Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT NO. NSD18976 FINAL REPORT TO THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MARINE AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT (MACEMP) Prepared by: Jacques Whitford Environment Limited 3 Spectacle Lake Drive Dartmouth, NS B3B 1W8 CANADA Tel: +1 902 468 7777 Fax: +1 902 468 9009 24 January 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project Purpose.......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Operational Policy Context ....................................................................................................... 1 2.0 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK, POLICIES AND LEGISLATION........................................... 3 2.1 MACEMP Administrative Framework ..................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Responsible Agency..................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Management and Implementation Structure ................................................................ 3 2.2 Relevant Policies and Legislation ............................................................................................. 3 2.2.1 Policies and Legislation for Mainland Tanzania.......................................................... 4 2.2.2 Policies and Legislation for Zanzibar........................................................................... 6 2.2.3 Policies and Legislation Applicable to both Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar ........... 7 2.2.4 International Agreements ............................................................................................. 7 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Component 1: Sound Management of the EEZ......................................................................... 9 3.2 Component 2: Sound Management of the Coastal and Marine Environment......................... 10 3.3 Component 3: Coastal Community Action Fund .................................................................... 13 3.4 Project Alternatives ................................................................................................................. 13 4.0 PROJECT AREA ................................................................................................................................. 15 4.1 Marine and Coastal Ecosystems.............................................................................................. 15 4.1.1 Physical Oceanography and Climate.......................................................................... 15 4.1.2 Marine and Coastal Habitats ...................................................................................... 17 4.1.3 Important Species....................................................................................................... 18 4.1.4 Current Status of Marine Protected Areas and Marine Management Areas .............. 19 4.2 Communities ........................................................................................................................... 19 4.2.1 Population................................................................................................................... 19 4.2.2 Households................................................................................................................. 20 4.2.3 Social Characteristics of Initial Target Geographic Areas ......................................... 21 5.0 IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 22 5.1 Selection of Valued Aspects.................................................................................................... 22 5.2 Potential Impacts of the Project on Valued Aspects................................................................ 24 5.3 Impact Evaluation.................................................................................................................... 24 5.4 Determination of Mitigation, Monitoring and Evaluation....................................................... 31 5.5 Information Collection ............................................................................................................ 31 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT........................................................ 33 6.1 Valued Environmental Aspects ............................................................................................... 33 6.1.1 Marine Ecosystems .................................................................................................... 33 6.1.1.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 33 6.1.1.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 34 6.1.2 Coastal Ecosystems .................................................................................................... 35 6.1.2.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 35 MACEMP ESA • Final Report • 24 January 2005 Page i 6.1.2.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 37 6.2 Valued Socio-cultural Components......................................................................................... 38 6.2.1 Social Capital ............................................................................................................. 38 6.2.1.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 39 6.2.1.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 40 6.2.2 Vulnerable Groups ..................................................................................................... 41 6.2.2.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 41 6.2.2.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 42 6.2.3 Cultural Property and Antiquities............................................................................... 42 6.2.3.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 43 6.2.3.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 43 6.3 Valued Economic Components ............................................................................................... 44 6.3.1 Commercial and Artisanal Fisheries .......................................................................... 44 6.3.1.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 44 6.3.1.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 46 6.3.2 Tourism ...................................................................................................................... 47 6.3.2.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 47 6.3.2.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 48 6.3.3 Coastal Forest Resource Use...................................................................................... 49 6.3.3.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 49 6.3.3.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 50 6.3.4 Mariculture................................................................................................................. 51 6.3.4.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 51 6.3.4.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 51 6.3.5 Other Livelihood Activities........................................................................................ 52 6.3.5.1 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 53 6.3.5.2 Effects Assessment.................................................................................................................. 53 6.4 Valued Institutional Components............................................................................................ 54 6.4.1 National and Local Government ................................................................................ 54 6.4.1.1 Existing Conditions