CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION anteriorly MEDICAL TERMS: Circumduction = circular limb movement; Dermato – Skin ANATOMY combines flexion, extension, Hydro – Sweat Glands = science of structure and function of the body adduction & abduction Ichthyo – Scaly = has two fields: Inversion = movement of the foot so that the Kerato – overgrowth of keratin Clinical Anatomy = macroscopic structure sole faces in a medial direction Phyto/Onycho - Hair and function of the body referring to the Eversion = sole faces in a lateral direction Lipo/Adipo – fat study of medicine and other health Protraction & Retraction – move forward and Melano – dark pigments backward sciences Myco – fungus Lateral Flexion – movement of trunk in coronal Basic Anatomy = minimal amount of anatomy Steato – Fat in Stool plane consistent with the understanding of the OVERALL structure and function of the DERMATOLOGIC PROCEDURES: body Basic Structures: For allergies Skin o Scraping – for fongi DISCIPLINES OF ANATOMY * Epidermis (Superficial) o Patch – non-invasive a. Gross Anatomy – structures studied by the = stratified epithelial tissue o Scratch – Invasive naked eye = flattens as they mature vand rise to o Intradermal test – Non-invasive b. Systemic Anatomy – organized by systems surface Mantu Test – for Tuberculosis exposure c. Regional Anatomy – study of all structures in * Dermis (Deep) a certain region of the body = also known as “CORIUM” Schick – diphtheria d. Microscopic Anatomy (HISTOLOGY) – = dense connective tissue SKIN GRAFTING cellular level = has blood, lympathic vessels & nerves o Split-Thickness Grafting = e. Cell Biology - Skin Appendages: great part of epidermis f. Developmental Anatomy (EMBRYOLOGY) 1. Nail involving tips of papillae g. Pathollogical Anatomy = dorsal, keratinized plates removed from donor and h. Radiological Anatomy = CLINICAL APPLICATION: placed to recipient Nail is used to pinch to asses the pain o Full-Thickness Skin = Body Positions: perception of the patient. For patients with epidermis, dermis and rapid - Anatomic Position = standing erect, upper limbs deeper stimuli, ballpen is used. establishment of circulation at side, face and palms of 2. Hair within recipient site and donor hands directed forward. > HAIR FOLLICLES: invagination of covered with split-thickness - Supine Position = lying on the back epidermis extending to dermis graft; MAY BE MADE FROM - Prone Position = lying face downwards > HAIR BULB: expanded extremeties oblique PEDICLE GRAFT to skin o Pedicle Graft = a flap of full- Planes of the Body: > HAIR PAPILLA: vascular connective tissue thickness skin is turned and Median Sagittal Plane = vertical plane passing @ hair bulb stiched in positions to the through center of body; divides body > ARRECTOR PILLI: innervated by recipient site leaving the base into equal left & right halves sympathetic nerve fibers of the flap with blood supply * Paramedian = any plane on either sides of Parts of Body w/o Hair: and parallel to the Median Sagittal - LiPa SoSi Pe-Clit-La Fascia Plane - Lips; Palm & Soles; Sides of Fingers, * Superficial Fascia/Campers * Medial (nearer) or Lateral (farther to Median) Toes & Feet; Glans Penis; Clitoris; Subcutaneous Tissue * Ipsilateral (same side) & Contralateral Labia Minora & Internal Surface of VARIES ACCORDING TO: Coronal Plane = vertical planes at right angles Labia Majora Thickness to Median Sagittal; divides body into SKIN CREASES: folds at the same place Fat content equal anterior & posterior halves Neighboring sheath Horizontal or Transverse or Axial Plane = DSE: = mixture of loose areolar and adipose divides body into superior & inferior 1. PETICHIAE – pinpoint lesion = unites the dermis of the skin to the parts. 2. STAPH INFECTIONS underlying deep fascia a. Paronchia – nail and nail = contains bundles of collagen fibers: Terms Describing Location: ends - New Boy Scouts of Philippines Anterior (Ventral) & Posterior (Dorsal) b. Carbuncle = at superficial - nape, back, soles, palms Medial & Lateral fascia locally at the nape of = devoid of adipose: Superior & Inferior the neck starting from the - SPACE Proximal & Distal = closer or farther compared hair follicle - Scrotum, Penis, Auricles, to structure’s origin 3. ALOPECIA – hair baldness; can be Clitoris, Eyelids Internal & External = distance of a structure affected by injury or heredity or * Deep Fascia / Scarpas from the center of an organ or cavity chemotherapy = membranous layer of connective tissue Cranial & Caudal = sometimes used instead of 4. SHOCK – pale and goose flesh due to = Parts of the Body: Superior & Inferior overactivity of sympathetic system * Neck well-defined layers; Rostral = used particularly in the head; causing vasoconstriction of dermal determining the path taken by describe the position of a structure arterioles and contraction of arrector pili pathogens with reference to the nose. 3. Sebaceous Glands * Thorax & Abdomen film of areolar Superficial & Deep = relative positions of two = sloping undersurface of the follicles and tissue covering the muscles structures with respect to the surface lie within the dermis and aponeuroses Supine & Prone – facing upward; downward = SEBUM: Secretion * Limbs sheath around the muscles lying on back DSE: and other structures; Fibrous Sebaceous Cyst – obstruction of the mouth Septa may extend to deep of sebaceous gland usually at the scalp surface membranes and Terms Related to Movement: SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS divide muscle groups into Flexion = movement along sagittal plane only; a. Sweat Glands compartments decreases joint angle = long spiral tubular * Joint Regions Extension = increases joint angle = extends to dermis & ends may lie in as Retinacula; Abduction = movement of a limb away from superficial fascia; deepest appendage thickened to form restraining bands Median Sagittal Plane but occurs Parts of Body w/o Sweat Glands: holding the underlying tendons in along Coronal Plane - CLiP position Adduction = movement towards midline - Lips (red margin); Glans Penis; Rotation = movement of a body part around Clitoris Muscles its long axis b. Apocrine Glands – sweat gland found in Belly = the fleshy part of the muscle * Medial Rotation = results in the anterior the axillary and pelvic regions A. Skeletal Muscles surface of the part facing medially c. Eccrine Glands – sweat gland found at the Voluntary Movement -- Pronation = medial rotation of the forearm; entire body ~ Origin = attachment that moves least palm of the hand faces posteriorly DSE: ~ Insertion = moves the most * Lateral Rotation = results in the anterior DIAPHORESIS – abnormal excretion of too (may be interchangeable) surface of the part facing laterally much sweat Ends of Muscles: -- Supination = lateral rotation of the forearm; - Tendon = cords of fibrous tissue, connects palm of the hand comes to face muscle to bones, cartilage or ligaments - Aponeuroses = attached to flattened -- Depth: Profundus (deep), Superficialis, capsule like the Cruciate Ligaments muscles; histologically similar to Externus (external) of the knees tendons but are sparingly -- Attachment: Sternocleidomastoid, supplied with blood Coracobrachialis vessels and nerves -- Action: Extensor, Flexor, Constrictor - Raphe = interdigitation of tendinous ends between two muscles serving as attachment B. Smooth Muscles =long, spindle-shaped cells; arranged in Muscle’s Internal Structure: bundles or sheets; Non-Striated 1. Endomysium =- wraps every muscle fiber 2. Perimysium = wraps fascicles Parts of the Body w/ Smooth Muscles: 3. Epimysium = wraps entire muscle 1. Digestive System ~ Circular = squeezes contents Muscle Fiber Configuration = muscle fibers can be ~ Longitudinal = pulls the wall of the tube arranged parallel or oblique to the long proximally over the contents axis; parallel ones can cause greater 2. Uterus & Urethra (storage organs) degree of movement. ~ Irregularly arranged fibers; Interlaced w/ * Ex. of Muscles w/ Parallel Fiber Arrangement one another; produces slow, sustained ~ Sternocleidomastoid movement; expels contents of organs ~ Rectus Abdominis 3. Blood Vessels Classification of Synovial Joints : ~ Sartorius ~ Circular = alters flow of blood by modifying Arrangement of Articular Surfaces & Types of * Pennate Muscles = fascicles attach obliquely volume of the lumen Movement to tendon; also called penniform; allow 1. Plane = apposed articular surfaces are flat or better stabilization, force production but C. Cardiac Muscles almost flat; allows bones to slide against compromises flexibility = branched, uninucleated striated muscles each other. see p.16, Fig. 1-14 Unipennate = fascicles on same side that unite with each other; Ex. sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints of tendon; on one side = arranged in whorls & spirals 2. Hinge = resembles door hinges, allows flexion, Ex. extensor digitorum longus = supplied by autonomic nerve fibers extension. Ex. knee, elbow, ankle Bipennate = fascicles on both side of 3. Pivot = central bony pivot is surrounded by central tendon Joints bony, ligamentous ring; see p.16, F.1-14 Ex. rectus femoris = site where two or more bones come together = rotation as only possible mov’t. Multipennate = central tendon branches regardless of movement between them Ex. atlantoaxial (neck) and superior w/in a pinnate muscle = articulation of two cartiliges radioulnar (wrist) joints ~ arranged as a series of bipennate = facilitates the growth and avoid friction between 4. Condyloid = has 2 distinct convex surfaces muscles lying alongside one another