Chandra et al. Microb Cell Fact (2020) 19:169 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01428-8 Microbial Cell Factories REVIEW Open Access Microbial lipases and their industrial applications: a comprehensive review Prem Chandra1* , Enespa2, Ranjan Singh3 and Pankaj Kumar Arora4 Abstract Lipases are very versatile enzymes, and produced the attention of the several industrial processes. Lipase can be achieved from several sources, animal, vegetable, and microbiological. The uses of microbial lipase market is esti- mated to be USD 425.0 Million in 2018 and it is projected to reach USD 590.2 Million by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2018. Microbial lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis of long chain triglycerides. The microbial origins of lipase enzymes are logically dynamic and profcient also have an extensive range of industrial uses with the manufacturing of altered molecules. The unique lipase (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolase) enzymes catalyzed the hydrolysis, esterifcation and alcoholysis reactions. Immobilization has made the use of microbial lipases accomplish its best performance and hence suitable for several reactions and need to enhance aroma to the immobilization processes. Immobilized enzymes depend on the immobilization technique and the carrier type. The choice of the car- rier concerns usually the biocompatibility, chemical and thermal stability, and insolubility under reaction conditions, capability of easy rejuvenation and reusability, as well as cost profciency. Bacillus spp., Achromobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Arthrobacter spp., Pseudomonos spp., of bacteria and Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., of fungi are screened large scale for lipase production. Lipases as multipurpose biological catalyst has given a favorable vision in meeting the needs for several industries such as biodiesel, foods and drinks, leather, textile, detergents, pharma- ceuticals and medicals. This review represents a discussion on microbial sources of lipases, immobilization methods increased productivity at market proftability and reduce logistical liability on the environment and user. Keywords: Microbial lipase, Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Protein engineering, Biosensor, Food industry, Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) Introduction in wide range industries [3, 4]. Lipase synthesizes esters Te serine hydrolases are present in abundantly and from glycerol and long-chain fatty acids in non-aqueous known as lipase enzyme which belong to triacylglycerol medium [5]. Te microbial lipases are more valuable ester hydrolase family (EC 3.1.1.3). Tey can catalyze the comparison to derive from plants or animals due to their hydrolysis (and synthesis) of long-chain triglycerides to variety of catalytic activities available, high yield produc- fatty acids, diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol and glyc- tion, and simplicity of genetic manipulation, absence of erol known as carboxylesterases [1, 2]. Besides hydroly- seasonal fuctuations, regular supply, more stability safer sis activity they display interesterifcation, esterifcation, and more convenient and the growth rate of microorgan- aminolysis and alcoholysis activity which are contributed isms very high in economically media [6, 7]. Te bacterial isolates ofer higher activities such as neutral or alkaline *Correspondence: [email protected] pH optima and the thermostability associated to yeasts 1 Food Microbiology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology, School [8]. Bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas alcaligenes, P. for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central) University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh aeruginosa, P. frag i, P. fuorescens BJ-10, Bacillus subtilis, 226025, India B. nealsonii S2MT and some species of fungi are Penicil- Full list of author information is available at the end of the article lium expansum, Trichoderma, Penicillium chrysogenum; © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Chandra et al. Microb Cell Fact (2020) 19:169 Page 2 of 42 Aspergillus niger produces lipases in higher quantities [9– sources of microorganisms, immobilization methods and 13]. Te increasing awareness about animal health and their potential applications of lipases including commer- quality of animal produce, and increasing consumption cially available. of enzyme-modifed cheese (EMC) and enzyme-modi- fed dairy ingredients (EMDI) the lipase market has been Historical background extensively increased [14, 15]. Due to the more benefts of microbial lipases over animal and plant lipases are also Inside or outside the cells enzymes are proteins and have motivating the market growth. Te request for micro- ability of catalyzing the various chemical and biochemi- bial sources is projected to witness signifcant growth in cal reactions. Tey are highly specifc natural catalysts to the near future, due to their wide range of food process- the various types of substrates and operate under insig- ing applications [16, 17]. Te microbial lipase market is nifcant conditions of environmental factor such as tem- projected to dominate due to cleaning agent segment perature, pressure, pH, with high conversion rates [33, through the forecast period [18]. Te growth of industrial 34]. Lipase was frst discovered in pancreatic juice as an microbial lipases in the detergents industry is the inno- enzyme by Claude Bernard in 1856, which hydrolysed vative key factor to replacing harsh chlorine bleach with unsolvable oil droplets and transformed them to soluble lipase and reduced the industrial as well as sewage pol- products [35]. After that the productions of lipase have lution from fresh water [19, 20]. Te microbial lipases in been observed in the bacteria Bacillus prodigiosus, B. the form of powder is projected to dominate the micro- pyocyaneus and B. fuorescens in 1901, and in the cur- bial lipase markets due to its stability, easy to handle, and rent scenario Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aer- easier for packaging and its transportation preferred by uginosa and Pseudomonas fuorescens species of bacteria the consumers [21, 22]. Tese are extensively applicable have been detected for the production of lipases on large in several another industries such as dairy, food and bev- scale [36]. Lipolase was the frst commercial recombi- erage, animal feed, cleaning, biofuel, pharmaceuticals, nant lipase industrialized from the fungus Termomycesl textile cosmetic, perfumery, favour industry, biocatalytic anugiwnosus and expressed in Aspergillus oryzae in 1994 resolution, esters and amino acid derivatives, fne chemi- [37]. Traditionally, lipase has been achieved from the ani- cals production, agrochemicals, biosensor, and biore- mal pancreas and was made applicable as digestive sup- mediation [23–25]. Additionally, altering in the dietary plements in the form of crude or in purifed grade. It has patterns have led to augmented the consumption of dairy been extensively used as biocatalytic procedures for the products in the region; increasing in trepidations about synthesis of several novel chemical compounds [38–40]. superior hygiene, in consciousness of personal hygiene, contagious diseases, and bleaching household industrial Defnition of lipases surfaces [26]. Te manufacturers who operate on a global Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are known as triacylglycerol acylhy- level and the rising in implementation of lipase enzymes drolase which acts on carboxylic ester bonds is the part of drive the demand for microbial lipases in the region [27, hydrolases family [41, 42]. Tey do not require any cofac- 28]. tor and belongs to the class of serine hydrolases [43]. Tri- Between the 2015 and 2020, the market scope of lipase glycerides hydrolyzed into diglycerides, monoglycerides, is expected to reach $590.5 Million by 2020 globally, at fatty acids, and glycerol by using the lipases naturally a CAGR of 6.5%. Te Asia–Pacifc was the largest mar- (Fig. 1a). Te carboxylic esters bonds can be hydrolyzed ket for lipase consumption in 2014 [29, 30]. And during by esterases in addition to lipases [44, 45]. the forecast period the Asia–Pacifc market is estimated Te hydrolysis of ester bonds at the interface cata- to grow at the highest CAGR. Moreover, the rising pros- lyzes by lipases between an unsolvable phase of sub- pects in the developing markets such as India, China, strate and aqueous phase where the enzymes keep on and Brazil are expected to enhance the market scope of liquefed under natural conditions (Fig. 1b). However, lipases over the forecast period. 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