A STUDY OF SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC BUILDINGS IN LAHORE LEADING TOWARDS THE FORMULATION OF A NATIONAL CONSERVATION POLICY FOR PAKISTAN (TWO VOLUMES) BY MUHAMMAD YUSUF AWAN I B. ARCH., AIAP, MPCATP vo 1, -:c THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF PH. D. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD, UK APRIL 1993 i VOLUME ONE Introduction, Part I and Part 11 (introduction and Chapters 1,2,3,4 and 5) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List Figures ix of ............................................ List Maps of ................................................ x List Tables of ............................................. xi List Plates of ........................................... xiii Acknowledgements ........................................... xv Summary ................................................... xvi Introduction to the Thesis 1 .................................. Methodology the Research 3 of ............................ Organisation the Study 4 of .............................. PART BACKGROUND AND EXISTING SITUATION 7 .................... CHAPTER INTRODUCTION AND CHOICE OF A SETTLEMENT STUDY 8 FOR ........................ 1.1: Introduction 9 ...................................... 1.2: Conservation its Meaning 10 and ...................... 1.3: Conservation in 11 Developing Countries .............. 1.4: The existing situation with regard to Conservation in Pakistan 16 .......................... 1.5: Historic Periods and Architectural Heritage in Pakistan 18 ....................................... 1.6: Selection Historic Settlement 21 of a ................ 1.6.1: Criteria for 21 selection .................. 1.6.2. - Examination of various Historic Settlements 22 ............................. 1.6.3: Selection One Settlement 35 of ............. 1.7: Conclusion 36 ........................................ 38 References ........................................ CHAPTER 2: THE PHYSICAL, CULTURAL AND LEGISLATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF PAKISTAN AND THE STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE BUILT HERITAGE 40 ..................................... 2.1: Introduction 41 ...................................... 2.2: Physical Characteristics 42 .......................... 2.2.1: Background Location 42 and ................. 2.2.2: Area Boundaries 43 and ..................... 2.2.3: Provinces 43 ............................... 2.2.4: The land 45 ................................ 2.2.5: Climate 46 .... .............. 2.3: Cultural Characteristics 47 .......................... 2.3.1: Population People 47 and ................... 2.3.2: Culture 47 ................................. 2.3.3: History 49 ................................. 2.3.3.1: Pre-Muslim History 49 ................. 2.3.3.2: Muslim History 50 ..................... 2.3.4: Architectural Cultural Heritage 52 and .... 2.4: Administrative, Political and Social conditions 55 ........... ýnd*Conservation*Works*'. **. *. '* 2.5: State of Legislation 57 2.5.1: Legislation National Level at ........... 57 2.5.2: Conservation works at National iii Level under the Department of Archaeology 60 ............................. 2.5.2.1: Background 60 ......................... 2.5.2.2: Objective 62 ........ ' * : , , * : * ***'' ***** 2.5.2.3: Structure Orga 63 and n i s a t l o n . 2.5.2.4: Nature Staff 65 of ................... 2.5.2.5: Listing Sites 67 of and Monuments .... 2.5.2.6: Finance 69 ........................... 2.5.2.7: Some Faults in the present 70 arrangements ....................... 2.5.3: Legislation Provincial 72 at Level ......... 2.6: Development of Favourable Attitudes towards Conservation 75 ...................................... 2.7: Conservation the Building Industry 79 and ............ 2.8ý1: Listed Buildings Conservation 79 and, ....... 2A, ý2: Efforts in 80 Isolated Conservation ........ 2.8: Conclusion 81 ........................................ References 84 ........................................ CHAPTER 3: THE HISTORIC CITY OF LAHORE AND 86 ITS CONSERVATION ......................... 3.1: Introduction 87 ...................................... 3.2: Physical Cultural Characteristics 88 and ............. 3.2.1: Location 88 ................................ 3.2.2- origin and Brief Historic Background 88 .............................. 3.2.3-. Historic Periods and Built Heritage.... 90 * i ýd****** ** ****'** 3.2.3.1: Hindu Pýri 90 . ... 3.2.3.2: Pathan Period 90 ...................... 3.2.3.3: Mughal Period 92 ...................... 3.2.3.4: Sikh Period 92 ........................ 3.2.3.5: British Period 93 ..................... 3.2.3.6: Post Independence Period 94 ........... 3.2.4: A Continuing Capital City 94 ............... 3.2.5: A Leading Role 96 .......................... 3.3: Heritage Conservation 97 ............................. 3.3.1: Government Efforts 97 ...................... 3.3.2: Role local 98 of authorities ............... 3.3.2.1: Lahore Municipal Corporation 98 ....... 3.3.2.2: Lahore Development Authority 99 ....... 3.3.3: Role of the Architectural Associations 100 ........................... 3.3.4: Lahore Conservation Society 101 ............ 3.4: Building Industry Conservation 102 and ............... 3.4.1: Workshop 1987 and Anjuman-e-Mimmaran (Society of Builders) 102 .................. 3.5: Lahore Walled City Conservation Plan 104 - ........... 3.5.1: Background 104 ......... ýa-ýe 3.5.2: Study Physical Heritage 105 of ............. 3.5.3: Recommendation 108 ......................... 3.5.4: Implementation 109 ......................... 3.5.5: Discussion 109 ............................. 3.6: Conclusion ....................................... 113 References ....................................... 115 iv PART II THE FIELD STUDY IN LAHORE 117 ......................... CHAPTER 4: SELECTION OF A LIST OF SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC BUILDINGS 118 .......................... 4.1: 119 Introduction ..................................... 4.2: Objective 120 .............. 4.3: Criteria 120 Establishment of ........................ 4.4: 121 Methodolo gy of Identification .................... 4.4.1: buildings 121 Listed ....................... 4.4.2: Whole City 124 Survey of the ............... 4.4.3: Sector City 124 Survey of One of the ....... 4.4.4: Literature 126 Through ..................... 4.5: Findings from the Examination of Relevant Books 129 ................................... 4.5.1: The Authors 130 ............................ 4.5.2: the Buildings 131 Characteristics of ....... 4.6: list Buildings 135 The Final of Historic ............. 4.7: Location historic buildings 136 of the ............... 4.7.1: Listed buildings 139 .............. 4.7.2: inside the Walled City 139 Buildings ....... 4.7.3: the Walled City 139 Buildings outside ...... References 141 .... ........................................ CHAPTER 5: FIELD SURVEY OF THE IDENTIFIED 142 BUILDINGS ................................... 5.1: Introduction 143 ..................................... 5.2: Examination Buildings 144 of ......................... 5.2.1: objective 144 ........... .. 5.2.2: Criteria for ExaminaLon 144 ............... 5.3: Methodology Survey 147 of ............................ 5.3.1: Data from Literature 147 ................... 5.3.2: from bodies 147 Data the government ........ 5.4: Design the Field Study 148 of ........................ 5.4.1: Photography 150 ............................ 5.4.2: Measurement 150 ............................ 5.4.3: Observation 151 ............................ 5.5: Compilation the Data 153 of .......................... 5.6: Categorisation 154 ....... 5.6.1: Period Construction 155 of ................. 5.6.2: Building Condition 157 .................... 5.6.3: Nature Surroundings 159 of ................. 5.6.4: Architectural Value 160 .................... 5.6.5: Building Height 161 ........................ 5.6.6: Historical Value 162 ....................... 5.6.7: Present Usage compared with Initial Use 163 ............................ 5.6.8: Ownership Maintenance 163 and .............. 5.6.9: Listed 164 status .......................... 5.7: Conclusion 165 ....................................... V VOLUME 11 166 ..................................... PART III ANALYSIS OF THE FIELD STUDY, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 167 .................................... CHAPTER 6: THE RATE OF DEMOLITION OF THE BUILDINGS STUDIED 168 ........................... 6.1: Introduction 169 ..................................... 6.2: Rate Demolition 169 of ............................... 6.3: Period Construction 170 Demolition and of ............ 6.4: Building Function 178 Demolition and ................. 6.5: Historic Periods 184 Building Function and ........... 6.5.1: The Hindu 184 period ....................... 6.5.2: The Pathan 186 period ...................... 6.5.3: The Early Mughal 188 period ................ 6.5.4: Middle Mughal 188 The period ............... 6.5.5: Late Mughal 191 The period ................. 6.5.6: The Sikh 191 period ........................ 6.5.7: 194 The British period ..................... 6.5.8: Summary 194 ... : ............................ 6.6: Demolition Location 196 and .......... ***** -* ***. ' 6.6.1: inside the Wýlled City 196 Demolition . 6.6.2: the City 206 Demolition outside walled ..... 6.7: Causes Decay 208 of .................................. 6.8: Conclusion 211 ....................................... References 213 ....................................... CHAPTER 7: CONDITION OF THE BUILDINGS AND THEIR SURROUNDINGS 214 .......................... 7.1: Introduction 215 7.2: ..................................... 216 Condition of All the Remaining Buildings ........