seeker PlanNES Provider Travel RC899 Negotiated number of hours @ hourly rateQueensland See http://www.qcomp.com.au/fees/medical-fee-schedules/current-medical-fee-schedulesWestern The hourly rate of $151.10 per hour is prescribed as the fee to be paid to approved providers Australia of vocational rehabilitation services when those services are provided to workers in accordance with the Act. South Australia Notice in the SA Government Gazette 2010, No 63 (9 September 2010), under s32 of the WRC Act 1986:Page 349 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Workplace Rehabilitation Fees StructureSets out the scales of charges for physiotherapy, psychology, speech pathologists, occupational therapists and chiropractors.Vocational Rehabilitation Service and Fee Package (booklet) July 2009 Item No. Description FeeRH101 Initial rehabilitation assessment (pre-injury This service is used to assess the need for $550 employer) rehabilitation services; evaluate a worker’s (fixed fee) OR rehabilitation needs; and determine appropriate actions and services to be included in the initial rehabilitation RH201 program or plan. Key activities will include: collecting (different information regarding referral requirements, contact employer) with relevant parties including employer and worker, an OR initial interview with the worker; contact with the employer (where applicable); documenting the worker’s RP102 history; assessing the worker’s rehabilitation needs; an (psychiatric initial workplace meeting including a review of incident, disability) an assessment and review of the workplace (where applicable); contact with the treating doctor and other relevant parties; formulating the initial rehabilitation program or plan and; an initial report for the case manager. Includes all activities required to complete the initial rehabilitation assessment except travel (RH405)RH102 Return to work preparation (pre-injury This service is used to prepare the worker for a return $110 (per employer) to work with the pre-injury employer or different hour) OR employer. Key activities include: coordinating strategies in consultation with the worker, employer, treating RH202 doctor and other key parties; case conferences, (different formulating a rehabilitation and return to work plan; employer) identifying, assessing and reviewing the workplace; and OR resolving workplace issues and planning activities. RP102 (psychiatric disability)RH103 Return to work monitoring: This service is used to $110 (per (pre-injury monitor and review a return to work with the pre-injury hour) employer or different employer once a worker returns to work. (PIE)) This includes any activities involved in the monitoring of a graduated return to work process or on the job OR training activities. Key activities will include: workplace RH203 visits; assessing and reviewing the workplace; ongoing (different consultation with the worker, employer, treating doctor employer) and other key parties; case conferences; formulating, monitoring and reviewing rehabilitation and return to OR RP103 work plans at the workplace; identifying and resolving (PIE return to work issues and implementing strategies to psychiatric support return to work. disability)RH104 Retraining $110 (per (pre-injury hour) This service is used to ensure the worker acquires the employer) necessary knowledge and skills to perform a new job. OR Key activities include: research of training options (on the job, formal training or formal education); research of RH204 available courses including costs, duration, location, (different anticipated outcomes; written submission of identified employer training option to case manager; identification of any OR transitional issues; clarification of physical requirements of the new job and confirmation of a match to the RP104 worker’s capacity; negotiating suitable training in (PIE Page 350 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Workplace Rehabilitation Fees Structure psychiatric consultation with the worker, employer, treating medical disability) practitioner and other key parties; incorporation of strategies into a program or plan; assessment and evaluation the worker’s progress.RH105 Dual goals (pre-injury goal only) $110 (per hour) OR This service is used to develop an individualised strategy to actively address any issues and assist a RP105 worker to locate and obtain suitable alternative (PIE employment. The primary goal is returning to work with psychiatric the pre-injury employer. The secondary goal is disability) returning to work with a different employer. Key activities include: identifying appropriate employment job options (with either pre-injury or different employer); assessing a worker’s needs and readiness for job seeking activity; providing support and practical training to the worker to improve skills and knowledge; coaching and motivational activities; liaising with employers, job placement agencies, WorkCover RISE placement service; regular reviewing activities; worksite assessment; and incorporating strategies into a rehabilitation program or plan.RH206 Job search activities (different employer transitions $110 (per goal only) hour) This service is used to develop an individualised strategy that actively addresses the problems and assists a worker to locate and obtain suitable employment. Key activities include: identifying appropriate employment options; assessing a worker’s needs and readiness for job search activity; providing support and practical training to the worker to improve job search skills and knowledge; coaching and motivational activities; liaising with employers, job placement agencies, WorkCover RISE placement service; regular reviewing activities; worksite assessment; incorporating strategies into a rehabilitation program or plan. Intensive Job Seeking Program Item No. Description FeeJS101 Initial IJSP assessment $550 (fixed fee) This service is used to assess the suitability of a worker receiving IJSP services; review current information including any medical and vocational information provided by the case manager, evaluate a worker’s job search needs and determine appropriate actions and services to be included in the job search plan. Key activities include: collecting information regarding referral requirements, contact with relevant parties, an initial interview with the worker; contact with the employer; documenting a worker’s history; assessing the worker’s vocational rehabilitation needs; contacting the treating doctor and other relevant parties; and formulating the initial report, for the case manager.JS102 Return to work job search plan $300 (fixed fee) This service is used to prepare and finalised the detailed plan encompassing all activities to be undertaken by the worker during the period of the Intensive Job Seeking Program.TR103, Intensive Job Seeking Program (IJSP) Fixed fee TR203, determined by TR303 A series of services individualised to the needs of the Page 351 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Workplace Rehabilitation Fees Structure(midpoint injured worker and delivered according to the job complexity report search plan. and payment) This service aims to deliver an individualised program (depending on complexity of the case) that may TR104, include: TR204, • transitional services TR304 (final • vocational and career planning report • work preparation and training and payment • intensive job search • job placement (see service below), and/or • job retention (post-placement support). See IJSP service requirements.JP103, Job placement JP203, This service is designed to provide the essential Fee deter- JP303 services required to negotiate and successfully secure mined by (13 week sustainable and paid employment. It can be a distinct complexity and payment) referral for services or it can form part of the income JP104, progression from the Intensive Job Seeking Program. maintenance JP204, reduction JP304 (26 week See relevant sections below. paymentJS103 Incentive bonus $500 (fixed fee) A bonus is payable to providers if a sustained outcome (at 26 weeks post- placement) is delivered within a defined timeframe for each complexity tier sustainable.JS104 Exit report $275 (fixed fee) Where there is an exit from the program due to a breach of mutuality, redemption or other unforeseeable event accepted by the case manager, the service provider will be required to deliver an exit report. Restoration to the community Item Description Fee No. RH301 Initial rehabilitation assessment $110 (per hour) This service is used to assess the need for rehabilitation services; evaluate a worker’s rehabilitation needs; and determine appropriate actions and services to be included in the initial rehabilitation program. Key activities include: an initial interview with the worker; assessing the impact of the injury on the worker and/or the worker’s family; identifying the need for external services, facilities and equipment; consulting with the medical management team; formulating the initial rehabilitation program and an initial report, if requested by the case manager.RH307 Serious injury coordination $110 (per hour) This service is used to facilitate a worker’s recovery and restoration to the community. Key activities include: coordinating external service delivery; purchasing approved equipment incorporating services into a rehabilitation program; consulting with key parties; and progress reporting.Page 352 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Workplace Rehabilitation Fees StructureAdministration Item Description Fee No. RH401 No change - progress report $5 (fixed fee) Preparing and sending to case manager an email or letter when there has been no change from last progress report due to unforeseeable delays.RH402 Progress report $110 (per hour) Preparing and distributing a progress report to all parties. All rehabilitation and return to work activities associated with preparing, development, finalising and sending out to relevant parties a workers progress report. Generally prepared on a monthly basis.RH403 Closure report $110 (per hour) Preparing and distributing a report as the final activity on the file.RH404 Travel disbursements (where no regional office Cost incurred exists) Reimbursement for air travel, rental car hire (where hired at the rural or remote location after arriving there) and accommodation when travelling to provide approved vocational rehabilitation services in rural and remote areas.RH405 Travel time $110 (per hour) Consultant’s time travelling to provide rehabilitation or return to work services.RH406 Items and equipment Up to a maximum of Reimbursement for the purchase of items, equipment $500 or modifications to the workplace to support or facilitate (cumulative the return to work. Items must be purchased in per claim) accordance with the service descriptor. No fee structure. Under section 75(2A) a person who provides any services in respect of a claim for compensation must not charge a fee that is in excess of - (a) the prescribed fee; or Tasmania (b) if no fee is prescribed, the fee that the person would normally charge (taking into account any discount that would normally be applicable) for that service if that service were to be provided for a matter not connected with a claim for compensation. Penalty: Fine not exceeding 100 penalty units. Northern Not regulated. Territory Australian None, market forces decide. Capital Territory * Commonwealth Comcare Commonwealth Seacare Commonwealth None, market forces decide. DVA New Zealand Not available. * as at 30 June 2010Page 353 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20108. Miscellaneous 8.1 Leave Accrual while on Workers’ Compensation Normal leave arrangements such as recreation and long-service leave may be affected when a worker is receiving compensation for a workplace-related injury. Provisions relating to the accrual of leave may not necessarily be covered in workers’ compensation legislation, but are included for information purposes.Table 8.1 – Treatment of leave provisions while on workers’ compensation as at 30 September 2010 Jurisdiction Leave ProvisionsCompensation is payable under this Division to a worker in respect of any period of incapacity for work even though the worker has received or is entitled to receive in respect of the period any payment, allowance or benefit for holidays, annual holidays or long service leave under any Act (Commonwealth or State), award or industrial agreement New South Wales under any such Act or contract of employment – s49 1987 Act.The NSW Office of Industrial Relations advises that all entitlements such as leave continue to accrue as long as a contract of employment exists.In Victoria, leave provisions are not covered under workers' compensation legislation.WorkSafe Victoria does not provide advice on leave issues and refers enquiries to the Victoria Workplace Authority.Where weekly payments are paid or payable, regard shall not be had to any sum paid or payable in lieu of accrued annual leave or long service leave: s97(1)(d) Act.Under section 130 of the Fair Work Act 2009, an employee is not entitled to take or accrue Queensland any leave or absence (whether paid or unpaid) while on workers’ compensation.Compensation is payable to a worker in respect of any period of incapacity notwithstanding that the worker has received or is entitled to receive in respect of any such period any payment, allowance, or benefit for annual leave, or long service leave - s80(1). Western Australia Any sick leave payments made in lieu of workers’ compensation payments must be repaid to the employer and the sick leave entitlement reinstated for the relevant period - s80(2). However, Western Australian workers’ compensation legislation does not provide for how leave is to be “accrued” while on compensation. In South Australia, annual leave continues to accrue for the first twelve months of incapacity, for incapacity extending beyond twelve months, that leave is deemed to have been taken and no more accrues. South Australia Any annual leave accrued before a compensable injury remains extant.Long service leave entitlements continue to accrue throughout periods of incapacity.Tasmania's workers' compensation legislation does not deal with accrual of annual or long service leave. Tasmania Workplace Standards Tasmania advise that it is an industrial relations matter and unless an award or agreement stipulates that annual leave or long service ceases to accrue after a certain period of absence it will continue to accrue.Page 354 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Leave ProvisionsThe workers' compensation law in the Northern Territory is silent on the matter of leave and Northern the NT WorkSafe advise that is entirely a workplace relations matter between employers Territory and workers, although presumably under the relevant industrial instrument or relevant legislation.In the ACT it is very similar to NSW in which leave provisions are not covered under the workers’ compensation legislation, other than section 46 which states: 46 Effect of payment of weekly compensation on other benefits etc This part is not intended to affect an entitlement that, apart from this Act, the worker has to a benefit or payment except so far as a law in force in the ACT otherwise applies. Examples of benefits not affected 1 accrual of long service leaveAustralian Capital 2 accrual of annual leave Territory * Note An example is part of the Act, is not exhaustive and may extend, but does not limit, the meaning of the provision in which it appears (see Legislation Act, s 126 and s 132).An employee's entitlement to accrue long service leave/annual leave would be covered under their award or agreement or in some cases under the Workplace Relations Act 1996. These are administered by the Workplace Ombudsman and therefore enquiries of this nature would be usually directed to them in the first instance or in the case of a construction worker or cleaner they may be directed to the Long Service Leave Board.If an employee was covered by the Long Service Leave Act 1976, the Act stipulates that whilst off work on workers' compensation people do not accrue long service leave, however the employee's continuity would not be broken.An injured employee cannot take leave other than maternity leave while they are on compensation leave - s116. Commonwealth Comcare Annual leave and sick leave accrue during the first 45 weeks of incapacity - s116.Long service leave accrues throughout compensation leave - s116.An injured employee cannot take leave other than maternity leave while they are on compensation leave - S137. Commonwealth Seacare Long service leave entitlements continue to accrue in accordance with the applicable industrial instrument or National Employment Standard - s137.Commonwealth Maternity leave DVA If incapacity payments would have continued were it not for the pregnancy/maternity leave then they should still continue during the period that is generally considered to be the period of "confinement" ie six weeks either side of the expected/actual birth date. Compensation over and above any established top up rate is not payable beyond the 12 week period.During the 12 weeks period of "confinement" the number of hours worked for the purposes of the "adjustment percentage” in s131 should be the percentage that would have applied were it not for the pregnancy/maternity leave (ie treated similarly to a period of paid recreation leave or long service leave (LSL). Outside the 12 week period of "confinement" the number of hours worked for the purposes of the "adjustment percentage” in s113 should be the percentage based on the hours the person actually worked in the week.If at the end of the confinement the person chooses not to return to work, presuming the level of incapacity would have continued, DVA would continue to pay a similar level of top up into the future as if the person had returned to work. The fact the person decides to not Page 355 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Jurisdiction Leave Provisions return to work does not in itself alter the underlying incapacity. What DVA should pay after the 12 weeks period (if the person does not return to work) is the s131 percentage of NE (75%) (and only 75% as she is not actually working) less any income she continues to earn or would have earned (deemed) if she had returned to work. Unless not returning to work materially affects DVA’s ability to provide additional return to work assistance, aimed at increasing her AE, or DVA can point to some other material effect on the compensation we would otherwise have paid her, then it is the percentage of NE less AE that applies. Further issues to consider which may affect the level of compensation are:Is DVA satisfied with the current level of medical and other evidence concerning the person's full work potential (i.e. is deemed AE at an appropriate level)? This should be reviewed at the end of the 12 weeks and then periodically.Does the choice to leave the workforce materially affect DVA’s ability to provide rehabilitation support aimed at increasing the AE? Would DVA realistically be looking at providing additional rehabilitation? If so, is the person able and prepared to comply with our attempts to provide that rehabilitation?In some cases the person may take other paid leave such as LSL and recreation leave in conjunction with the maternity leave. The other paid leave should be treated similarly to maternity leave.The new paid parental leave (PPL) scheme will provide for 18 weeks pay at the national minimum wage from 1 January 2011. Payments under this scheme are not earnings derived from employment and cannot be considered as actual earnings and therefore have no direct impact on the level of incapacity payments. However MRCA policy is that DVA will only allow exemption from participation in the workforce or rehabilitation for the 12 week period as discussed above.Other types of leave – annual leaveCompensation is not payable for annual leave not accrued while the person is incapacitated. For example a person who started work with his employer on 1 July 2009 is normally entitled to four weeks holiday leave per year. His employer shuts between Christmas and New Year and employees are expected to use their holiday pay for this period (otherwise it is unpaid leave). The person was injured in Reserve service and has been on unpaid sick leave thus has not accrued any holiday leave. He will therefore have to take unpaid leave for the Christmas break. In this case, unless the employee is incapacitated for work as a result of a compensable injury/disease during the holiday period, then no compensation can be awarded for the time off work.Other types of leave – sick leave takenWhat DVA requires before paying incapacity is evidence of a loss. If a person has taken paid sick leave from his employer, a pay slip or confirmation from the employer that the person has been off work and as a result suffered a loss of salary, provides that evidence. Using personal sick leave entitlements from employment not connected to the ADF for the purposes of an ADF caused incapacity is a loss (a loss of sick leave entitlements that would otherwise be available for personal reasons). Once DVA has that evidence it does not require anything further, such as evidence that the sick leave has been bought back.Leave provisions are not covered under accident compensation legislation. New Zealand Annual leave continues to accrue if an employee is receiving accident compensation - Holidays Act 2003 (administered by Department of Labour).* as at 30 June 2010Page 356 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20108.2 Superannuation and Workers’ CompensationTable 8.2 - Nexus between superannuation and workers’ compensation as at 30 September 2010Jurisdiction Included in Wages for Premium Included with Income Replacement Calculation PaymentsNew South Wales Yes. No.Yes. No. However, workers are entitled to compensation in the form of superannuation contributions if weekly payments have been Victoria paid or payable for an aggregate period of 52 weeks and not cased to be paid or payable and worker has not reached 65 years: s93CE.Queensland Yes. No.Western Australia No. No.South Australia Yes. No.Tasmania Salary sacrifice only. NoNorthern No. No TerritoryNo – employer contribution. No Australian Capital Territory * Yes – employee contribution amount.No – employer contribution. No – employer contribution amount. Commonwealth Comcare Yes – employee contribution amount. Yes – employee contribution amount while still employed.No. Commonwealth No. Seacare No. Commonwealth N/A DVANew Zealand No. No.* as at 30 June 2010Page 357 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 20109. GlossaryAdministrative scheme – a scheme put in place where no legislation applies.Attendant care – services of a person to provide regular and essential personal care to an injured worker.Benefits – money paid to injured workers as compensation for economic and non-economic loss arising from work related injury.Centrally funded schemes – single public insurer (government agency) that performs most, if not all, workers’ compensation functions. Central insurers underwrite their schemes. Common law – provisions that allow, or preclude, injured workers from taking legal action through the courts to sue their employers for the costs of injury arising from negligence leading to unsafe workplaces.Commutation payment – depending on the particular legislation of a jurisdiction, and under certain circumstances, an ongoing liability for specified workers’ compensation entitlements can be commuted to a lump sum payment. Following payment of the lump sum, liability for those entitlements ceases. (See also redemption payment and settlement payment)Competitive fund – insurer functions are provided by the private sector, through approved insurance companies. This includes underwriting and claims management. The degree of regulation of competitive schemes by government varies amongst the competitive schemes.Cross-border arrangements – provisions which allow workers who are injured away from their main State or Territory of employment to be covered for workers’ compensation in their main State or Territory of employment.Current Work Capacity – as the result of an injury, a worker is presently unable to return to pre-injury employment but is able to return to work in suitable employment (compared with partially incapacitated).Date of injury – the date a worker became injured - in the case of diseases, this may be the first time symptoms became manifest or the first time medical treatment was sought.Death benefits – compensation payable to the financial dependants (usually families) of workers who die in work-related circumstances.Deemed worker – people who provide a service but may not have the status of a worker and are deemed by legislation or regulation to be covered for workers’ compensation as though they were workers.Diseases – can include any physical or mental disorder, defect or morbid condition, whether of sudden or gradual development.Disease (DVA) means: (a) any physical or mental ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition (whether of sudden onset or gradual development); or (b) the recurrence of such an ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition; but does not include: (c) the aggravation of such an ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition; or (d) a temporary departure from: (i) the normal physiological state; or (ii) the accepted ranges of physiological or biochemical measures;Page 358 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010 that results from normal physiological stress (for example, the effect of exercise on blood pressure) or the temporary effect of extraneous agents (for example, alcohol on blood cholesterol levels).Dispute resolution – processes for resolving disputes between parties in the claims process.Employee – a person who works for an employer on a full-time or part-time basis under a contract of service and receives remuneration in wages or salary. (See also worker)Funeral costs – reimbursement for the cost of a funeral to the family of a deceased worker or to a person who buries a deceased worker.Home help – services of a person to provide domestic assistance to an injured worker.Home Jurisdiction – the workers’ compensation authority with responsibility in the State or Territory where a workplace rehabilitation provider organisation is registered for Australian Business Number (ABN) purposes. However, where the organisation does not intend to deliver services in that State or Territory, the home jurisdiction is the workers’ compensation authority where they intend to deliver the majority of the services.Hybrid schemes – essentially a central fund where functions such as claims management and rehabilitation are contracted out to private sector bodies, such as insurers with specialised expertise in injury management.Income replacement – payments that enable injured workers to substantially maintain their living standards if they are unable to work due to a work related injury (also known as weekly payments).Injury – can include a full range of physical injuries, illnesses, psychological conditions and diseases, as well as aggravations, exacerbations and recurrences of existing injuries.Injury (DVA) – means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include: (a) a disease; or (b) the aggravation of a physical or mental injury.Instrument of Approval – the document issued by the workers’ compensation authority that has approved the workplace rehabilitation provider. This may be called a certificate, agreement or instrument depending on the particular workers’ compensation authority.Levy – the term used in South Australia and New Zealand for Premiums. (See Premiums)Medical and hospital costs – reimbursement of medical and other treatment costs related to workplace injury which can include hospital stays, ambulance transport, pharmaceuticals, aids and appliances, and household help.Multi-jurisdiction employer – an employer who conducts their business in more than one jurisdiction and has separate workers’ compensation cover in each jurisdiction.Net assets – for privately underwritten schemes, the balance sheet claim provisions and for centrally funded schemes, the total current and non-current assets minus the outstanding claims recoveries at the end of each financial year.Net funding ratio – ratio of assets to outstanding liabilities.Page 359 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Net liabilities – Centrally funded schemes are the total current and non-current liabilities minus the outstanding claim recoveries at the end of each financial year, and for privately under written schemes, the central estimate of outstanding claims for the scheme at the end of each financial year.No current work capacity – the injured worker is unable to perform any duties in the workplace (compared with totally incapacitated).Non-economic loss – measure of the impact of an injury on a worker’s lifestyle, such as pain and suffering, disfigurement and reduced expectation of life, normally associated with permanent impairment.Partially incapacitated – the worker is able to return to work and perform suitable duties, even if it is not the same job they were previously doing before the injury (compared with current work capacity).Permanent impairment payments – payment compensating for the permanent loss of a body part or function, for which there is little expectation of recovery or improvement.Premiums – a percentage of the amount that an employer expects to pay to their workers in a given period paid as premium to a workers’ compensation insurer.Privately underwritten schemes – schemes of workers’ compensation where the underwriting function is performed by the private insurers, with varying degrees of government regulation.Prudential requirements – ensures that private insurers can operate on a fully funded basis to meet all expected compensation payments and the costs of managing claims.Psychological injury – a range of conditions relating to the functioning of people’s minds.Q-COMP – the Queensland Workers’ Compensation regulatory authority.Redemption payment – depending on the particular legislation of a jurisdiction, and under certain circumstances, an ongoing liability for specified workers’ compensation entitlements can be redeemed to a lump sum payment. Following payment of the lump sum, liability for those entitlements ceases. (See also commutation payment and settlement payment)Rehabilitation – the process of assisting workers to recover from work related injury and returning to work, which can include medical treatment, retraining, the use of aids and appliances, alterations to workplace and home, and gradual return to full time or part time duties. (See return to work)Remuneration – the total amount of gross earnings of workers of an employer (See also premiums).Return to Work – the process of employers or other people or organisations helping injured workers to get back to work or stay at work while they recover from an injury (See also rehabilitation).Self Insurer – employers who manage their workers’ compensation arrangements themselves, without having to pay annual premiums.Serious claims – includes all accepted workers’ compensation claims involving temporary incapacity of one or more weeks plus all accepted claims for fatality or permanent incapacity.Page 360 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 2010Settlement payment – depending on the particular legislation of a jurisdiction, and under certain circumstances, an ongoing liability for workers’ compensation entitlements can be settled via a lump sum payment. Following payment of the lump sum, liability for those entitlements ceases. (See also commutation payment and redemption payment)State of connection – is the jurisdiction decided through applying the test in section 5.8, when an injured worker has been working in more than one state or territory.Suitable Duties – Duties for which an injured worker is suited in relation to their capacities at a particular point of time in the workplace rehabilitation service continuum.Suitable Work/Employment – Employment in work for which the worker is suited in relation to the worker’s capacities, age, education, skills, work experience and place of residence.Threshold test – a level of impairment an injured worker must reach.Totally incapacitated – the injured worker is unable to perform any duties in the workplace (compared with no current work capacity).Types of damages – damages that may be suffered by an injured worker which can include general damages (compensation for pain and suffering), economic loss (compensation for loss of past earnings or future earning capacity), legal costs and medical and hospital costs.Underwriting – the process of writing and signing a policy of insurance.Worker – a person who is covered for workers’ compensation benefits.Workers’ compensation – financial support to workers who are injured in the course of employment and suffer a consequent loss.Workplace Rehabilitation – A managed process involving timely intervention with appropriate and adequate services based on assessed need, aimed at maintaining injured or ill employees in, or returning them to, suitable employment.Workplace Rehabilitation Consultant – Suitably qualified health/behavioural science professional employed by a workplace rehabilitation provider to provide workplace rehabilitations services.Workplace Rehabilitation Services – The types of services referred to in the Workplace Rehabilitation Model that may assist a worker return to work with the same (pre-injury) employer or a with a new employer. Workplace Rehabilitation Provider – An organisation who have been approved by a workers’ compensation authority to provide workplace rehabilitation services to assist injured workers return to work following a workplace injury. Where appropriate within the context of workplace rehabilitation service provision, a reference to a workplace rehabilitation provider also includes a reference to a workplace rehabilitation consultant.Workers’ Compensation Authority/Workers’ Compensation Authorities – The body responsible for workers’ compensation legislation and policy covering designated employers and their employees within their area of legal authority.Page 361 of 363 Comparison of Workers’ Compensation Arrangements Australia and New Zealand 201010. Acronyms and AbbreviationsAAT Administrative Appeals Tribunal (Cth) ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ACA Accident Compensation Act (Vic) ACC Accident Compensation Corporation (NZ) ACTPS ACT Public Sector ADF Australian Defence Force AE Accredited Employer (NZ) AIMS ACT WorkCover Information Management System AMA American Medical Association AMS Approved Medical Specialists (NSW) ANZSIC Australia and New Zealand Standard Industry Classification ASIC Australian Standard Industry Classification AWE Average Weekly Earnings (*SA, NT, ACT) AWOTEFA Average Weekly Ordinary Time Earnings of Full-time Adults (Cth) BHI Binaural Hearing Impairment (Tas) CPI Consumer Price Index CPM Comparative Performance Monitoring DVA Department of Veterans' Affairs GST Goods and Services Tax HECS Higher Education Contribution Scheme HWCA Heads of Workers’ Compensation Authorities IPRC Act Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act (NZ) JAS-ANZ Joint Accreditation System of Australia & New Zealand MAT Medical Assessment Tribunal MRCA Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act (Cth) MRCC Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission NTPS Northern Territory Public Service NWE Normal Weekly Earnings (Qld, Tas, NT, Cth) NWE Notional Weekly Earnings (SA) OHS Occupational Health and Safety PIAWE Pre-injury Average Weekly Earnings PIP Personal Injury Plan (ACT) Q-COMP See Glossary QOTE Queensland Ordinary Time Earnings (Qld) RISE Re-employment Incentive Scheme for Employers (SA) RTW Return to work SRC Act Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act (Cth) SRCC Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission TAFE Technical and Further Education TMF Treasury Managed Fund (NSW) TRMF Tasmanian Risk Management Fund (Tas) VEA Veterans Entitlement Act (Cth) VWA Victorian WorkCover Authority WAWE Workers Average Weekly Earnings (SA) WCIM Act Workers Compensation and Injury Management Act (WA) WIC WorkCover Industry Classification (NSW, Qld) WISE WorkCover Incentive Scheme for Employers (Vic) WPI Whole Person Impairment (NSW, Vic, WA, Tas, NT, Cth) WRC Act Workers’ Rehabilitation and Compensation Act (SA) WRI Work-Related Impairment (Qld) WSV WorkSafe Victoria * stated-based statisticsPage 362 of 363 i

Comparison of Workers' Compensation Arrangements in Australia and New Zealand (2011)

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