A Hatchery Manual for the Common, Chinese and Indian Major Carps V. G. Jhingran R. S. V. Pullin 1985 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT A Hatchery Manual for the Common, Chinese and Indian Major Carps V.G. JHINGRAN R.S.V. PULLIN 1985 Published by the Asian Development Bank, P.O. Box 789, Manila, Philippines and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MCC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines Copyright 1985 by the Asian Development Bank Printed in Manila, Philippines V.G. Jhingran and I.S.V. Pullin. 1985. A hatchery manual for the common, Chinese and Indian major carps. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 11, 191 p. Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines ISSN 0115-4389 ISBN 971-1022-17-6 Cover: Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by Ovidio Espiritu, Jr. ICLARM Contribution No. 252 Contents Page List of Tables ................................................... vi List of Illustrations ...................................... ......... viii Preface ................................................ Chapter 1 Biology of Cultured Carps ................................. 1 GRASS CARP .............................................. 1 SILVER CARP .............................................. 3 BIGHEAD CARP ......................................... .. 6 COMMON CARP ............................................. 7 CATLA................................................... 10 ROHU.................................................... 13 MRIGAL .................................................. 15 Chapter 2 Components of a Carp Hatchery .............................. 20 THE SITE ................................................. 20 PLANNING FOR HATCHERY CONSTRUCTION .................... 21 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF A HATCHERY ...................... 22 REQUIREMENTS OF BROODFISH AND BROODFISH PONDS .......... 24 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PONDS ........ 25 PLACEMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PONDS IN A HATCHERY ..... 26 THE HATCHERY PROPER .................................... 27 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES OF A HATCHERY PROPER ........... 36 Chapter 3 Broodfish Care ............................................ 38 SOURCES OF BROODFISH .................................... 38 CHARACTERISTICS OF BROODFISH PONDS ..................... 38 POND FERTILIZATION AND MANURING ......................... 40 FEEDS ................................................... 40 BREEDING SEASONALITY.................................... 42 Chapter 4 Induced Spawning of Chinese and Indian Major Carps and Common Carp Breeding ............................... 43 STAGES OF MATURITY OF ADULT CARPS ...................... 43 DETERMINING READINESS FOR SPAWNING ..................... 43 INDUCED SPAWNING OF CHINESE AND INDIAN MAJOR CARPS ...... 44 COMMON CARP BREEDING ................................... 55 HATCHING AND CARE OF HATCHLINGS ........................ 58 iii Chapter 5 Postlarvae and Fry Rearing ................................ 61 PRE-STOCKING PRACTICES ................................... 62 STOCKING CARP POSTLARVAE IN NURSERY PONDS .............. 68 POST-STOCKING PRACTICES .................................. 69 FISH FEEDING ............................................. 69 REARING POND MANAGEMENT ............................... 70 Chapter 6 Transport of Live Fish Seed and Broodfish ..................... 74 CONDITIONING FOR TRANSPORT .............................. 74 TRANSPORT CONTAINERS FOR FISH FRY AND FINGERLINGS ....... 75 TRANSPORT OF FINGERLINGS AND BROODFISH ................. 77 USE OF ANESTHETIC DRUGS FOR LIVE-FISH TRANSPORT .......... 78 Chapter 7 Applied Genetics of Cultured Carps ........................... 81 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................. 81 APPROACHES TO STOCK IMPROVEMENT ........................ 82 ADDITIONAL TECHNIQUES ................................... 85 COMMON CARP GENETICS .................................... 86 GENETICS OF THE CHINESE CARPS ............................ 90 GENETICS OF THE INDIAN MAJOR CARPS ....................... 90 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HATCHERY OPERATORS ... 90 Chapter 8 The Nutrition of Cultured Carps ............................ 91 INTRODUCTION ............................... ......... 91 THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF ADULT COMMON CARP AND OTHER CULTURED CARPS ..................... 93 THE FEEDING HABITS AND NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF CARP POSTLARVAE, FRY AND FINGERLINGS ............. 98 TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL FEEDS FOR POSTLARVAE, FRY AND FINGERLINGS ..................................... 107 FEED ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION .......................... 109 Chapter 9 Diseases of Cultured Carps .................................. 117 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................ 117 PREVENTION, PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT ................. 117 VIRAL DISEASES .......................................... 118 FUNGAL DISEASES ......................................... 119 BACTERIAL DISEASES ...................................... 120 PROTOZOAN INFESTATIONS .................................. 121 PARASITIC HELMINTHS ..................................... 123 PARASITIC COPEPODS ...................................... 125 OTHER DISEASES AND ABNORMAL CONDITIONS ................. 126 QUARANTINE MEASURES ................................... 127 GUIDELINES FOR HEALTH CERTIFICATION OF BROODSTOCK USED FOR HIGH QUALITY SEED SUPPLY ................... 130 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES ................................... 131 Chapter 10 Speciaiized Scientific Equipment and Implements .............. 133 iv Chapter 11 Applied Research Problems and Personnel Requirements ........ 138 BIOLOGY AND GENETICS .................................. 139 HATCHERY ENGINEERING ................................. 140 BROODFISH HUSBANDRY .................................. 140 LARVAL REARING ....................................... 141 HATCHERY MANAGEMENT ................................. 142 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS ............................... 143 SPECIAL RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS ......................... 144 Chapter 12 Routine Upkeep and Maintenance Tasks ..................... 145 CHINESE AND INDIAN MAJOR CARPS ......................... 145 COMMON CARPS ......................................... 149 References ...................................................... 151 Appendix I. Additional Reading .................................... 155 Appendix I1. Useful Technical Periodicals ............................. 165 Appendix Ill.Some Asian Units and Their Metric Equivalents .............. 167 Geographical Index ............................................... 169 Subject Index ................................................... 171 List of Tables 1.1 Conversion ratios of afew items of grass carp feeds ........................ 3 1.2 Growth of grass carp in some countries ................................ 3 1.3 Size and age at first maturity of grass carp in different countries............... 4 1.4 Size and fecundity of grass carp ..................................... 4 1.5 Growth of silver carp ............................................. 5 1.6 Age and size at sexual maturity of silver carp ............................ 5 1.7 Fecundity of silver carp of different sizes and ages ......................... 6 1.8 Growth of bighead carp ............................................ 7 1.9 Size anL' age at first maturity of biqhead carp in different countries............. 7 1.10 Growth of common carp in various countries ............................ 9 1.11 Size and age at first maturity of common carp under different climatic conditions ............................................... 9 1.12 Absolute and relative fecundity of common caro in India .................. 10 1.13 Export of Indian major carp seed by Messrs. Fish Seed Syndicate, Calcutta ................................................ 11 1.14 Natural food of juvenile and adult catla .............................. .. 11 1.15 Growth of catla under culture conditions............................. .. 12 1.16 Relation of egg number to body size and age of catla ..................... 12 1.17 Sizes attained by rohu at different ages of its life in natural waters ............ 14 1.18 Growth of rohu under culture conditions............................. .. 14 1.19 Fecundity of rohu ............................................ ... 15 1.20 Spawning season of rohu in different parts of the Indian subcontinent.......... 15 1.21 Size attained by mrigal at various years of its life in the Rivers Ganga and Yamuna ........................................... ... 17 1.22 Growth of mrigal under different culture conditions ..................... .. 17 1.23 Fecundity of mrigal collected from River Yamuna at Allahabad .............. 18 1.24 Average fecundity of mrigal from the River Godavari, India, for ditterent year classes ............................................. 18 1.25 Spawning season of mrigal in the Indian subcontinent .................... .. 19 2. I Characteristics of a satisfactory carp hatchery site ....................... 22 2.2 Assumptons to derive pond areas and numbers for a production of 100 t of fish/year ........................................... 22 2.3 Number of fingerlings of different species to produce annual harvest of 100 t......................................................... 23 2.4 Requirements of different kinds of ponds for production of 100 t/year of table-sized fish ..................................... .. 25 2.5 Merits and demerits