ALPHA-L-IDURONIDASE TRANSDUCED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS AS A THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CNS DEGENERATION IN MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS TYPE I MICE Matilda Jackson BMSc, BSc (Hons) Matrix Biology Unit SA Pathology Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Discipline of Genetics School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Science The University of Adelaide Table of contents Abstract........................................................................................................... vii Declaration....................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... x Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xi Chapter One: Introduction .............................................................................. 1 1.0 Overview .................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 The Mucopolysaccharidoses .................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Mucopolysaccharidoses type I......................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Central Nervous System (CNS) pathology ...................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Bone pathology ............................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Therapies ................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.1 Current therapies ........................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1.1 Mechanisms for enzyme targeting .......................................................................... 11 1.2.1.2 Bone marrow transplant ........................................................................................ 14 1.2.1.3 Enzyme replacement therapy.................................................................................. 16 1.2.2 Potential therapies ......................................................................................................... 17 1.2.2.1 Gene therapy .......................................................................................................... 17 1.2.2.2 Substrate deprivation therapy ................................................................................ 18 1.2.2.3 Stem cell therapy .................................................................................................... 19 1.3 Mesenchymal stem cells .......................................................................................... 20 1.3.1 Isolation and characterisation ........................................................................................ 23 1.3.2 MSCs for therapeutic use .............................................................................................. 24 1.3.3 Homing and immunomodulation ................................................................................... 26 1.3.4 Immunosuppression ...................................................................................................... 27 1.3.4.1 Cyclosporin mediated immunosuppression ............................................................ 28 1.4 MPS animal models ................................................................................................ 28 1.4.1 MPS I murine model ..................................................................................................... 29 1.5 Behaviour testing in rodents .................................................................................. 31 1.5.1 Inverted grid .................................................................................................................. 31 1.5.2 Rotarod .......................................................................................................................... 33 1.5.3 Open field ...................................................................................................................... 33 1.5.4 Water cross maze .......................................................................................................... 34 1.6 Hypothesis and Aims .............................................................................................. 35 1.6.1 Significance ................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter Two: Materials and Methods .......................................................... 37 2.2 In vitro experimentation ......................................................................................... 38 2.2.1 Cell line basal growth media ......................................................................................... 38 2.2.1.1 Cell line culture ...................................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 Determination of enzyme activity ................................................................................. 39 2.2.2.1 Sample collection ................................................................................................... 39 2.2.2.2 Fluorogenic substrates ........................................................................................... 39 2.2.2.3 Radio-labelled substrates ....................................................................................... 39 2.2.2.4 Bradford protein assay ........................................................................................... 40 2.2.3 Virus production ............................................................................................................ 40 2.2.3.1 Plasmid preparation .............................................................................................. 40 ii 2.2.3.1.1 pUC57-mmIdua purification ............................................................................. 40 2.2.3.1.2 pHIV-EF1αluciferase purification ........................................................................ 41 2.2.3.2 Vector and insert ligation ....................................................................................... 41 2.2.3.3 Transformation of sure E.coli cells ........................................................................ 41 2.2.3.4 Miniprep ................................................................................................................ 42 2.2.3.4.1 Restriction enzyme digest of plasmid .................................................................... 42 2.2.3.5 Midiprep ................................................................................................................ 43 2.2.3.5.1DNA sequencing .................................................................................................... 43 2.2.3.6 Gigaprep ................................................................................................................ 43 2.2.3.7 Virus preparation ................................................................................................... 43 2.2.3.8 Viral transfection ................................................................................................... 44 2.2.3.9 Transduction efficiency .......................................................................................... 45 2.2.4 Mannose-6-phosphate mediated cross correction .......................................................... 45 2.2.4.1 Over-expression of enzyme in hDP or hBM MSCs ................................................. 45 2.2.4.2 Cross-correction by addition of hDP or hBM derived enzyme ............................... 45 2.2.4.3 35SO4 incorporation .............................................................................................. 46 2.2.5 Stable β-D-glucuronidase transduction without splitting ............................................... 46 2.2.5.1 Stable β-glucuronidase transduction with continual splitting ................................ 47 2.2.5.2 Vector copy number per cell .................................................................................. 47 2.2.6 Stem cell differentiation ................................................................................................ 47 2.2.6.1 Osteogenic differentiation ...................................................................................... 47 2.2.6.1.1 Osteogenic quantification ..................................................................................... 48 2.2.6.2 Adipogenic differentiation ...................................................................................... 48 2.2.6.2.1 Adipogenic quantification .................................................................................... 48 2.2.6.3 Chondrogenic differentiation ................................................................................. 49 2.2.6.3.1 Chondrogenic quantification ................................................................................ 49 2.2.6.4 Neurogenic differentiation ..................................................................................... 50 2.2.6.4.1 Neurogenic quantification .................................................................................... 50 2.3 MPS I husbandry .................................................................................................... 50 2.3.1 MPS I genotyping.........................................................................................................