I The Name of God o Y.eH. W.aH Which is Pronounced as it is Written o I_Eh_ U_Ah Its Story Gérard GERTOUX Translated from the work entitled: Published by: Un historique du nom divin. Un Nom Encens University Press of America Paris 1999 L'Harmattan ISBN 2-7384-8061-6 4720 Boston Way, Lanham by: Terry Costanzo MD 20706 USA II The Name of God YeHoWaH. Its Story © III Table of contents The Name PART 1 THE POWER OF THE NAME ..................................................................... 5 A NAME IS MORE THAN A LABEL ................................................................... 6 THE NAME IN THE BIBLE, A NAME IN ORDER TO EXIST ................................. 8 TO GIVE AND TO RECEIVE A NAME .............................................................. 10 CHANGING NAMES....................................................................................... 11 TO MAKE A NAME FOR ONESELF, TO HAVE RENOWN .................................. 12 A NAME RECORDED OR ERASED? ................................................................ 13 TO ACT ‘IN THE NAME OF’ ........................................................................... 14 ANGEL'S NAMES, THE NAME OF GOD .......................................................... 15 TO KNOW GOD'S NAME .......................................................................... 17 TO KNOW BY NAME ..................................................................................... 18 CALLING UPON THE NAME .......................................................................... 19 WHEN THE NAME IS PLACED “ON” OR “IN” ................................................ 19 TO BLASPHEME THE NAME ......................................................................... 20 TO REMEMBER THE NAME ........................................................................... 20 THE NAME OF GOD AMONG RELIGIONS ....................................................... 21 JESUS, SATAN, THEIR CONTROVERSY OVER THE NAME .......... 23 THE IDENTIFICATION OF JESUS AND SATAN ................................................ 24 WHAT IS THE MEANING OF SATAN'S NAME? ............................................... 25 WHAT IS THEIR CURRENT ROLE ACCORDING TO RELIGIONS? ...................... 25 THE NAME READ DISTINCTLY ............................................................. 29 THE PRONUNCIATION OF JESUS' NAME ........................................................ 30 METHODS TO RESTORE A PRONUNCIATION ................................................. 32 °ETYMOLOGIES METHOD ............................................................................. 37 °SOURCES METHOD ..................................................................................... 40 °LETTERS METHOD ...................................................................................... 42 °ONOMASTIC METHOD ................................................................................ 43 CONCLUSION ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAME ................................ 54 Historical record PART 2 IV The Name of God YeHoWaH. Its Story FROM ADAM TO MOSES ......................................................................... 59 MYSTICAL CONCEPT OF THE USE OF NAMES ............................................... 59 EXTRA-BIBLICAL TRACES OF THE DIVINE NAME ......................................... 60 PROBLEMS OF TRANSCRIPTION AND VOCALIZATION .................................. 63 FROM MOSES TO DAVID ........................................................................ 67 WHICH LANGUAGE DID MOSES SPEAK AND WRITE? ................................... 67 HOW TO UNDERSTAND EXODUS 3:13, 14 .................................................... 70 RELIGIOUS ETYMOLOGY AND TECHNICAL ETYMOLOGY ............................. 72 AN EGYPTIAN TESTIMONY .......................................................................... 74 SHORT NAME AND GREAT NAME ................................................................ 77 FROM DAVID TO ZEDEKIAH ................................................................. 79 INFLUENCE OF ARAMAIC ON HEBREW ........................................................ 81 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCES ................................................................... 83 FROM ZEDEKIAH TO SIMON THE JUST ............................................ 89 THE NAME NO LONGER USED BY NON-JEWS ............................................... 89 CHANGE OF LANGUAGE AND WRITING. ....................................................... 90 JUDAEA: A NAME MADE SACRED. ................................................................ 95 SOME VOCALIZED OCCURRENCES OF THE NAME ........................................ 97 FROM SIMON THE JUST TO JESUS ..................................................... 99 YAHU: A DECLINING SUBSTITUTE OF THE NAME ........................................ 99 ADONAY VERSUS JEHOVAH ...................................................................... 102 CONFUSION BETWEEN JEHOVAH AND JUPITER ......................................... 106 FROM JESUS TO JUSTIN ....................................................................... 109 THE USE OF THE NAME IN THE TEMPLE .................................................... 110 THE USE OF THE NAME BY EARLY CHRISTIANS ........................................ 114 INVENTION OF 'SACRED NAMES' BY EARLY CHRISTIANS ........................... 116 PHILOSOPHERS AND RELIGIOUS TEACHERS OPPOSE THE NAME ................ 122 FROM JUSTIN TO JEROME .................................................................. 126 GENERALIZATION OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................... 126 WAS THE TETRAGRAM PRONOUNCED YAHO? .......................................... 133 FROM JEROME TO THE MASORETES ............................................. 136 THE MASORETES VOCALIZE THE TETRAGRAM .......................................... 139 THE ORIGIN OF THE DIVINE QERE .............................................................. 140 FROM THE MASORETES TO MAIMONIDES ................................... 144 V IN THE MUSLIM WORLD ............................................................................ 145 IN THE CHRISTIAN WORLD ........................................................................ 146 IN THE JEWISH WORLD .............................................................................. 148 FROM MAIMONIDES TO TYNDALE .................................................. 153 THE CABAL ............................................................................................... 157 THE INQUISITION ....................................................................................... 159 HUMANISM ................................................................................................ 162 FROM TYNDALE TO THE AMERICAN STANDARD VERSION ... 167 RETURN TO THE QUESTION OF ETYMOLOGIES ........................................... 171 THE FORM JEHOVAH .................................................................................. 176 THE NAME OF JESUS AND ITS CONNECTIONS TO THE NAME185 WHICH IS THE MEANING OF THE NAME JESUS? ......................................... 187 WHAT IS THE HISTORY OF THE NAME JESUS? ............................................ 191 Conclusion PART 3 THE CONTROVERSY COMES TO AN END ....................................... 201 REVIVAL OF THE HEBREW LANGUAGE PLAYS A ROLE ............................... 201 WHY SUCH A DISPARITY? .......................................................................... 203 THE FIRST PROBLEM: IEHOUA OR IOUA? ................................................... 204 THE ROLE OF THEOPHORIC NAMES ............................................................ 207 SECOND DILEMMA: IEHOUA OR IAHUE? .................................................... 210 LAST DILEMMA: IEHOUA OR YHWH? ...................................................... 214 CONCLUSION CONCERNING THE NAME ........................................ 215 TO LOVE THE TRUTH, THE NAME AND INCENSE ....................... 225 Appendix PART 4 GLOSSARY, CHRONOLOGY ................................................................. 229 BIBLICAL WITNESSES BEFORE OUR COMMON ERA .................................... 236 BIBLICAL WITNESSES IN OUR COMMON ERA ............................................. 237 EXTRA-BIBLICAL WITNESSES BEFORE OUR COMMON ERA ........................ 238 EXTRA-BIBLICAL WITNESSES IN OUR COMMON ERA ................................. 239 INTERPRETATION OF THE HEBREW NAMES ............................... 240 GRAMMATICAL DIFFICULTIES (EX. ABDIEL) ............................................. 240 VI The Name of God YeHoWaH. Its Story RESOLUTION OF SOME CASES (EX. SAMUEL) ............................................ 240 CONTRACTION IN SOME VOWELS (EX. YÔEL) ........................................... 242 CONFUSION DUE TO A FOREIGN INFLUENCE (EX. ZERUBABEL) ................ 243 CONFUSION DUE TO ETYMOLOGY (EX. BABEL) ........................................ 243 CONFUSION DUE TO ETYMOLOGY (EX. YEHOWAH) .................................. 245 CONFUSION DUE TO A LACK OF DATA (EX. EUATEOSE) ............................ 249 CONFUSION DUE TO VOCALIZATION VARIATIONS (EX. JUPITER) .............. 250 LACK OF NOMINA SACRA IN THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN PAPYRUS .................................................................................................... 252 PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAME Y-H-W3 ...................................... 255 OWING TO COPTIC AND GREEK WITNESSES .............................................. 256 OWING TO AKKADIAN WITNESSES ...........................................................