Evaluation of the mandate of the relevant institutions in addressing the squatter problem in Kenya Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Bachelor of Laws Degree, Strathmore University Law School By Fiona Wanjiru Githunguri 68718 Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Francis Kariuki January, 2017. Table of Contents DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... ii DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... iv LIST OF STATUTES ................................................................................................................. v Chapter One ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Hypothesis .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.5 Literature review .................................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................... 9 1.6.1 Adverse possession.......................................................................................................... 9 1.6.2 Property rights theory .................................................................................................. 10 1.6.2 Social Justice and Common Good Theory ................................................................... 12 1.7 Justification of the study ....................................................................................................... 13 1.8 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.9 Chapter breakdown .............................................................................................................. 13 Chapter Two ....................................................................................................................... 15 History and development of laws addressing the squatter phenomenon in Kenya .................... 15 2.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Pre-colonial era ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Colonial era ........................................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Post-colonial era: .................................................................................................................. 20 2.3.2 The Daniel Arap Moi era ............................................................................................. 22 2.3.3 Mwai Kibaki era ........................................................................................................... 24 2.3.4 Uhuru Kenyatta era...................................................................................................... 29 Chapter Three ..................................................................................................................... 33 A comparative study of the South African legal framework. ...................................................... 33 3.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 33 3.1 Legal Framework .................................................................................................................. 33 3.1.1 Legislative framework enforcing territorial segregation .................................................... 33 3.1.1.2 Native Trust and Land Act ......................................................................................... 34 3.1.1.3 Group Areas Act ........................................................................................................ 34 3.1.1.4 Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act 1951 .................................................................... 35 3.1.1.4 Group Areas Act ........................................................................................................ 35 3.1.2 Laws abolishing segregation laws and creating land reform .............................................. 35 3.1.2.1 Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act ...................................................... 35 3.1.2.2 Reconstruction and Development Program .............................................................. 36 3.1.2.3 White Paper on Land Policy ,1997 ............................................................................ 36 3.1.2. 4 Prevention of Illegal Eviction from Unlawful occupation of Land Act ................... 38 3.1.2.5 Extension of Security of Tenure Act ......................................................................... 39 3.1.2.6 The Land Reform (Labor Tenants) Act .................................................................. 39 i 3.1.2.6 Green Paper on Land Reform ................................................................................... 40 3.1.2.7 Restitution of Land Rights Amendment Act 2014 .................................................... 40 3.1.2.8 State Land Lease and Disposal Policy (SLLDP) of 2013 .......................................... 40 3.1.2.9 Recapitalization and Development Policy Program (‘Recap’) of 2014 .................. 40 3.1.3 Principles for alternative settlement ................................................................................. 41 3.1.3.1 Alternative Accommodation ...................................................................................... 41 3.1.3.2 Meaningful engagement ............................................................................................ 42 3.1.3.3 Role of the state.......................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Case study of Marconi Beam, Cape Town. ............................................................................ 43 3.4 Challenges in effecting land reform in South Africa: ............................................................. 46 3.5 Milestones achieved by South African land laws: ................................................................. 46 Chapter Four ....................................................................................................................... 48 Best Practice on squatter settlement from South Africa............................................................. 48 4.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Similarities in laws and practices in South Africa and Kenya................................................. 48 4.2 Differences in laws and practices in South Africa and Kenya ................................................ 52 4.3 Role of the Court ................................................................................................................... 52 4.4 Best Practice ......................................................................................................................... 54 Chapter Five ....................................................................................................................... 56 5.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 56 5.1 Findings................................................................................................................................. 56 5.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 58 5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 58 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 60 a) Reports: .................................................................................................................................. 60 b) Books: ..................................................................................................................................... 60 c)Articles: .................................................................................................................................... 61 ii | P a g e DEDICATION My work is dedicated to God, my dear parents who have been supportive through out. i | P a g e ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to start by thanking