UNEP NAIROBI CONVENTION SECRETARIAT FINAL REGIONAL SYNTHESIS REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF LBSA PROTOCOL TO NAIROBI CONVENTION 07.03.2011 1 Executive summary This synthesis report contains a number of chapters. Chapter 1 is entitled General Introduction: Biophysical and Socio-Economic Setting, and covers the geophysical and oceanographic characteristics, key ecosystems and species, key LBSA problems and issues, and the impacts of LBSA. The region has unique and pristine environmental resources. All WIO countries have LBSA that are causing marine and coastal area pollution, and environmental degradation. However, these LBSA are related to important socio-economic sectors including agriculture, coastal tourism, ports and harbour developments, damming of rivers, urban development, mining, fisheries and manufacturing. The consequent key threats and impacts to the coastal and marine environment include pollution and degradation. Chapter 2 concerns a country-by-country analysis and summaries of LBSA relevant laws, policies, institutional and other frameworks. All WIO Countries have their own sets of LBSA related laws, policies, regulatory and institutional frameworks but they do not have LBSA specific legislations. Each has a framework environmental law supported by a key framework institution. There are policy and regulatory instruments in most of the countries. Until 2008, none of the countries had a national policy framework fully dedicated to LBSA. However, in the recent years, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) related policies, have been developed in Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Mauritius, Madagascar, Comoros and Kenya. Chapter 3 is entitled: Regional Synthesis: Overall Assessment. All the countries have sectoral legislations, policies and institutions affecting key LBSA sectors such as coastal tourism, forestry, ports and harbours, mining and extraction, fisheries, urban developments, agriculture and manufacturing. Thus major socio-economic activities are organized in a sectoral manner; concepts of integrated planning have not taken root and some of the instruments are old enactments. However, there are proposals in some of the national reports on which this report is based indicating a move towards unified LBSA legislations and institutions. Other proposals say that there should be reviews and amendments of existing laws and other instruments needed to introduce such integration. There are gaps in the national and regional studies which will require interventions. Another key finding is that regionally, the countries are seeking to align their frameworks with the LBSA Protocol to the Amended Nairobi Convention. The LBSA legislations or reviews of existing frameworks are to help facilitate ratification and implementation of the LBSA Protocol. Contents List of Tables, Figures and Maps.................................................................................................................. 7 2 Chapter 1: General Introduction: Biophysical and Socio-Economic Context .................................. 8 1.1 Dynamics of the WIO Region .......................................................................................................... 8 1.1.1 Geo-Physical and Oceanographic Characteristics. ............................................................... 8 1.2: Key Ecosystems and Species .............................................................................................................. 10 1.3: Key Marine and Coastal Resources .................................................................................................. 11 1.4: Key LBSA Problems and Issues ......................................................................................................... 21 1.4.1: Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 21 1.4.2: Key Underlying Sectors: Status and Trends ............................................................................... 22 1.4.3: Impacts of LBSA ................................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2: Country by Country Analysis of Policy, Legislation and Institutional Frameworks Relevant to LBSA. .......................................................................................................................................... 29 2.1: Comoros ................................................................................................................................................... 29 2.2: Kenya ........................................................................................................................................................ 32 2.3: Madagascar ............................................................................................................................................ 39 2.4: Mauritius .................................................................................................................................................. 43 2.5: Mozambique ............................................................................................................................................ 50 2.6: Seychelles ................................................................................................................................................ 60 2.7: South Africa ............................................................................................................................................ 70 2.8: Tanzania ................................................................................................................................................... 84 3.0: Regional Overview............................................................................................................... 3.1: Relevant Constitutional Provisions ................................................................................................ 101 3.2: Framework Environmental Laws, Institutions and Other Instruments ............................... 102 3.3: Relevant Sectoral Laws, Institutions and Other Instruments. ............................................... 104 3.3.1: Tourism Related Instruments ...................................................................................................... 105 3.3.2: Biodiversity Related Instruments ............................................................................................... 106 3 3.3.3: Ports and Harbours Related Instruments. ................................................................................ 107 3.3.4: Mining Related Instruments. ........................................................................................................ 108 3.3.5: Agriculture and Manufacturing Industry related Instruments. .......................................... 108 3.3.6: Water Quality and Pollution Related Instruments ................................................................. 109 3.4: Regional dimensions of the Legal, Policy and Institutional Gaps and Issues. ................... 109 4.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1: Conclusions 4.2: Recommedations References. 4 MMA - Mauritius Marine Authority L ist of Abbreviations and Acronyms ASCLME - Aghulhas Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystem BCLME - Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Biodiversity(Mozambique CDS - Centre for sustainable Development for Coastal/Urban/NaturalZones(Mozambique) CICE - Inter-Ministerial Consultative Committee on CITES - Convention for International Trade in Endangered COP - Conference of Parties DEAT - Department of Environment and Tourism (South DFA - Development Facilitation Act (South Africa) DOE - Division of Environment (Tanzania) DOT - Department of Transport (South Africa) DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (South Africa) ECA - Environmental Conservation Act (South Africa) EEZ - Exclusive Economic Zone EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA 1999 - Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act EMPS - Environmental Management Plan of Seychelles. EPA - Environmental Protection Act (Mauritius) ERMA - Environmental Regulation on Mining Evaluation (Mozambique) FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization GN - Gazette Notice ICZM - Integrated Coastal Zone Management INRAPE- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, la Pêche et l'Environnement KMA - Kenya Maritime Authority KMFRI - Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute LBSA - Land Based Sources and Activities. MENR - Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources MICOA - Ministry for the Co-ordination of Environmental Affairs (Mozambique) 5 NMOE - Ministry of Environment (Mauritius) EMPA - Mauritius Ports Authority Mauritius M CMPRDA - Africa Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act(South MWI - Ministry of Water and Irrigation (Kenya) NDEIE/DNAIA - National Directorate of Environmental Impact NEAP - National Environment Action Plan (Kenya, Mauritius) NEAP - National Environmental Action Plan - National Environment Management Council (Tanzania). NEP - National Environment Policy (Mauritius),(Mozambique) NET - National Environmental Tribunal (Kenya) NPA - National Ports Authority (South Africa) NSP - National Sewerage Plan (Mauritius) PAE - (National) Environmental Action Plan (Comoros) PNE - National Environment Plan (Comoros) POPs - Persistent Organic Pollutants Rs - Rupees (Mauritius) RSP - Regional Seas Programme(s) SABS - South Africa Building Standards SAPO - South Africa Port Operations SEACAM -