The Creation and Application of a Management Framework to Lean Metrology Phillip Lewis Submitted version deposited in Coventry University’s Institutional Repository Original citation: Lewis, P. (2018) The Creation and Application of a Management Framework to Lean Metrology. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Coventry: Coventry University Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Some materials have been removed from this thesis due to Third Party Copyright. Pages where material has been removed are clearly marked in the electronic version. The unabridged version of the thesis can be viewed at the Lanchester Library, Coventry University. A cross-sectional survey of health and health behaviours of individuals attending a Seventh- day Adventist Church in Coventry. By Chantal Alison Tomlinson MPhil September 2018 Page | 1 A cross-sectional survey of health and health behaviours of individuals attending a Seventh- day Adventist Church in Coventry. By Chantal Alison Tomlinson September 2018 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the University’s requirements for the Master of Philosophy Page | 2 Library Declaration and Deposit Agreement Forename: Family Name: Chantal Tomlinson Student ID: Faculty: Award: 3593774 HLS MPhil Thesis Title: A cross-sectional survey of health and health behaviours of individuals attending a Seventh-day Adventist Church in Coventry. Freedom of Information: Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) ensures access to any information held by Coventry University, including theses, unless an exception or exceptional circumstances apply. In the interest of scholarship, theses of the University are normally made freely available online in the Institutions Repository, immediately on deposit. You may wish to restrict access to your thesis for a period of up to three years. Reasons for restricting access to the electronic thesis should be derived from exemptions under FOIA. (Please also refer to the University Regulations Section 8.12.5) Do you wish to restrict access to thesis/submission: No Please note: If your thesis includes your publications in the appendix, please ensure you seek approval from the publisher first, and include their approval with this form. If they have not given approval, they will need to be removed from the version of your thesis made available in the Institutional Repository. If Yes please specify reason for restriction: Length of restriction: N/A Does any organisation, other than Coventry University, have an interest in No the Intellectual Property Rights to your work? If Yes please specify Organisation: Please specify the nature of their interest: Signature: C.Tomlinson Date: 19/12/18 For Doctoral College and Centre for Research Capability and Development use Date Final Thesis Submitted Date of Thesis release to Library Page | 3 Page | 4 Acknowledgements I firstly thank God who has given me the inspiration and motivation to persevere with the completion of this research. I would like to acknowledge the knowledge and guidance and support of my Director of Studies, Dr. Lycett who has strongly supported me in the completion of this thesis. This wouldn’t have been possible without her. Thanks and appreciation also go to my supervisory team which included Prof. Michael Duncan and Dr. Anne Couffopolous who have supported me all the way through with their expertise and feedback on this piece. Acknowledgements are also due to the Coventry Central Seventh-day Adventist church that so willingly allowed me to conduct this research on the members that attend this congregation. Thanks to all my family and friends who provided the needful encouragement while undertaking this research project. Page | 5 Abstract Introduction Seventh-day Adventists (SDAs) are a religious group in which extensive research has been conducted on the American population of SDAs which express the benefits of a vegetarian diet. Many of the SDA community in the United States of America (USA) look to the church for their teaching on health. SDAs teach, support and preach directly about specific health interventions and principles, many of which mirror mainstream health promotion messages, but with a different rationale. However, there is a lack of published studies on the health of this population group in the United Kingdom (UK). In addition to this, the SDA church within the UK is predominantly of black ethnicity. Within society black individuals are evidenced to experience an increased risk of chronic disease such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Additionally, Coventry is a ‘Marmot’ city, with high-levels of health inequality and deprivation with Coventry reported to have worse health than the rest of England. This study sought to investigate the health and health behaviours of SDAs at the main church congregation in Coventry to assess whether the conditions prevalent in the black community were evident in this sample of predominantly black SDAs who also adhere to specific religious health teachings. Aim- To undertake a cross-sectional study of the health and health behaviours of SDAs at the main church congregation in Coventry. Methods This study followed a cross-sectional study design. Forty-seven participants were recruited from the Coventry Central SDA Church using convenience sampling. A health needs survey used by the health ministries leaders in the SDA church was adapted to improve validity and was completed by each participant. Questions were asked on their lifestyle behaviours such as fruit and vegetable intake and exercise. Measures of body composition and blood pressure were taken. The results were presented descriptively, and regression analysis applied to investigate the associations between the where individuals first seek help in times of sickness, and their health status. Results The participants were mostly female (57%, n=29) aged 18 – 62 years. Most were of black ethnicity (92% n=46). Most of those surveyed were obese with waist circumferences that put them at severe risk of heart disease (78%) and most had blood pressure within the healthy range. Iron deficiency anaemia was the most common health condition and many take iron supplements. There were no current smokers or consumers of alcohol in this sample. Most participants were active and had 7-9 hours of sleep daily. A vegetarian diet was the most commonly followed special diet and the mean consumption of fruit and vegetables was 5 portions daily. When asked about the source that is sought most commonly for help with health, God was the highest-ranking. There was no association between where people seek help from first and their health behaviours or health status. Conclusions Obesity and iron deficiency anaemia were prevalent in this sample. The rates of obesity, but not of type 2 diabetes, smokers or alcohol consumers, exceeded that reported for the non-SDA black UK population. The reasons for this need investigating further and specifically tailored health promotion for this population group may be helpful. Page | 6 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 1- Background ............................................................................................................... 12 1.1 The History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church ............................................................ 12 1.2 What does the SDA Church believe about health? ........................................................... 17 1.3 What does the SDA church teach about a healthy lifestyle? ............................................ 18 1.3.1 Vegetarianism ............................................................................................................ 18 1.3.2 Avoidance of unclean meats ...................................................................................... 19 1.3.3 Avoidance of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs .......................................................... 20 1.3.4 Avoidance of caffeine ................................................................................................. 21 1.3.5 Rest and Exercise ........................................................................................................ 22 1.4 Religious motivation for health ......................................................................................... 22 1.5 Evidence of health effects of the SDA lifestyle ................................................................. 23 1.6 Why study the SDA population in Coventry? .................................................................... 24 1.6.1 Britain’s Ethnic Minorities .......................................................................................... 25 1.6.2 Poorer overall health in Ethnic Minorities within the UK .............................................. 26 1.6.3 Lifestyle Behaviours of the Black Ethnicity within the UK .......................................... 29 1.6.3 Health inequalities in Coventry .................................................................................. 30 1.6.4 Places of faith for health interventions .....................................................................