Winter 2016/17, Vol. 5, No. 1 Newsletter of the American Political Science Association’s Organized Section on Migration and Citizenship Table of Contents Letter from the Co-Presidents 2 Documents and the Regulation of Immigration and Citizenship 2 Letter from the Co-Editors 5 Symposium: International Migration and Citizenship in Asia 7 Talent Migration and Citizenship in Asia 14 International Student Mobility in Asia and the Prospect of Citizenship 23 Citizenship Struggles in/and the Family: Neoliberalism and (Im)migrants in Pacific Asia 31 Against Migrant Containment: Social Inequality and Claims for Citizenship in South Korea 39 Nation-States, Diaspora and Citizenship in Asia 46 Policy Brief 54 Mobilizing Diaspora Resources and Return to India: Lessons from the Circulatory Mobility of Diaspora Entrepreneurs of Indian Origin Research Institute Profile 60 Caribbean Migrants Observatory (OBMICA) Mentoring Matters 66 Building a Migration and Citizenship-Focused Research Agenda Section News 70 Section Awards 2016 70 Member Achievements 75 Recent Books and Articles 80 Books 80 Articles 83 http://community.apsanet.org/migrationcitizenship/home 1 Letter from the Co-Presidents Alexandra Filindra Kamal Sadiq University of Illinois University of California at Chicago at Irvine Documents and the Regulation of Immigration and Citizenship Western states face a dilemma. They need, in varying proportions, both cheap and high-skilled labor to enhance their economies and meet demographic challenges, and yet, there is increasing recognition that some unwanted migrants and refugees entering the western world pose a cultural and security challenge. To avoid admitting criminals, militants, and terrorists, governments envision an international standardized and secure travel document and database regime—based on National ID systems—that would permit smooth flows of migrants and refugees, while screening out undesirable individ- uals. And yet, the only way we know an immigrant’s identity and location is through the document, paper or digital, s/he holds. An international regulatory regime rests on the “Documents…embody assumption that documents make individuals vis- individual identity, making ible and knowable to states within the interna- the individual visible to tional system. A renewed emphasis on visa issu- ance processes, and the urgency to interlink da- the state” tabases from the local and regional level to a na- tional one, all highlight the complicated relationship between tracking individual identity and assessing risk. The international mobility of individuals hinges on this verification and assessment. The sending state validates biographic information through standard- ized and biometric paperwork; this validation legitimizes an immigrant’s nationality and locality, verifying residence and individual phenotypic characteristics. Documents thus embody individual identity, making the individual visible to the state. Each document, a birth or marriage certificate, school matriculation form or diploma, confirms a distinct so- cial and economic activity. Above these documents rests one standardized international travel document—the passport, the primary assumption being there can only be one passport per person per state. How do states respond when individuals lack such essential documentation or are found to be in possession of fraudulent ones? They may turn to countries of origin http://community.apsanet.org/migrationcitizenship/home 2 or transit. The fly in the ointment “A global integrated travel regime re- is that many states are likely to quires nothing less than state making” be unable or unwilling to coop- erate in an international effort to confirm the identity of their emigrants (and refugees) with standardized documentary information. Developing countries may hesitate to divert precious resources to build, standardize and biometrically upgrade their immigrant and citizenship databases. Conflicting state goals widen the gap between expectations and outcomes for states with varying capacities. To be successful, a global documentary regime will have to strengthen the pass- port mechanism of all emigrant-sending and immigrant-receiving states. It will also have to standardize and strengthen the entire document-based citizenship infrastructure of a country (Sadiq, Paper Citizens, 2009). Merely focusing on travel documents such as the passport, only partially addresses the challenge of unwanted individuals traveling under assumed identities. A comprehensive solution requires a major diversion of re- sources by the UN, World Bank, EU, and other international agencies to support docu- ment-producing institutions, i.e. the infrastructure of citizenship, in developing states. A global integrated travel regime requires nothing less than state making. “dependence on documents alone may produce re- strictive and hierarchical citizenship practices which may leave out and exclude many” Building document-verifying capacity is only the beginning of what will be re- quired for a smooth flow of labor and travel across national boundaries. As there is a renewed emphasis on building national borders and sovereignty, both metaphorically and physically, future inquires may focus on the wide-ranging role of documents in de- portation processes, amnesty programs, bilateral or multilateral border agreements, among other security and control measures. These questions will complement an emerging literature in Political Sociology and Surveillance Studies which link identifica- tion documents with state capacity and security (Lyon, Identifying Citizens, 2009; Torpey, The Invention of the Passport, 2000). Additionally, while identification and registration systems are used to control im- migrants, they are also vital to accessing welfare benefits and the rights of citizenship. By sorting eligibles from ineligibles, they produce graded levels of citizenship. So while there is a renewed scholarly interest in how documents strength state security, it is im- portant to note that dependence on documents alone may produce restrictive and hier- archical citizenship practices which may leave out and exclude many. Thus, scholarly discussions on immigrant rights and citizenship challenge the efficacy of an infrastruc- ture of citizenship. The field of migration and citizenship will become more rigorous and http://community.apsanet.org/migrationcitizenship/home 3 relevant when it engages the role of documents in the institutional life of states, immi- grants and citizens. To contact the co-Presidents, email Alexandra Filindra ([email protected]) and Kamal Sadiq ([email protected]). http://community.apsanet.org/migrationcitizenship/home 4 Letter from the Co-Editors Kristy A. Belton Marc Helbling International Studies University of Bamberg Association As scholars of citizenship and migration, we are well aware that we live in a world of blurred boundaries, even as political forces attempt to categorize, contain and constrain the borders of belonging and human movement. Many of us are comfortable working in the fuzzy spaces of the worlds “in-between,” or of slipping among the realms that play “across” different purported boundaries. We often work with colleagues from diverse fields or disciplines or incorporate concepts and language from other scholarly perspec- tives, attempting to see the world of human movement and belonging from a variety of angles. Often, however, we work within a specific niche when it comes to the subject matter of our APSA Section. We are either a migration studies scholar or a citizenship studies scholar. As migration studies scholars, we study the various facets of human movement (forced, voluntary and that which falls in between). We want to know why people move, how their movement is supported or constrained, and the effects of such movement up- on host societies, those who have migrated, and those who have been left physically behind. As citizenship studies scholars, we study formal and informal modes of belong- ing and acting within various types of political organization (from the community all the way up through the state to the space of “global citizenship”). We want to know who be- longs, who sets the criteria for belonging and how, and the ramifications of various forms of inclusion and exclusion upon ourselves and upon others (both within and out- side of our particular polities). Within our specific niches, we do not as readily reflect upon the relationship between human movement and our understanding of what it means to belong. And seldom do we make clear the ways in which various understand- ings of belonging (or citizenship) restrict or support various forms of human movement. As a Section of scholars dedicated to the study of citizenship and migration, we need to play more at the interstices of citizenship and migration studies. We need to paint grey the borders that many of us have erected around these two subjects and begin to ask, if we have not yet done so, what it would mean to study our particular sub- ject or question from the “other” side. What could a citizenship studies approach to this matter add to our understanding of this particular migration issue? What could a migra- tion studies perspective add to our knowledge of this specific citizenship question? The http://community.apsanet.org/migrationcitizenship/home 5 Winter issue of our APSA Migration and Citizenship Section’s Newsletter, while not ex- plicitly constructed to address the interplay between citizenship and migration studies, does so in several ways. The Symposium