Ŕ periodica polytechnica Communication perspectives on social Social and Management Sciences networking and citizen journalism 19/2 (2011) 51–62 doi: 10.3311/pp.so.2011-2.01 challenges to traditional newspapers web: http://www.pp.bme.hu/so c Periodica Polytechnica 2011 James E. Katz RESEARCH ARTICLE Received 2011-01-07 Abstract 1 Overview Communication perspectives are presented on the challenges In the liberal cultural tradition, newspapers have historically posed to traditional newspapers by social media and citizen served not only as sources of news about events but also as journalism, with special reference to the United States. This sources of information about corruption and abuse, most par- is an important topic given the critical role investigative report- ticularly in the case of the government [1]. It has been a long- ing, long the domain of newspapers, plays in fostering demo- established article of faith that a free press is the cornerstone cratic practices. New Media and social networking technology of a free society [2]. As a result, journalists and publishers are evaluated in terms of their impact on the newspaper enter- in democracies have enjoyed special privileges and protections. prise. Alternative scenarios for future developments are exam- Yet, due to the consequences of technological change, the abil- ined as are the implications for social values and the role of an ity of newspapers to serve, in the words of Thomas Jefferson, as informed citizenry in democratic society. Strategic management the “bulwark of liberty,” has been compromised. Expenses of issues are analyzed, and the possibility is considered that social traditional newspaper editing, production and distribution have media can fulfil much of the democracy-enhancing role served soared even as reading habits of the public have shifted away traditionally by newspapers. from physically delivered newspapers. Although news con- sumption is quite high in democracies, growing percentages of Keywords the public turn to social media as news sources. Advertising Newspapers news industry social media social networks spending has gravitated away from the printed newspaper to on- · · · · democracy journalism line outlets. In particular, Internet outlets for classified ads (most · famously instantiated as Craigslist.com) and other forms of ad- Acknowledgement vertising have taken away revenue from newspapers, revenue The author thanks Pablo Boczkowski, Irving Louis Horowitz, that had been used to subsidize the news reporting enterprise Leopoldina Fortunati, Edda Humprecht, Anders Larsson, [3]. Social media alternatives to newspapers, for both news and Kristóf Nyíri, John V. Pavlik, Aram Sinnreich and Todd Wolfson advertising, have profoundly eroded the economic viability and for their helpful comments. All errors and misinterpretations social position of newspapers. remain the responsibility of the author. This article argues that social media have challenged the newspaper profession, which has in response sought to co-opt the tools of social media. This in turn has diluted the quality and authority of newspapers, with implications for the proper functioning of an informed citizenry in a democracy. In recogni- tion of the situation, pundits and opinion leaders have proposed several alternative models to traditional advertising-supported newspapers. A survey of these alternatives suggests that in light of economic, social science and management processes, these proposals have either severe problems or questionable prospects of success. However, social media are increasingly shouldering the burden that newspapers have had in terms of investigative James E. Katz journalism and keeping the citizenry informed. The article con- Department of Communication, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jer- cludes with a discussion of management and social scientific sey, 08901, USA e-mail: [email protected] dimensions of the new policy environment. Citizen journalism challenges to traditional newspapers 2011 19 2 51 Although the focus of the analysis is mainly on the United 3 Popularity of socially networked media widespread States the discussion should be relevant to many other countries. Social media outlets around the world have become impor- Yet it is also worth bearing in mind that local conditions vary in tant sources of news outside as well as alongside of traditional ways that limit the discussion’s generalizability [4]. mainstream media [10]. In the United States, a 2010 national survey found that 34% of Americans said they got news online 2 Why newspapers are important “yesterday,” up from 29% in 2008. Concomitantly, print usage In order to see the valuable role that newspapers (especially “yesterday” was 31%, a decline from 34% in 2008. This survey in terms of their “accountability”/investigative journalism activ- indicates that more people in the US get their news each day ities) play in the operation of a transparent, honest and repre- from online sources than they do from newspapers [11]. Citizen sentative government, we can summarize the necessary prereq- journalists have provided much of the impetus for this change. uisites for a liberal democracy. These include: Citizen journalists may be contrasted to professional journalists, i.e., “someone who obtains information sought while working as 1 freedom of expression, a salaried employee of, or independent contractor for, an entity 2 free flow of information and especially such information that that disseminates information by print, broadcast, cable, satel- citizens can use to know about governmental activities, lite, mechanical, photographic, electronic, or other means ”[12]. By contrast, citizen journalists are generally not paid and may 3 checks and balances both within the government and between be defined as someone engaged in “collecting and publication the government and other societal institutions, of timely, unique, nonfiction information by individuals with- 4 the separation of powers within the government, out formal journalism training or professional affiliation” [13] or even more simply, as “when members of the public engage in 5 equal rights for minorities, journalism ”[14]. (The practice of citizen journalism has also 6 right of free association, and been called “participatory journalism” or “grassroots journal- ism.”) Citizen journalism and volunteer news co-creation ac- 7 restrictions on the power and reach of electoral victors to tivities are increasingly prominent in the news mix of demo- guarantee that those who lose will not be persecuted or disen- cratic and quasi-democratic states. (Such activities have been franchised [5]. criticized as being superficial, and citizen journalists stand ac- This is not the place to have a full discussion of the necessary cused of reliance on a mélange of recycled and worked-over and sufficient requirements of liberal democracy. However, the material of dubious provenance that ultimately is of little value above axioms may be proposed as constituting its major oper- [15]. Worse, their activities are said to destroy the very sources ational elements. (It bears stating that individual privacy must of legitimate news content that they cannibalize [16]). also be protected and that there are legitimate needs to keep cer- Blogging and tweeting have become an ordinary part of news tain group information confidential, e.g., personnel, security and reporting that now accompanies the activities of the so-called financial transactions [6]). Old Media. Or to put it differently, online ancillaries are com- Newspapers in democracies have traditionally occupied a vi- mon correlates for all forms of news media including magazines, tal social role in sustaining these requirements, even to the extent radio, and television programs but especially newspapers. For of being called a “Fourth Estate,” in that they act as a check on many, it may appear that this is a condition of advanced in- other powerful institutions in society. Equally, in authoritarian, dustrial societies, and that this condition does not extend to the anarchic or dictatorial regimes, they have played an important Third World. But such a view would be in error: given the of- role in manipulating the public, spreading false and malicious ten Western-centric view of citizen journalism and blogging, it ideas, and covering up official misconduct. In the particular case may be useful to note that Indonesia and Malaysia are among of misconduct, had these problems been known to the public, se- the leading countries in terms of bloggers. vere problems would have been created for the governing elites By the same token, a worldwide trend is that information and [7]. So the role of newspapers, both for good as well as for evil, communication technologies are reconfiguring the traditional is considerable. balance between the creators and consumers of news and the The rise of the Internet and mobile communication has dra- journalistic reporting profession. Blogs, social networking sites, matically altered the news business in most countries. The pro- micro-blogging services such as Twitter, and mobile phones, duction, distribution and consumption of news have been dra- among other technologies, have made new information and per- matically changed, both in terms of how the newspaper business spectives available about both regional and local events; they can sustain itself and the meaning and social role newspapers have also added important and often oppositional interpretations can play. This in turn raises critical questions for