ESA/SRE(2011)1 February 2011 EJSM-Laplace Exploring the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Assessment Study Report European Space Agency 2 This page left intentionally blank 3 Foreword The Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM-Laplace) concept results from the merging of the Large Class mission “Laplace” proposal in response to ESA’s Cosmic Vision programme call in 2007, and of two NASA Outer Planets Flagship mission studies, “Europa Orbiter” and “Jupiter System Observer”. The proposed share of responsibilities on EJSM- Laplace was achieved at the beginning of the joint ESA-NASA study that started in early 2008, when the Joint Science Definition Team (JSDT) was established. To understand the Galilean satellites as a system, Ganymede and Europa are singled out for detailed investigation by EJSM-Laplace. EJSM-Laplace is an international mission that would be developed in collaboration between ESA and NASA. The reference mission architecture which was studied during the past 3 years consists of the following two flight elements: i) the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO), assumed to be developed, launched and operated by ESA, ii) the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO), assumed to be developed, launched and operated by NASA. The two spacecraft, JGO and JEO, would be independently built, launched and operated in the Jovian system. The mission as studied, however, offers unique capabilities to execute an extended joint choreographed exploration of the Jupiter system before the spacecraft settle into orbit around Ganymede and Europa, respectively. JGO and JEO will be flying on two complementary trajectories and will carry complementary instruments to achieve the following science objectives: characterise Ganymede and Europa as planetary objects and potential habitats, study Ganymede, Europa, Callisto and Io in the broader context of the system of Jovian moons, and focus on Jupiter science including the planet, its atmosphere and the magnetosphere as a coupled system. EJSM-Laplace would be the first dual spacecraft mission to Jupiter. It will address several key science themes of ESA’s Cosmic Vision and high priority science goals of NASA’s 2003- 2013 Decadal Survey. The payload of the two spacecraft would be selected in the framework of two coordinated AOs planned to be released in 2011.This report, the so-called Yellow Book, contains the results of ESA's Assessment Study (Phase 0/A), including a description of the mission goals, science requirements, mission scenario, a brief description of the Model Payload, a summary of the three industrial studies of JGO, and the proposed management approach. The document was written by the Joint Science Definition Team and by both the ESA Study Team and the NASA pre-Project Team. We are extremely grateful to have taken part in this exciting journey. The EJSM-Laplace JSDT 4 Mission Description Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM-Laplace) Key Science The emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants Goals Characterize Ganymede as a planetary object including its potential habitability Explore Europa to investigate its habitability Explore the Jupiter system as an archetype for gas giants Flight elements Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO) Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) 11 instruments total mass 104 kg 11 instruments, total mass 106 kg Narrow Angle Camera Narrow Angle Camera Wide Angle Camera Wide- and Medium Angle Camera Model Payload Visible and IR Imaging Spectrometer Visible-Infrared Spectrometer Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer Ultraviolet Spectrometer Submillimeter Wave Instrument Thermal Instrument Laser Altimeter Laser Altimeter Ice penetrating radar Ice Penetrating Radar Magnetometer Magnetometer Particle and Plasma Instrument-Ion Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer Neutral Mass Spectrometer Particle and Plasma Instrument Radio and Plasma Wave instrument Radio Science Instrument. Radio Science Instrument 2020: Launch by Ariane-5 ECA 2020: Launch by Atlas-551 Overall 2020-26: VEEGA-type cruise 2020-2026: VEEGA-type cruise mission profile 03/2026- Jupiter Orbit Insertion 02/2026: Jupiter Orbit Insertion 2026-28: Jovian tour, 9 Callisto flybys 2026-28: Jovian tour with flybys of Io, 2028-29: Ganymede orbital phase Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (elliptical & high circular: 2028-29: Europa orbital phase (200 and 200-10000 km & 5000 km 100 km circular) Low circular: 500 and 200 km ) Spacecraft 3-axis stabilized 3-axis stabilized Power:solar panels:636-693W(EOM) Power: MMRTG 540 W (EOM) HGA: 3.2 m, body fixed HGA: 4 m, articulated. X- and Ka bands X- and Ka bands Downlink >1Gbit/day Downlink >1Gbit/day Autonomous operations Autonomous operations High delta-V capability (2771 m/s) High delta-V capability Radiation level: 85 krad /10mm Al Radiation: 2.9 Mrad/ 2.5 mm Al Dry mass: ~1700 kg Dry mass: 1714 kg Ground TM ESA Deep Space Antenna NASA DSN stations Key mission Radiation Radiation and planetary protection drivers and Power budget Propulsion technology Propulsion challenges Proposed share ESA is responsible for manufacturing, launch and operations of JGO spacecraft of NASA is responsible for manufacturing, launch and operations of JEO spacecraft responsibilities Science payload funded by ESA Member States and NASA in the framework of coordinated AOs 5 Authorship and acknowledgements The EJSM‐Laplace Joint Science Definition Team EJSM science leadership Michele Dougherty (European Lead Scientist, co-chair of the JSDT) Imperial College United Kingdom Ron Greeley (US co-chair of the JSDT) Arizona State University USA Jean-Pierre Lebreton (Study Scientist - 3.02.2011) ESA/ESTEC/RSSD ESA Dima Titov (Study Scientist 3.02.2011 - ) ESA/ESTEC/RSSD ESA Robert T. Pappalardo (US Study Scientist) Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA Athena Coustenis (European Deputy Lead Scientist) Paris-Meudon Observatory France Olivier Grasset (JGO Lead Scientist) University of Nantes France Emma Bunce (JGO Deputy Lead Scientist) University of Leicester United Kingdom Dave Senske (US Deputy Study Scientist) Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA Louise Prockter (US Deputy Study scientist) Johns Hopkins University—APL USA And the Joint Science Definition Team: Ariel Anbar Arizona State University USA Bruce Bills Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA Michel Blanc Ecole Polytechnique France Diana Blaney Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA Don Blankenship University of Texas USA Andrew Coates University College London United Kingdom Angioletta Coradini Institute for Interplanetary Space Physics Italy Phil Christensen Arizona State University USA Brad Dalton Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA Jody Deming University of Washington USA Pierre Drossart LESIA/Observatory of Paris France Leigh Fletcher Oxford University United Kingdom Masaki Fujimoto ISAS/JAXA Japan Rick Greenberg University of Arizona USA Kevin Hand Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA Amanda Hendrix Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA Hauke Hussmann German Center for Aerospace (DLR) Germany Ralf Jaumann German Center for Aerospace (DLR) Germany Torrence Johnson Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA Yasumasa Kasaba Tohoku University Japan Krishan Khurana University of California Los Angeles USA Norbert Krupp MPI for Solar System Research Germany Ralph Lorenz Johns Hopkins University….APL USA Essam Marouf San Jose State University USA Tom McCord Bear Fight Institute USA Melissa McGrath Marshall Space Flight Center USA William Moore NIA—Hampton University USA Jeff Moore Ames Research Center USA Francis Nimmo University of California Santa Cruz USA Chris Paranicas Johns Hopkins University—APL USA Olga Prieto-Ballesteros Center of Astrobiology—INTA-CSIC Spain Sho Sasaki National Observatory of Japan Japan Gerald Schubert University of California Los Angeles USA Mark Showalter SETI Institute USA Adam Showman University of Arizona USA Amy Simon-Miller Goddard Spaceflight Center USA Mitch Sogin Marine Biological Laboratory USA Christophe Sotin Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA John Spencer Southwest Research Institute USA Yukihiro Takahashi Tohoku University Japan Takeshi Takashima ISAS /JAXA Japan Paolo Tortora University of Bologna Italy Federico Tosi Institute for Interplanetary Space Physics Italy Elizabeth Turtle Johns Hopkins University—API USA Tim Van Hoolst Royal Observatory of Belgium Belgium Steve Vance Jet Propulsion Laboratory USA Hunter Waite Southwest Research Institute USA 6 The Laplace proposal was an effort of more than 350 scientists from 15 countries led by M. Blanc. We acknowledge the great support provided by the members of the 9 JSDT Working Groups for defining the science case of the mission. We also acknowledge Model Payload contacts for their support to define the JGO model payload. The ESA study was led by: Jean-Pierre Lebreton, ESA Study Scientist, Dima Titov, Study Scientist Support, Christian Erd, ESA Study Manager, Arno Wielders, ESA JGO Payload Study Manager, with the Support of ESA’s planning and coordination office: Fabio Favata, Marcello Coradini, Philippe Escoubet, Ana Heras. Support to the ESA study was provided by: M. Gehler, A. Boutonnet, J. Schoenmaekers, T. Voirin, J. Sorensen, G. Santin, P. Nieminen, P. Falkner. The three industrial studies were conducted by Consortia led by: Astrium SAS, OHB and Thales Alenia Space/France. The front page graphics by artist Mike Carroll. 7 Structure of the Yellow Book and table of content Yellow Book is structured in such a way to guide a reader through all aspects of the proposed EJSM- Laplace mission from scientific themes and objectives to concrete measurements and results of industrial studies at different