Connecting the Dots: Investigating Planet Formation and Composition Through Observations of Carbon and Oxygen Species in Stars, Disks, and Planets Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Teske, Johanna Kavanagh Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 06:42:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/318831 CONNECTING THE DOTS: INVESTIGATING PLANET FORMATION AND COMPOSITION THROUGH OBSERVATIONS OF CARBON AND OXYGEN SPECIES IN STARS, DISKS, AND PLANETS by Johanna Kavanagh Teske A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ASTRONOMY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2014 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dis- sertation prepared by Johanna Kavanagh Teske entitled “Connecting the Dots: Investigating Planet Formation and Composition Through Observations of Car- boy and Oxygen Species in Disks, Stars, and Planets” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Phi- losophy. Date: 11 April 2014 Caitlin Griffith Date: 11 April 2014 Katia Cunha Date: 11 April 2014 Simon Schuler Date: 11 April 2014 Daniel Apai Date: 11 April 2014 George Rieke Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candi- date’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date: 11 April 2014 Dissertation Director: Caitlin Griffith 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the Univer- sity Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permis- sion, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Johanna Kavanagh Teske 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge the patience, dedication, and open-minded atti- tude of my second year project and thesis advisors, Joan Najita, Caitlin Griffith, Simon Schuler, and Katia Cunha. These individuals have given me multitudes of good advice, their time and energy (a lot of it!), and helped me become a bet- ter researcher and a better person. Thanks also to my other co-authors on these thesis papers, who contributed their time and expertise to make the science pos- sible and understandable (and publishable): Dr. John Carr, Dr. Ilaria Pascucci, Dr. Daniel Apai, Dr. Thomas Henning, Jake Turner, Matthias Mallonn (formerly Mueller), and especially Dr. Verne Smith, who has been instrumental in obser- vation gathering and interpretation, and has helped me shape my postdoctoral plans. I would like to thank very much Dr. Don McCarthy, Dr. Edward Prather, Gina Brissenden, and Dr. Colin Wallace, who have helped foster my teaching and communication skills, and kept me engaged in thinking and excited about education and outreach. I would like to acknowledge the National Science Foundation for funding my first three years of graduate school, and enabling me to work with whomever I wanted during this time. I was also supported during the summer by Dr. Grif- fith’s NASA’s Planetary Atmospheres Program grant, and during this last year by a NASA Keck PI grant. In addition, my thesis was possible due to the data available in the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), operated by the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI), under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, as well as data collected from the Subaru and Keck telescopes on Mauna Kea. For this I acknolwedge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Mauna Kea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. My thesis also used data collected with the STELLA robotic telescope in Tenerife, an AIP facility jointly operated by AIP and IAC, and the University of Arizona Kuiper 1.55 m telescope on Mount Bigelow. I thank the staff at all of these facilities, particularly the Kuiper Telescope, for their patience, and the University of Arizona, NOAO, and NASA TACs for awarding time for my thesis observations. 5 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my dad, who took me to museums around the world, introduced me to Contact, and taught me that “doing the math” was cool; my first and second grade teacher Rick Stevens, who fostered in me the wonder of discovery and exploration; my middle school English teacher, Mrs. Ellen Flurry, who made sure I knew I could do whatever I put my mind to; my “PALTAG” teacher, Mrs. Susan Bucks, whose class and joie de vivre were my fuel through high school; my high school chemistry teacher, Mrs. Judy Iskowitz, who got me hooked on spectroscopy and understanding the physical universe; Dr. Monika Konaklieva, my college organic chemistry teacher, who let me do an extra credit project about PAHs that spurred my interest in astrochemistry; my college ad- visor, Dr. Nathan Harshman, who believed in me and was so passionate about his teaching; Dr. Jackie Milingo, my first REU advisor who introduced me to re- search and how think about constructing a research project; my friends in college and graduate school who suffered with me, believed in me, and made me laugh; and Dr. Alycia Weinberger, my undergraduate thesis advisor who jump-started my astronomy career, who has continued be a fantastic advisor and role model, and without whom I wouldn’t have made it into or through graduate school. Finally, and most importantly, I dedicate this thesis to my mom, who has been my inspiration and my rock, kept me humble and sane, always eager to hear about my life and my work, an invaluabe source of wisdom, and who believed in me when I didn’t believe in myself. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................ 8 LIST OF TABLES ................................. 10 ABSTRACT .................................... 11 1 INTRODUCTION ................................ 13 2 OVERVIEW OF STAR & PLANET FORMATION ................ 17 2.1 Stage1:Stars................................ 17 2.1.1 Brief Outline of Stellar/Galactic Chemical Evolution .... 17 2.1.2 MeasuringStellarComposition . 21 2.2 Stage2:Disks ............................... 28 2.2.1 Observational Constraints of Disk Physical Processes and Composition............................ 31 2.3 Stage3:Planetesimals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 2.4 Stage4:Planets .............................. 38 2.4.1 Observational Constraints on Exoplanet Compositions ... 41 2.5 ConnectingtheDots–TheRoleofCandO . 45 2.5.1 Stage 0: Host Star Composition’s Role in Planet Formation . 45 2.5.2 Step1:CandOintheProtoplanetaryDisk . 47 2.5.3 Step2:CandOinPlanetesimals . 51 2.5.4 Step3:CandOinPlanets . 55 2.6 LastWord ................................. 62 3 MEASURING ORGANIC MOLECULAR EMISSION IN DISKS WITH LOW RES- OLUTION Spitzer SPECTROSCOPY ....................... 64 3.1 Introduction ................................ 65 3.2 DataSets.................................. 67 3.3 AnalysisandResults ........................... 70 3.3.1 SHvs.SLMeasurements . 70 3.3.2 VariationinHCNFeatureStrength . 80 3.4 Discussion ................................. 86 3.5 Summary&Conclusions. 90 4 OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS OF THE TRANSITING EXOPLANET GJ 1214B . 92 4.1 Introduction ................................ 93 4.2 ObservationsandDataReduction . 96 4.3 LightCurveAnalysis. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 4.4 Discussion&Conclusions . 102 7 5 C/ORATIOS OF STARS WITH TRANSITING HOT JUPITER EXOPLANETS . 116 5.1 Introduction ................................117 5.1.1 TheRoleofCarbonandOxygen . 119 5.2 ObservationsandDataReduction . 121 5.3 Derivation ofStellarParametersandAbundances . 122 5.3.1 StellarAbundancesofNi,C,andO . 125 5.3.2 AbundanceUncertanties. 129 5.4 ResultsandDiscussion . 130 5.4.1 Comparison to Previous Studies of C and O in Exoplanet HostStars .............................131 5.4.2 Trends with C/Ohost star versus Planetary Parameters . 137 5.4.3 CarbonandOxygeninSpecificExoplanetSystems . 140 5.5 Summary..................................154 6 CARBON AND OXYGEN ABUNDANCES IN THE HOT JUPITER EXOPLANET HOST STAR XO-2N AND ITS BINARY COMPANION ............. 169 6.1 Introduction ................................170 6.2 ObservationsandDataReduction . 172 6.3 AbundanceAnalysisandResults . 172 6.4 Discussion .................................175 6.5 Conclusions ................................179 7 CARBON AND OXYGEN ABUNDANCES IN COOL METAL-RICH EXOPLANET HOSTS: ACASE STUDY OF THE C/O RATIO OF 55 CANCRI ........ 183 7.1 Introduction ................................184 7.2 ObservationsandAbundanceAnalysis . 186 7.2.1 Data