UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT ECONOMIE EN BEDRIJFSKUNDE ACADEMIEJAAR 2008 – 2009 ANALYSIS OF FUNCTION -RELATED BOTTLENECKS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN WATER MANAGEMENT PLANS OF THE ZWALM RIVER BASIN Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Master in de Toegepaste Economische Wetenschappen: Handelsingenieur Ilse Vanhulle onder leiding van Prof. P. Goethals UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT ECONOMIE EN BEDRIJFSKUNDE ACADEMIEJAAR 2008 – 2009 ANALYSIS OF FUNCTION -RELATED BOTTLENECKS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN WATER MANAGEMENT PLANS OF THE ZWALM RIVER BASIN Masterproef voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Master in de Toegepaste Economische Wetenschappen: Handelsingenieur Ilse Vanhulle onder leiding van Prof. P. Goethals PERMISSION Ondergetekende verklaart dat de inhoud van deze masterproef mag geraadpleegd en/of gereproduceerd worden, mits bronvermelding. Undersigned declares the content of this master thesis to be consultable and/or reproducible, subject to acknowledgement. Ilse Vanhulle WOORD VOORAF Na het voltooien van deze masterproef zijn er enkele mensen die ik zeker van harte wil bedanken. Eerst en vooral is er mijn promotor, dhr. Peter Goethals, voor de informatie die hij mij heeft aangereikt en de tijd die hij voor mij heeft vrijgemaakt. Ook mijn ouders en Niklaas die mij in alle jaren van mijn studie gesteund hebben op vele vlakken mogen zeker niet vergeten worden. Ze hebben altijd in mij geloofd en ik hoop dat ze trots zijn. In het bijzonder was Niklaas steeds de perfecte persoon om me te doen blijven geloven in mezelf en was hij ook van onschatbare waarde bij het ontwikkelen van een Java- programma, dat erg van pas kwam bij het tweede deel van deze masterproef. Ook de vaste waarde in thesis- en bibliotheektijden, het ‘studiegroepje’ moet zeker even vermeld worden. Alle uren en weken die we samen doorbrachten hebben zonder meer betekenisvol bijgedragen tot het voltooien van dit werk. Een mooie afsluiter van de studententijd, bedankt Carmen, Jasper en Karen! Tot slot moet ik zeker ook nog enkele mensen bedanken die mij broodnodige gegevens en tips aangebracht hebben: Dhr. Ans Mouton voor de Zwalmdatabase, Dhr. Diederik Malfroid voor het verduidelijken van het Zwalm-deelbekkenbeleid en Dhr. Erwin Meijers voor alle hulp met betrekking tot de KRW-Verkenner. I TABLE OF CONTENTS INLEIDING 1 INTRODUCTION 2 1. BACKGROUND 3 1.1 The history of our contemporary integrated and holistic approach of water management 3 1.2 The legal framework for an integrated water policy 6 1.2.1 European guideline: The European Water Framework Directive 6 1.2.2 Flemish implementation 9 1.2.2.1 The first step: analyse and evaluate the current situation 12 1.2.2.2 The second step: a method to monitor and control the implementation 12 1.2.2.3 The last step: the actual water policy: river basin planning and measure programmes 12 1.2.3 The Flemish partial basin level and the Zwalm partial river basin 13 1.3 Decision Support Systems and modelling 16 1.3.1 Water management modelling 16 1.3.2 Decision Support Systems and the Water Framework Directive 17 1.3.3 Quality assurance of modelling 19 1.3.3.1 The Harmoni-CA project 20 1.3.3.2 The HarmoniQuA project (<http://harmoniqua.wau.nl>) 22 1.3.3.3 Other projects 24 1.4 The WFD-Explorer 25 1.4.1 The need for a tool 25 1.4.1.1 Perform activities required by the Water Framework Directive 25 1.4.1.2 Open up ecological knowledge 26 1.4.1.3 Communicating 26 1.4.1.4 Harmonize ecological goal setting 27 1.4.2 Origin of the tool 28 1.4.3 The method used by the tool 29 II 2. IDENTIFICATION OF CRUCIAL PROBLEMS AND RELATED GOALS IN THE ZWALM CATCHMENT 32 2.1 Related documents 32 2.1.1 Link with WFD and river basin management plans 32 2.1.2 The DuLo Water Plan 33 2.2 Opportunities and bottlenecks 34 2.2.1 Flemish approach: the seven tracks 34 2.2.1.1 Maximum retention of precipitation at the source 34 2.2.1.2 Wastewater treatment 34 2.2.1.3 Guard and improve the quality of sewage and treatment infrastructure 35 2.2.1.4 Prevention and restriction of diffuse pollution 35 2.2.1.5 Prevention and restriction of erosion and sediment transportation to the watercourse 35 2.2.1.6 Quantitative, qualitative and ecological sustainable watercourse management 35 2.2.1.7 Sustainable (drinking) water use 35 2.2.2 The Zwalm river basin opportunities and bottlenecks 36 2.3 Goal note 37 2.3.1 Flemish approach 37 2.3.2 The Zwalm river basin goal note (Waterschap Bovenschelde Zuid, 2005 C) 37 2.3.2.1 Track 2: Sanitization of polluted water 38 2.3.2.2 Track 5: Prevention and restriction of erosion and sediment transportation to the watercourse 38 2.3.2.3 Track 6: (Quantitative, qualitative and) ecologically sustainable water management 40 2.3.2.4 Track 7: Sustainable (drinking) water use 41 3 THEORETICAL GOAL SETTING 42 3.1 Pre-WFD legislation 42 3.2 The Water Framework Directive objectives 45 3.2.1 Legal text 45 3.2.2 Goal setting and the related EQR classes per water type 47 3.2.2.1 Natural waters 48 3.2.2.2 Heavily modified waters 49 III 3.2.3 Common implementation strategy and the intercalibration exercise 50 3.3 Final goal for the Zwalm river basin per water type 52 3.3.1 Natural waters 52 3.3.2 Heavily modified waters 54 3.3.2.1 Different stakeholders in the Zwalm river basin 54 3.3.2.2 The heavily modified areas and their tailored goal 55 4 ACTIONS AND RESTORATION PLANS 57 4.1 What is a successful restoration? 57 4.2 General factors that influence the action-taking process 59 4.2.1 The natural water course 59 4.2.2 Economical aspects 59 4.2.3 Uncertainty 60 4.3 Action plan for the Zwalm river basin 61 4.3.1 Instruments and provisions 61 4.3.2 Sensitization, coordination and collaboration 61 4.3.3 Actions 62 5 WFD-EXPLORER IMPLEMENTATION 64 5.1.1 Macrofauna 64 5.1.2 Fish 65 5.1.3 Final Ecological Quality Ratio calculation 68 5.2 Selection of measures and first exploration of possible measure-sensitive areas 69 5.2.1 Manure policy 69 5.2.1.1 Possible target areas and original strategy 69 5.2.1.2 Practical objections and solution 70 5.2.1.3 Theoretical objection and solution 70 5.2.1.4 Conclusion 71 5.2.2 Infrastructure - Ecological embankments 72 5.2.3 Infrastructure - Brook reconstruction / meandering 72 5.2.4 Infrastructure - Dredging 73 5.2.4.1 Possible target areas 73 5.2.4.2 Pre-testing the effects of dredging – WFD-Explorer consequences 74 5.2.4.3 Dredging in practice 74 5.2.5 Sources - Increase WWTP efficiency 75 IV 5.2.5.1 Functioning of the measure 75 5.2.5.2 Current WWTP’s, their efficiencies and the related practical implications 75 5.2.6 Sources - Cleaning up point sources 75 5.2.7 Ecological management - Fish population management 76 5.3 Point of departure 77 5.3.1 Ecological Quality Ratio 77 5.3.2 Limiting factors 78 5.3.2.1 Macrofauna as limiting factor 79 5.3.2.2 Fish as limiting factor 79 5.4 Software implementation test 82 5.4.1 Approach 82 5.4.2 Phase 1 - Action round 1 83 5.4.2.1 Inputs for manure policy 83 5.4.2.2 Inputs for ecological embankments 84 5.4.2.3 Inputs for brook reconstruction/remeandering 84 5.4.2.4 Results of phase 1 86 5.4.3 Phase 1 - Action round 2 87 5.4.3.1 Inputs for cleaning up point sources 88 5.4.3.2 Results of round 2 89 5.4.4 Phase 1 - Action round 3 90 5.4.4.1 Results of round 3 91 5.4.5 Phase 2 92 5.4.5.1 Dredging in Zwalm_8 92 5.4.5.2 Fish population management 92 5.4.5.3 Results of phase 2 94 5.4.6 Final conclusion 95 6 A USER-EVALUATION OF THE WFD-EXPLORER: THE DIFFERENT IMPLEMENTATION STAGES AND RELATED EXPERIENCES 96 6.1 Definition phase 96 6.1.1 Installation 96 6.1.2 Data collection 97 6.1.3 Level of detail 97 6.1.3.1 Spatial detail level 97 6.1.3.2 Periodical detail level 98 6.1.3.3 Conclusion 98 V 6.1.4 Selection of measures 99 6.2 Construction phase 99 6.2.1 The five steps and the related key elements in the WFD-Explorer schematization 99 6.2.2 The databases 100 6.3 Acceptance phase 101 6.3.1 Validation by measurements 101 6.3.2 Validation by experts 102 6.4 Application phase 102 6.5 General remarks 103 6.5.1 Helpdesk 103 6.5.2 Implementation run time 103 6.5.3 Updates 104 6.6 Conclusion 105 CONCLUSION 107 LITERATURE LIST XII ANNEX 1 ANNEX 1-1 I. The first round of water legislation (1975-1980) Annex 1-1 A. The Drinking Water Directive Annex 1-1 B. The Freshwater Fish Directive Annex 1-2 C. Dangerous Substances Directive Annex 1-2 II. The second round of Directives: 1990-1996 Annex 1-3 A. Nitrate Directive Annex 1-4 B. Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive Annex 1-5 C. Habitats and Birds Directive, Natura 2000 Annex 1-5 III.
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