FLORIDA . The Story Continues CHAPTER 6, The Executive Branch PEOPLE 1993: Janet Reno. Floridian Janet Reno has devoted her life to law and public service. As staff director of the Judiciary Committee of the Florida House of Representatives, she helped revise the Florida court system. In 1993, she became the fi rst woman Attorney General of the United States. She served under President Bill Clinton. Reno was responsible for enforcing national policies on crime, race relations, immigra- tion, and other legal issues aff ecting many aspects of American life. She was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in October 2000. PLACES 1946–1952: Little White House. Th e “Little White House” in Key West was the winter White House for President Harry S. Truman for 175 days during 11 visits between 1946 and 1952. Truman fi rst visited the home in November 1946. He was exhausted after a demanding 19 months in offi ce. He loved Key West so much he promised to return regularly— and did so. Six other American presidents—including Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy—have also used the house, both as a retreat and as a summit meeting location. PEOPLE 1967: Alan Stephenson Boyd. Jacksonville native Alan Stephenson Boyd was the fi rst U.S. Secretary of Trans- portation. He was appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. As secretary, Boyd worked on airport modernization, air traffi c control requirements, and auto safety standards for driver education and alcoholism. After his term ended, Boyd became president of the Illinois Central Railroad, and then of Amtrak. (Oranges, shuttle, sign) © Photodisc/Getty Images; (monastery) HMH; (palm tree) Mark Lewis/Photographer’s Choice RF/Getty Images; (flag) Stockbyte/Getty Images; (Hemingway, missile) State Library and Archives of Florida; (Seminole) Library of Congress; (blossom) Randolph Femmer/ 155 FL1 NBII; (coin) U.S. Mint. foreign minister Luis de Onís faced the EVENTS 1869: President Andrew Johnson pardons Samuel Mudd. possibility of losing Florida with no Samuel Alexander Mudd was the Mary- compensation at all. He negotiated land physician who aided Abraham the treaty with Secretary of State John Lincoln’s assassin, John Wilkes Booth. Quincy Adams. Under the treaty, the Mudd was imprisoned at Fort Je erson U.S. agreed to pay its citizens’ claims in the Florida Keys. A yellow fever out- against Spain up to $5 million. break caused many deaths at the prison, including the prison doctor. Mudd was 2011: Carol Browner. Carol allowed to take over as doctor of the PEOPLE Browner is a lawyer, environ- prison during the yellow fever outbreak. mentalist, and businesswoman. Until He quelled the fever and stopped the January 2011, she headed the White deaths in the prison. e soldiers at Fort House O ce of Energy and Climate Je erson urged then-President Andrew Change Policy for the Obama adminis- Johnson to pardon Mudd for his work. tration. She previously served under Johnson did so in 1869. President Bill Clinton as EPA administra- tor. Browner grew up in Florida. She e graduated from the University of Florida EVENTS 1819: Adams-Onís Treaty. 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty gave and that university’s College of Law. Florida to the United States. It also established a boundary between the U.S. and New Spain (present-day Mexico). Because of trouble with the Seminole Indians, the U.S. army was already a strong presence in the territory. Spanish Unpacking the Florida Standards <… Read the following to learn what this standard says and what it means. See FL8-FL20 to unpack all the other standards related to this chapter. Benchmark SS.7.C.3.13 Compare the constitutions of the United States and Florida. Florida. .The Story Continues What does it mean? Discuss the similarities and differences between the U.S. Constitution and the Florida Constitution. Go to Chapter 3, The United States Constitution, and Chapter 8, State See Chapter 1 Government, for help. Photo credits: 155 FL2 MS_SFLAESE600208_FTSC_Ch 1-17.indd 12 3/11/11 2:30:44 PM THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH Essential Question What are the main functions and powers of the executive branch? Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards SS.7.C.1.7 Describe how the Constitution limits the powers of government through separation of powers and checks and balances. SS.7.C.3.3 Illustrate the structure and function (three branches of government established in Articles I, II, and III with corresponding powers) of government in the United States as established in the Constitution. SS.7.C.3.8 Analyze the structure, functions, and processes of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. SS.7.C.3.13 Compare the constitutions of the United States and Florida. SS.7.C.4.1 Differentiate concepts related to United States domestic and foreign policy. LA.7.1.6.1 The student will use new vocabulary that is introduced and taught directly. LA.7.1.7.1 The student will use background knowledge of subject and related content areas, prereading strategies, graphic representations, and knowledge of text structure to make and confirm complex predictions of content, purpose, and organization of a reading selection. LA.7.1.7.3 The student will determine the main idea or essential message in grade-level or higher texts through inferring, paraphrasing, summarizing, and identifying relevant details. 156 CHAPTER 6 Barack Obama On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama became the 44th president of the United States and the fi rst African American to hold that offi ce. More than 1 million people gathered in Washington, D.C., to attend his inauguration. STUDENTS TAKE ACTION PROMOTING RECYCLING Many recycling centers in Massachusetts had closed because they were not making enough money. A group of students fi gured out ways to make recycling profi table again, and proposed changes that will put these recycling centers back in business. What can you do in your community to promote or expand recycling efforts? FOCUS ON WRITING A CHARACTER SKETCH What qualifications and characteristics must a man or woman have to hold the highest office in our country? As you read this chapter, take notes on the duties and responsibilities of the president. Think about the types of skills and knowledge a person must have to do the job well. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH 157 Bgmabl\aZim^krhnpbeek^Z]Z[hnmma^^q^\nmbo^ mbo^[kZg\a'Rhnpbeee^ZkgZ[hnmma^ihp^kl [kZg\ah_ma^_^]^kZe`ho^kgf^gm%pab\ablk^& Zg]khe^lh_ma^ik^lb]^gmZg]ma^*.^q^\nmbo^ lihglb[e^_hk\Zkkrbg`hnmma^\hngmkrÍleZpl'Rhn ]^iZkmf^gml'?bgZeer%rhnpbeek^Z]Z[hnmma^ pbeee^ZkgZ[hnmma^jnZebÖ\ZmbhglZg]^e^\mbhg bg]^i^g]^gmZ`^g\b^lZg]hma^k]^iZkmf^gml h_ma^ik^lb]^gm%pahblma^a^Z]h_ma^^q^\n& maZmZllblmma^^q^\nmbo^[kZg\a' Supporting Facts and Details Main ideas and big ideas are just that, ideas. How do we Helpful Hints for know what those ideas really mean? Identifying Supporting Facts and Details Understanding Ideas and Their Support A main idea or big idea may be a kind of summary statement, or it may be a statement of the author’s 1. Look for facts and statis- opinion. Either way, a good reader looks to see what support—facts tics. Facts are statements and various kinds of details—the writer provides. If the writer does not that can be proved. Sta- provide good support, the ideas may not be trustworthy. Notice how tistics are facts in number form. the passage below uses facts and details to support the main idea. 2. Watch for examples, spe- cific instances that illus- trate the facts. When George Washington The main idea is became the nation’s first stated first. 3. Recognize anecdotes, brief president, no one knew what stories that help explain to call him. Vice President the facts. John Adams wanted to call 4. him His Highness, the Presi- These sentences provide Watch for definitions, dent of the United States and facts and anecdotes explanations of unusual Protector of the Rights of the about the process of terms or words. Same. The Senate supported deciding a formal title for the title, but the House of the president. 5. Look for comments from Representatives did not. experts or eyewitnesses, Washington also wanted a statements that help simpler title. Leaders of the support the reasons. new government agreed to simply call their new presi- The writer concludes dent Mr. President. All U.S. with a fact that sums presidents since then have up the history of the gone by this title. president’s title. 158 CHAPTER 6 KEY TERMS Chapter 6 LA.7.1.7.3 Section 1 You Try It! presidential succession (p. 162) Section 2 The following passage is from the chapter you are about to read. Read it and then answer the questions below. State of the Union Address (p. 164) foreign policy (p. 165) diplomacy (p. 166) Department of State treaties (p. 166) Foreign policy is the special responsibility From Chapter 6 reprieve (p. 166) of the Department of State. The secretary of p. 169 pardon (p. 166) state heads a large staff of offi cials who rep- commutation (p. 166) resent the United States around the world. Section 3 Ambassadors are the highest-ranking U.S. representatives in foreign countries. The secretary (p. 168) offi cial residence and offi ces of an ambas- attorney general (p. 169) ambassadors (p. 169) sador in a foreign country are called an embassy (p. 169) embassy. A consul represents U.S. commer- consul (p. 169) cial interests in foreign countries. consulate (p. 169) passports (p. 169) visas (p. 169) After you have read the passage, answer the following questions.