DANIEL Summary of the Book of Daniel This summary of the book of Daniel provides information about the title, author(s), date of writing, chronology, theme, theology, outline, a brief overview, and the chapters of the Book of Daniel. Author, Date and Authenticity The book implies that Daniel was its author in several passages, such as 9:2; 10:2. That Jesus concurred is clear from his reference to " �the abomination that causes desolation,' spoken of through the prophet Daniel" (Mt 24:15; see note there), quoting 9:27 (see note there); 11:31; 12:11. The book was probably completed c. 530 b.c., shortly after Cyrus the Great, king of Persia, captured the city of Babylon in 539. The widely held view that the book of Daniel is largely fictional rests mainly on the modern philosophical assumption that long-range predictive prophecy is impossible. Therefore all fulfilled predictions in Daniel, it is claimed, had to have been composed no earlier than the Maccabean period (second century b.c.), after the fulfillments had taken place. But objective evidence excludes this hypothesis on several counts: 1.To avoid fulfillment of long-range predictive prophecy in the book, the adherents of the late-date view usually maintain that the four empires of chs. 2 and 7 are Babylon, Media, Persia and Greece. But in the mind of the author, "the Medes and Persians" (5:28;;) together constituted the second in the series of four kingdoms (2:32-43; see note there). Thus it becomes clear that the four empires are the Babylonian, Medo- Persian, Greek and Roman. 2.The language itself argues for a date earlier than the second century. Linguistic evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls (which furnish authentic samples of Hebrew and Aramaic writing from the third and second centuries b.c.; see essay, p. 1939) demonstrates that the Hebrew and Aramaic chapters of Daniel must have been composed centuries earlier. Furthermore, as recently demonstrated, the Persian and Greek words in Daniel do not require a late date. Some of the technical terms appearing in ch. 3 were already so obsolete by the second century b.c. that translators of the Septuagint (the pre-Christian Greek translation of the OT) translated them incorrectly. 3.Several of the fulfillments of prophecies in Daniel could not have taken place by the second century anyway, so the prophetic element cannot be dismissed. The symbolism connected with the fourth kingdom makes it unmistakably predictive of the Roman empire (2:33;7:7,19), which did not take control of Syro-Palestine until 63 b.c. Also, a plausible interpretation of the prophecy concerning the coming of "the Anointed One, the ruler," approximately 483 years after "the issuing of the decree to restore and rebuild Jerusalem" (9:25;9:25-27), works out to the time of Jesus' ministry. Objective evidence, therefore, appears to exclude the late-date hypothesis and indicates that there is insufficient reason to deny Daniel's authorship. Theological Theme The theological theme of the book is summarized in 4:17; 5:21: "The Most High (God) is sovereign over the kingdoms of men." Daniel's visions always show God as triumphant (7:11,26-27;8:25;9:27). The climax of his sovereign rule is described in Revelation: "The kingdom of the world has become the kingdom of our Lord and of his Christ [i.e., Messiah, �Anointed One'], and he will reign for ever and ever" (rev 11:15;da 2:44;7:27;s). Literary Form The book is made up primarily of historical narrative (found mainly in chs. 1 - 6) and apocalyptic ("revelatory") material (found mainly in chs. 7 - 12). The latter may be defined as symbolic, visionary, prophetic literature, usually composed during oppressive conditions and being chiefly eschatological in theological content. Apocalyptic literature is primarily a literature of encouragement to the people of God (see Introduction to Zechariah: Literary Form and Themes; see also Introduction to Revelation: Literary Form). For the symbolic use of numbers in apocalyptic literature see Introduction to Revelation: Distinctive Feature. Outline •Prologue: The Setting (ch. 1) •Historical Introduction (1:1-2) •Daniel and His Friends Are Taken Captive (1:3-7) •The Young Men Are Faithful (1:8-16) •The Young Men Are Elevated to High Positions (1:17-21) •The Destinies of the Nations of the World (chs. 2-7;) •Nebuchadnezzar's Dream of a Large Statue (ch. 2) •Nebuchadnezzar's Making of a Gold Image and His Decree That It Be Worshiped (ch. 3) •Nebuchadnezzar's Dream of an Enormous Tree (ch. 4) •Belshazzar's and Babylon's Downfall (ch. 5) •Daniel's Deliverance from the Lion's Den (ch. 6) •Daniel's Dream of Four Beasts (ch. 7) •The Destiny of the Nation of Israel (chs. 8-12; in Hebrew) •Daniel's Vision of a Ram and a Goat (ch. 8) •Daniel's Prayer and His Vision of the 70 "Sevens" (ch. 9) •Daniel's Vision of Israel's Future (chs. 10-12) 1.Revelation of things to come (10:1-3) 2.Revelation from the angelic messenger (10:4;11:1) 3.Prophecies concerning Persia and Greece (11:2-4) 4.Prophecies concerning Egypt and Syria (11:5-35) 5.Prophecies concerning the antichrist (11:36-45) 6.Distress and deliverance (12:1) 7.Two resurrections (12:2-3) 8.Instruction to Daniel (12:4) 9.Conclusion (12:5-13) Daniel 1 Daniel Taken to Babylon 1 In the third year of 1the reign of Jehoiakim king of Judah, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon came to Jerusalem and besieged it. 2 And the Lord gave Jehoiakim king of Judah into his hand, with some of 2the vessels of the house of God. And he brought them to 3the land of Shinar, to the house of his god, 4and placed the vessels in the treasury of his god. 3 Then the king commanded Ashpenaz, 5his chief eunuch, to bring some of the people of Israel, both of the royal familya and of6the nobility, 4 youths without 7blemish, of good appearance and 8skillful in all wisdom, endowed with knowledge, understanding learning, and competent to stand in the king's palace, and to 9teach them the literature and language of the10Chaldeans. 5 The king assigned them a daily portion of 11the food that the king ate, and of 12the wine that he drank. They were to be educated for 13three years, and at the end of that time they were to 14stand before the king. 6 Among these were 15Daniel, 16Hananiah, 17Mishael, and 18Azariah of the tribe of Judah. 7And 19the chief of the eunuchs 20gave them names: 21Daniel he called Belteshazzar, Hananiah he called Shadrach, Mishael he called Meshach, and Azariah he called Abednego. Daniel's Faithfulness 8 But Daniel 22resolved that he would not 23defile himself with 24the king's food, or with 25the wine that he drank. Therefore he asked the chief of the eunuchs to allow him not to 26defile himself. 9 27And God gave Daniel favor and compassion in the sight of the chief of the eunuchs, 10 and the chief of the eunuchs said to Daniel, "I fear my lord the king, who assigned your food and your drink; for why should he see that you were in worse condition than the youths who are of your own age? So you would endanger my head with the king." 11 Then Daniel said to the steward whom the chief of the eunuchs had assigned over Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, 12 "Test your servants for 28ten days; let us be given vegetables to eat and water to drink. 13 Then let our appearance and the appearance of the youths who eat 29the king's food be observed by you, and deal with your servants according to what you see." 14 So he listened to them in this matter, and tested them for ten days. 15 At the end of ten days it was seen that they were better in appearance and fatter in flesh than all the youths who ate 30the king's food. 16 31So the steward took away their food and the wine they were to drink, and gave them 32vegetables. 17 As for these four youths, 33God gave them learning and 34skill in all literature and wisdom, and Daniel had 35understanding in all visions and dreams. 18 At the end of 36the time, when the king had commanded that they should be brought in, the chief of the eunuchs brought them in before Nebuchadnezzar. 19 And the king spoke with them, and among all of them none was found like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah. Therefore37they stood before the king. 20 And in every matter of wisdom and understanding about which the king inquired of them, he found them ten times better than all 38the magicians and 39enchanters that were in all his kingdom. 21 And Daniel 40was there until the first year of 41King Cyrus. Footnotes a 1:3 - Hebrew of the seed of the kingdom Cross references 1 1:1 - 2 Kgs. 24:1, 2 ; 2 Chr. 36:6 •2 1:2 - ch. 5:2 ; 2 Kgs. 24:13 ; 2 Chr. 36:7, 10 ; [ Jer. 27:18 ] •3 1:2 - Gen. 11:2 ; Zech. 5:11 •4 1:2 - 2 Chr. 36:7 ; Ezra 5:14 •5 1:3 - [ 2 Kgs. 20:18 ; Isa. 39:7 ] •6 1:3 - Esth. 1:3 •7 1:4 - [ Lev. 24:19, 20 ; 2 Sam. 14:25 ] •8 1:4 - [ver. 17; ch. 9:22 ] •9 1:4 - [ Isa. 47:10 ] •10 1:4 - ch.