DERMOT MORAN University College Dublin AN ORIGINAL CHRISTIAN PLATONISM: ERIUGENA'S RESPONSE TO THE TRADITION In keeping with the theme of this FIDEM conference, «Medieval Studies Today and Tomorrow», in this contribution I want to report on the tremendous blossoming of studies in the philosophy of Johannes Scottus Eriugena, witnessed by the growth in critical editions, translations and critical discussions, over not just the past 10 years, but the past 30 years'. The man known to his contemporaries as Johannes Scottus (c.800 - c.877), and who signed himself 'Eriugena' (on the manuscript of his translation of Dionysius), is without doubt the most I genuinely sophisticated philosopher of the Carolingian era, certainly to be ranked above such Carolingians as Alcuin", and indeed, stands as the most important philosopher writing in Latin between Boethius and Anselm. He is also, though this parallel remains to be explored, more or less a contemporary of the Arab Neoplatonist Al-Kindi. Eriugena can also be seen as the most significant intellectual figure to emerge from monastic Ireland, the so-called Island of Saints and Scholars, between the sixth to the ninth century (in comparison with Sedulius Scottus or Columban), although his debt to early Irish culture remains much disputed, even allowing for the fact that he worked, at least in part, with Irish-speaking scholars. In general terms, Eriugena's thought represents a valiant, even inspired attempt to present a consistent, systematic, Christian Neoplatonist account of God, the universe, and all creation, a version , I would like to thank Professor Dr. Theo Kobusch, Bochum, for inviting me to I take part in this panel. "For a study of Eriugena's Carolingian milieu, see J. MARENBON, From the Circle of Alcuin to the School of Auxerre: Logic, Theology and Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages, Cambridge, 1981. ORIGINAL CHRISTIAN PLATONISM 469 468 D.MORAN source by essentially being different manifestations of the same so authentic that it prompted more than one nineteenth-century scholar universal principle. Nature has four divisions: nature which creates and to conclude that Eriugena had been in direct contact with the writings is not created (God), nature which creates and is created (the Primordial of Plotinus or Proclus. Eriugena, quite uniquely for a scholar in Causes), nature which is created and does not create (the Created Western Europe at that time, had considerable familiarity with the Temporal Effects), and nature which is neither created nor creates Greek language, although he had no access to classical Greek philosophical works. His inspiration came from the Greek Eastern (Non-Being). Eriugena understands these four divisions of nature as articulating in a dynamic manner God's nature as the Becrinnin cr Christian theological tradition, at that time almost unknown in the Latin • I::> 1::>' West, and which entered the Western tradition largely through the MIddle and End of all things. The four divisions are necessary to express both the richness of the divine transcendence over and translations and commentaries of Eriugena. Eriugena had a unique ability to identify the underlying intellectual framework, broadly independence of creation, and also the divine immanence in the Neoplatonic but also deeply Christian, operated by these writers of the procession and return of created things, which flow out from God and depend on Him. In the Periphyseoll Eriugena details this cosmological Christian East. Eriugena translated the Corpus Dionysii, the revered account whereby the infinite and unknown God, through a process of manuscript of which had been presented to the King of Francia Louis self-articulation or speaking the divine word, brings forth a procession the Pious by the Byzantine Emperor Michael the Stammerer. Eriugena subsequently rendered into Latin Gregory of Nyssa's short treatise De of creatures which are in themselves mirrors of the deity and will hominis opificio (which he called De imagine), Maximus Confessor's ultimately return to their source in God. Of special significance in this Ambigua ad Iohannem, and Quaestiones ad Thalassium, and possibly divine and cosmic eternal process of outgoing (exitus) and return (reditus) is the central and ambiguous role of human nature. Human other works. nature both facilitates and mediates the creation of all things, but also Drawing especially on what he found in Dionysius the Areopagite, because of its own self-love, human nature is responsible for bringing Basil, Gregory of Nyssa, Maximus Confessor, as well as from his about the world of mutable temporality and shadowy corporeality, unique interpretations of more familiar authorities of the Latin West which is the region of death. Only through the restoration of human (e.g., Cicero, Augustine, Ambrose, Boethius, Martianus Capella), nature can the rest of nature regain its status in the primordial causes in Eriugena developed a highly original cosmology, articulated in his the divine mind. main dialogue, Periphyseon (c. 867, also known, less accurately, but more traditionally, as De divisione naturae), where the highest Eriugena's works exerted only a minor influence in France in the principle, the «the immovable self-identical one» (ullum et idipsum ninth and the early tenth centuries, as his cosmological speculations immobile, Periphyseoll 1. 476b), engenders all things and retrieves them appear not to have accorded well with the tenor of the age. As a result, back into itself. In a significant and novel departure from traditional apart from the enduring influence of his translations of Dionysius and Neoplatonism, Eriugena calls this first and highest divine cosmic some of his particular formulations, his philosophical system as such principle 'nature' (natura), which he defines as universitas rerum, the was generally neglected, although a paraphrase of his main work, 'totality of all things' that are and are not, which includes both God and Periphyseon, the Clavis Physicae, written by Honorius Augusto­ creation understood as the self-expression of God. By defining 'nature' dunensis, did circulate during the twelfth-century. It is likely that so as to include both the things which are (ea quae sunt) as well as Eriugena did have some influence on the so-called school of St. Victor those which are not (ea quae non sunt), Eriugena extends late and it is clear that Hugh of Saint-Victor read him with care but also Neoplatonic thought, which emphasised the meontic region beyond the with some caution. Though fascinating his readers with the details of One, to express both the divine darkness and transcendence above this story of fall and redemption, Eriugena's understanding of created being, and the literally incomprehensible and uncircumscribable reality as the self-manifestation of the divine nature was also seen as infinity of the divine nature. This divine nature eternally self­ threatening to shade into some form of pantheism, though Eriugena externalises itself into a set of four 'species' or 'divisions' (divisiones) himself was always careful to stress the absolute transcendence of God or 'forms' (jormae) which nev~rtheless retain their unity with their and His distinctness from creation while expressing their absolute ORIGINAL CHRISTIAN PLATONISM 471 470 D.MORAN Hegel)", and a number of individual studies appeared in the early years unity, a form of dialectical thinking which did not convince the of the twentieth century?, but the true beginning of the properly authorities. Through a series of local circumstances, which are still not academic scholarly study of Eriugena was the publication of Dom. clear, the Periphyseon became associated with the revival of Maleul Cappuyns' formidable Jean Scot Erigelle : sa vie, son oeuvre, Aristotelian naturalism in Paris and was condemned alongside the sa pensee in 1933K, while the first critical edition was Cora Lutz's 1939 writings of David of Dinant and Amaury of Bene in 1210 (where the attempt at the edition of the Latin text of one of Eriugena' s work is not specifically listed) and in 1225 (where reference is made in commentaries on Martianus Capella's The Marriage of Philology and the condemnation to liber periphysis titulatur)3. Mercur/. An indication of the amount of critical material, which has The first printed editions of Eriugena's works appeared in the amassed, is given by the bibliographical surveys inaugurated by Mary seventeenth century, but it was not until the nineteenth century that Brennan and recently updated by Gerd Van Riel'''. interest in him was revived, especially among followers of Hegel, who saw Eriugena as a forerunner to speculative idealism, a « Proclus of the West» according to H aure au , or the «Father of Speculative Philosophy» according to Huber. In contrast to this enthusiasm, more sober twentieth-century studies (e.g. Contreni, Marenbon) tend to stress Eriugena's Carolingian background and continuity with Latin authors and especially his heavy reliance on St. Augustine4 • However, systematic studies of his philosophical thought (Beierwaltes, Schrimpf, Gersh, Steel, Moran) have also tended to portray him as an original and deeply metaphysical, speculative thinker whose work transcends the limitations of his age and mode of expression'. Eriugena began to be a focus of interest primarily among historians of philosophy in Germany 6 See, for example, T. CHRISTLIEB, Leben und Lehre des Johannes Scotus Erigena and France in the nineteenth century (largely through the influence of in ihrem Zusammenhang mit der vorhergehellden und unter Angabe ihrer Beriihrungspunkte mit del' neueren Philosophie und Theologie. Gotha, 1860 and SAINT-RENE TAILLANDIER, Scot Erigene et la philosophie scolastique, Strasbourg, 1843. 3 See Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, ed. H. DENIFLE and A. CHATELAIN 7 For example, H. BETT, Johannes Scotus Erigena: A Study in Medieval (Paris, 1889), Vol. I, p. 70, and G. THERY, Autour du dieret de 1210. I. David de Philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1925; reprint New York: Dinant. Etude sur SOli panthiisme materialiste, Paris, Bibliotheque Thomiste, 1925. Russell & Russell, 1964.