Appendix B : Language Codes This list of is based on the USMARC code list for languages. Washington: Library of Congress, 1987. Coverage Where one spoken language is written in two different sets of characters, both languages have been included in the list but only one code has been assigned. There are, however, exceptions to this. For example, Serbian and Croatian are the same spoken language, but the former is written in the Cyrillic alphabet and the latter in the Latin alphabet. A different code has been assigned to each. Language groups Some codes have been assigned to major language groups, e.g. Papuan-Australian or Niger-Kordofanian. These are used instead of assigning codes to every individual minor language. For example, the language Kewa, will not be assigned a code of its own but will be included in the Papuan-Australian group and given the code for that group. An ancient language form that does not have a unique code will be assigned the code for the major language group to which it belongs instead of the code for the modern form. For example, Old Swedish, a dead language, will be assigned the code for the language group ‘Germanic, other’ instead of the code for Swedish modern. Special codes The code 'und' i.e. undetermined is used when the language cannot be determined. The code 'mul' i.e. multiple is used when several languages are involved and it is not practicable to assign codes for each. The code 'xxx' is used when language is not involved, e.g. machine-readable data consisting of machine code. Preferred form of name Where a note 'use . ' appears after a language, the name referred to should be used in any catalogue entry unless quoting the title page, e.g. a text described outside the title page as 'translated from the Kati' should be described as 'translated from the Bashgali'. Language codes are arranged in two alphabetical sequences, by language and by language code. Languages A Aba use Chiriguano Andamanese mis Abaknon Andarang use map Wandarang Abidji Ande use Campa nic Abigar use Nuer Ande (Artificial art language) Abkhaz Andhra use Telugu cau Abnaki Andian use Mandar alg Abo (Sudan) use Andira use Maue Toposa Abor Andoke sai sit Aboralan Tagbanwa use Anesu map Tagbanua Abua Anga (Ghana) use nic Hanga (Ghana) Abulas Angas afa paa Acadian (Louisiana) use Anggor paa Cajun French Achi, Cubulco use Angika inc Cubulco Achi Achinese Angkola ank ace Acholi use Acoli Anglo-Norman roa Achuale Anglo-Saxon use sai English, Old Acoli Angola use Kimbundu ach Acra use Gã Annamese use Vietnamese Acuan-Shavante use Annobon use Creoles Akwe-Shavante and Pidgins, Portuguese-based Adaiel use Afar Antiqueno use Kinaray-a Adamawa use Fulah Anuak ssa Adangme Anufo nic ada Adari use Harari Anufo (Ivory Coast) use Brissa Adi use Abor Anum use Gwa (Ghana) Adidji use Abidji Anyi nic Adja use Aja Anzanic use Elamite Adjaua use Yao Ao sit Adnyamatana Aomie paa paa Adyghe Apa Tanag use cau Apatani Aeta Negrito use Apabhramsa inc Botolan Sambal Afan use Oromo Apache languages apa Afar Apalai sai cus Afema use Sanvi Apatani sit Afenmai use Etsako Apayao use Isneg Afghan use Pushto Apindji use Tsogo Afrihili Apurahuano use afh Tagbanua Afrikaans Apurina use Ipurina afr Afro-Asiatic, other Arabela sai afa Agarabe Arabic ara paa Agni use Anyi Aramaic arc Agta Aranda paa map Agta (Casiguran) use Araona sai Dumagat (Umirey) Agta (Umirey) use Arapaho arp Dumagat (Umirey) Agucatec Arapesh paa sai Ahom Arapium use Maue sit Aht use Nootka Ararge use Harari Ahtena Araucanian arn ath Ai use Cofán Arawak arw Aikoa use Mori Areare map Aili-Gaili use Surinam Arecuna sai Hindustani Aimara use Aymara Arekena sai Ainu Ari (Ivory Coast) use mis Abidji Aja Arikaara nai ewe Ajawa use Yao Aripaktsa use Rikbaktsa Ajie Ariti use Paressi map Aka use Apatani Armenian arm Akan Armoric use Breton aka Akare use Kare Aromanian roa Akarimojong use Arorai use Gilbertese Karamojong Akeroa use Toposa Arosario use Malayo Akha use Kaw Arosi map Akkadian Artificial, other art akk Akposo use Kposo Ashanti use Twi Aku use Yoruba Asheninca use Campa Aku (Creole) use Krio Ashluslay use Chulupi Akuapem use Twi Asi use Ossetic Akwe-Shavante Asiatic Eskimo use sai Yuit Akye use Attie ASL asl Alacaluf Asmat paa sai Alalak use Barnagas Assamese asm Alamblak Assiniboin dak paa Alangan Assyro-Babylonian map use Akkadian Alawa Asu nic paa Alabanian, Calabrian Asurini use use Calabrian Tenetehara Alabanian Albanian Atayal ata alb Aleut Ateso use Teso ale Algonkin use Chippewa Athapascan ath languages Algonquian languages Athu use Asu alg Aljamía Atimuca use Timucua ajm Altai Atjeh use Achinese tut Altaic, other Atsera map tut Alur Atta map ssa Alyawara Attic Greek use paa Greek, Ancient Ama (Papua New Attie nic Guinea) paa Amahuaca Attouat use Katu sai Amanaya use Nzima Atynyamatana paa Amardic use Elamite Atzinca use Ocuiltec Amarigna use Amharic Au paa Amarinya use Amharic Australian paa Ambo (Southwest Austronesian, other map Africa and Angola) use Kuanyama Ambon Avar use Avaric amb Ambrym Avaric ava map Ambu use Annobon Avesta ave Ambulas use Abulas Avestan use Avesta Amele Awa paa paa AMESLAN Awadhi awa ame Amharic Ayan use Bassari amh Ami Aymara aym map Amishgo Ayo use Yao cai Ammonite Ayook use Mixe sem Ampale Ayoré use Moro cai (South America) Amuesa use Lorenzan Ayoweo use Moro (South America) Amuzgo use Amishgo Azande use Zande Anano use Guanano Azerbaijani aze Anatolian Turkish, Old Azeri use Azerbaijani use Turkish, Old Ancient Greek use Aztec nah Greek, Ancient Ancient Hebrew use Hebrew Languages B Baagingi use Balangingi Berom use Birom Babm art Berouhi use Brahui Babungo use Ngo Betammadibe use Somba Babylonian use Bete kro Akkadian Bac use Bats Betsileo use Malagasy Bactrian, Old use Bhaipei use Vaiphei sit Avesta Badjo use Bajau Bhili inc Bafang use Fe'Fe' Bhojpuri bho Bagandji dialects use Bhotanta use Tibetan Darling River dialects Bagirmi ssa Bhotia of Baltistan use Balti Bagobo map Bhotia of Bhutan use Dzongkha Bagobo, Upper use Bhotic of Sikkim use Manuvu Dängjong-kä Bahasa Indonesian use Bhutan use Tibetan Indonesian Bahinemo paa Bhutanese bhu Bahnar mkh Biangai paa Baingai use Biangai Biatah map Baining paa Bibaya use Baka (Cameroon) Bajau baj Biblical Aramaic use Aramaic Bajjika inc Biblical Greek use Greek, Ancient Baka ssa Bibriari use Anggor Baka (Cameroon) nic Bideyu use Kendayan Bakairi sai Bidjandjara use Pitjandjara Bakare use Kare Bidjara paa Bakundu nic Big Sepik use latmul Balali use Teke Bikol bik Balangao bno Bilaan map Balangingi map Biloxi sio Balese ssa Biluchi use Baluchi Balinese ban Bimanese map Balkar use Karachay- Bindubit use Pintupi Balkar Balti sit Bini bin Baltic, other bat Binokid use Bukidnon Baltistani use Balti Binubolinao use Bolinao Baluchi bal Binukidnon use Kinaray-a Bamana use Bambara Binumarien paa Bambara bam Birohi use Brahui Bamileke-Jo use Birom nic Bandjoun Bamileke languages bai Bishári use Beja Banaa use Masa Bislama cpe (Chadic) Banana (Masa) use Biyan use Bassari Masa (Chadic) Banda bad Black Bobo use Bobo Fing Bandi use Gbandi Black Carib sai Bandjalang paa Black Thai sit Bandjoun bai Blackfoot use Siksika Banen nic Bo use Pacoh Bangala (Zaire) use Bobo Fing nic Lingala Bangaru inc Bodo languages sit Bangingi use Balangingi Bohemian use Czech Banjar Hulu bah Bokmaal use Norwegian Banjara use Lambadi Bola (Portuguese Guinea) use Mankanya Bantu languages nic Bolaang Mongondo map Baoulé nic Bolia nic Bapounou use Punu Bolinao map Bara sit Boma nic Bara(Australia use Bongo ssa Burera Bara (Columbia) use Bongo-Bagirmi ssa Barasana del Norte or languages Barasana del Sur Bara (Indonesian) use Bonny use Ijo Napu Bara (Madagascar) use Bontok map Malagasy Barai map Boorishki use Burushaski Barangas map Bora sai Barasana del Norte sai Borduaria use Nocte Barasana del Sur sai Bornu use Kanuri Bareë map Bororo sai Bari ssa Boruca sai Bari (Venezuela) use Botolan Sambal map Motilon Baria ssa Boua languages use Bua languages Barma use Bagirmi Bouem use Lefana Baron use Ron Boulou use Bulu Bartang ira Bouroum use Birom Baru use Loma Boutan use Tibetan Baruya paa Brahui brh Basa bas Braj bra Basari (Togo and Brame use Mankanya Ghana) use Tobote Basco use Batan Breton bre Bashgali inc Bribri sai Bashkir bak Brissa nic Basque baq Brohki use Brahui Bassari nic Brunka use Boruca Bastari use Halbi BSL bsl Batak btk Bua languages nic Batan map Buang map Bati nic Buem use Lefana Bats cau Buginese bug Batta (Sumatra) use Buhágana use Batak Macuna Batuco use Eudeve Buin paa Baudi use Bauzi Bukar Sadong map Baule use Baoulé Bukidnon map Bauri use Bauzi Bukusu nic Bauzi paa Bulama use Mankanya Baya use Gbaya Bulgarian bul Bayo use Bajau Bulgarian, Old [to 1100] use Church Slavic Beach-la-mar use Bullom nic Bislama Bêche-de-mer use Bulse use Bobo Fing Bislama Bechuana use Tswana Bulu nic Bedja use Beja Buma use Boma Beir use Murle Bunak paa Beja bej Bunda nic Bekwarra nic Bunda (Indonesia) use Suwawa Bella Bella use Bundeli inc Wakashan languages Bella Coola use Bunun map Salishan languages Bellonese beo Burera paa Belorussian bel Buriat tut Belu use Tetum Burmese bur Bemba bem Buru (Ghana and Ivory Coast) use Mo Bembe (Congo nic Burum use Birom (Brazzaville)) Bena-bena paa Burushaski mis Benda (Bantu) use Bushman bus Venda Bengali ben Bute use Mbum Benguet Igorot use Buzi use Loma Nabaloi Benin use Bini Bwaidoga map Benue-Congo nic Bwem use Lefana languages Beothuk nai Bwine-Mukuni use Lenje Berber languages ber Byelorussian use Belorussian Berik paa Byzantine Greek use Greek, Ancient Languages C Cabardan use Chimane sai Kabardian