1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 AERONOMY_ e polar regions have been called Earth's window to outer space. With the discovery of polar stratospheric ozone de- pletions, a window previously thought "closed" (the ultraviolet window) is now known to "open" in certain seasons. Current research focuses on stratospheric chemistry, aerosols, and the vital role played by ozone. ASTROPHYSICS_Antarctica is an as- tronomer's dream come true. e Amundsen-Scott South Pole Aboa Almirante Brown Antarctic Base Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Artigas Base Asuka Station Belgrano II Base Bellingshausen Station Bernardo O'Higgins Station Bharati Byrd Station Captain Arturo Prat Base Casey Station Station is arguably one of the best places on earth to study the stars. Observers 1988 1951 1957 1984 1985 1979 1968 1948 2012 1957 1947 1957 there take advantage of the unique characteristics of the South Pole to study the evolution and structure of the Universe. BIOLOGY_Conditions on the frozen Antarctic surface are so harsh that few life forms survive year-round above the ice. Of particular interest to biologists, the McMurdo Dry Valleys represent a region where life approaches its environmental limits. While below the surface and along the coast, ocean ecosystems teem with life that is rich, complex, 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 and abundant. GEOLOGY_Much of the story of Antarctica is written beneath the ice, in the rocks that make up about 9 percent of Earth's continental crust. Geologic evidence indicates that at one time the continent had a temperate climate and was part of an ancient, considerably larger land mass, known as Gondwanaland. GLACIOLOGY_An ice sheet covers all but 2.4 per cent of Antarctica's 14 million square kilometers. is ice contains 70 percent of all the world's fresh water. In order to predict the ice sheet's future behavior and its eect on global climate, glaciologists must have a thorough understanding of its history, current state, internal dynamics. METEOROLOGY_e weather systems that constantly circle Antarctica drive storms across the Southern Ocean and beyond, while the seasonal formation and melting of sea ice has an important eect on the world's weather. Antarctic stations collect daily meteorological observations and broadcast them to surround- ing countries to help in weather forecasting. OCEANOGRAPHY_e Antarctic Convergence divides the cold southern water masses from the warmer northern waters, Comandante Ferraz Base Concordia Station Dakshin Gangotri Davis Station Dome Fuji Dumont d'Urville Base Base Presidente Montalva Esperanza Base Gabriel de Castilla Station Georg von Neumayer Station Gonzalez Videla Station Great Wall Station creating the world's largest current owing at an average speed of half a knot eastward 1984 2005 1984 1957 1995 1956 1969 1975 1989 1981 1951 1985 a r o u n d the continent. In addition, sea ice forms outward up to 1500 kilometers from the continent every winter. Oceanographic studies focus on these two 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 interrelated phenomena and their eects on both marine ecosystems and Earth's climate patterns. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH STATIONS Halley Research Station Henryk Arctowski Station Jang Bogo Station Jinnah Antarctic Station Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base Jubany King Sejong Station Kohnen Station Kunlun Station Law-Racoviţă Station Leningradskaya Station Machu Picchu Research Station 1956 1977 2014 1991 1988 1953 1988 2001 2009 1986 1971 1989 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 50 63 15 22-47-48 59 37-49 67 66 5 1-71 53 62 46 32 65 45 25 41 Maitri Station Maldonado Base Marambio Base Mario Zucchelli Station Mawson Station McMurdo Station Mendel Polar Station Mirny Station Mizuho Station Molodyozhnaya Station Neumayer Station Neumayer-Station III 6 17 1989 1990 1969 1986 1954 1956 2006 1956 1970 1962 1992 2009 34-55-72 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 16 33 3 44 69 70 10 64 14 12 Novolazarevskaya Station Orcadas Base Pakistan national antarctic station Palmer Station Princess Elisabeth Base Professor Julio Escudero Base Progress Station Rothera Research Station Russkaya Station San Martín Base SANAE IV St. Kliment Ohridski Base 13-36 1904 1968 2007 1994 1988 1975 1980 1951 1961 2012 1997 1988 26-30-31 20 7-19-54 4-24 8 39 57 42-61 11-38 43 29-60 21 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 40 18 23 35 2 52 68 ANTARCTIC NOMADISM Una capsula errante per la sopravvivenza antartica Scott Base Showa Station Signy Research Station Siple Station Svea Research Station Tor Station Troll Station Vernadsky Research Base Vostok Station WAIS Divide Camp Wasa Research Station Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) Station 58 Edoardo Allievi Relatore: prof. Matteo Umberto Poli 56 1957 1957 1947 1973 1988 1993 1990 1994 1957 2005 1989 1989 Francesco Camanzi Anno accademico 2011/2012 Alessandro Consonni TAVOLA 2 - Antarctic Research Stations.