Notes A NOTE ON THE TITLE I. W. T. W. Tone, The life of Wolfe Tone (Washington, 1826), ii, 46. 2. Marianne Elliott, Wolfe Tone, prophet of Irish independence (New Haven and London, 1989), 414-18, P. H. Pearse, Political writings and speeches (Dublin, 1952), 283-4, C. D. Greaves, Liam Mellows and the Irish revolution (London, 1971), 365. 3. T. A. Jackson, Ireland her own (London, 1946), 132, P. Berrisford Ellis, A history of the Irish working class (London, 1972), 74, J. Bennett, S. Cronin and R. Roche, Freedom the Wolfe Tone way (Tralee, 1973), 73. 4. Elliott, Wolfe Tone, 418. 5. Tom Dunne, Wolfe Tone, colonial outsider (Cork, 1982), 31-2, Elliott, Tone, 418. 6. 'We were the children of unimportant people- the men of no property of whom Wolfe Tone spoke': C. S. Andrews, Man ofno property (Dublin and Cork, 1982), 28. See also pp. 3 and 321. INTRODUCTION 1. R. R. Palmer, The age of the democratic revolution, 1760-1800 (Princeton, 1959-64), 2 vols. 2. Johnston, Ireland in the eighteenth century (Dublin, 1974), preface. 3. T. Bartlett, 'A new history of Ireland', Past and Present no. 116 (1987), 210, T. W. Moody and W. E. Vaughan, eds, A new history of Ireland, iv, eighteenth-century Ireland, 1692-1800 (Oxford, 1986). Related chapters dealing with the period 1714-1760 outline political, social and ecclesiastical structures. Interestingly, Jonathan Clark has complained about an analogous neglect in English historiography: J. C. D. Clark, Revolution and Rebellion, state and society in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Cambridge, 1987), 115-16. 4. Lecky, iii, Ill, McDowell, Irish public opinion, 1750-1800 (London, 1944), 5-6. 5. Among the essays written from a popular perspective are Elliott, 'The origins and transformation of early Irish republicanism', International Review of Social History, xxiii, pt. 3 (1978), 405-28, J. S. Donnelly jnr. 'Propagating the cause of the United Irishmen'. Studies, lxix (1980), 5-23, T. Bartlett, 'An end to moral economy: the Irish 184 Notes to pp. 2-6 185 militia disturbances of 1793', Past and Present, no. 99 ( 1983), 41-64, N. J. Curtin, 'The transformation of the society of United Irishmen into a mass-based revolutionary organization', I.H.S., xxix, no. 96 (1985), 463-92, J. Smyth, 'Dublin's political underground in the 1790s' in G. O'Brien (ed.), Parliament, politics and people, essays in eighteenth-century Irish history (Dublin, 1989), 129-48, and several contributions to D. Dickson and H. Gough, eds, Ireland and the French revolution (Dublin, 1990). 6. An exception to this rule is Peter Gibbon, 'The origins of the Orange Order and the United Irishmen', Economy and Society, i (1972), 136-63. 7. McDowell, Age, 462, 473, Elliott, Partners in revolution, the United Irishmen and France (New Haven, 1982), 40-2. 8. M. R. Beames, Peasants and power, the Whiteboy movements and their control in pre-famine Ireland (Brighton, 1983), 17. 9. D. Dickson, New foundations: Ireland 166~1800(Dublin,1987), 153, L. M. Cullen, The emergence of modern Ireland (London, 1981), 14. 10. A candid and impartial account of the disturbances in Meath in the years 1792, 1793, 1794, by a County Meath Freeholder (Dublin, 1794), 8. 11. Peter Burke, Popular culture in early modern Europe (London, 1978), 259. 12. George Rud~. Ideology and popular protest (London, 1980), 9, 27-30. 13. Samuel McSkimmin (E. J .. McCrum, ed.), Annals of Ulster, 179~1800 (Belfast, 1906 edn), 31. McSkimmin's book is a primary source in the sense that he was witness to some of the events which he describes. 14. John O'Neill, M.P., Proceedings of the parliament of Ireland, (1793), i, 29-30. 15. Tone, Life, i, 278. 16. N.S., 11-14 April, 1792 & 28 September-2 October, 1793. 17. S. J. Connolly in W. E. Vaughan (ed.), A new history of Ireland, v, Ireland under the union I, 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), 78-9. 18. Dub. Soc., 129. 19. Olivia Smith, The politics of language, 1791-1819 (Oxford, 1986), 43, John Brewer, Party ideology and popular politics at the accession of George lll (Cambridge, 1976 ), 238. 20. Enclosure, Rev. Edward Hudson to Lord Charlemont, July, 1794, H.M.C., 13th report, app. pt. viii, Charlemont Mss (1894), ii, 245-6. 21. Thomas Russell, A letter to the people ofIreland on the present situation of the country (Belfast, 1796 ), 23. 22. W. J. MacNevin, Pieces of Irish history (New York, 1807), 77. 23. Hudson to Charlemont, 3 August, 1794, Chari. Mss., 246. 24. Connolly in Vaughan (ed.), New history of Ireland, v, 98-99. 25. Elliott, 'Ireland and the French revolution' in H. T. Dickinson (ed.), Britain and the French revolution, 1789-1815 (London, 1989), 92. 186 Notes to pp. 6-12 26. Information of 'JW' (McNally) II September, I795, I.S.P.O. Reb. papers, 620/10/I2I/28. 27. S. J. Connolly, Priests and people in pre-famine Ireland, 1780-1845 (Dublin, I982), 239-55, at 255. 28. F.D.J., 5 January, I795. 29. The Orange Order was also, at least at the outset in 1795-6, another manifestation of popular politicisation during this decade. If the move­ ment's political raison d'etre, the defence of the protestant constitution, was reactionary, Orangism was nevertheless both popular and political. However, non-radical popular politics of this kind fall outside the scope of this study. 30. Bearing the complexity of the class structure and the diversity of the language of class in mind, hereafter the terms middle- and lower-class will generally be used as a matter of convenience. 31. Letter to the people of Ireland, 11. 32. Westmorland to Dundas, 17 November, 1792, P.R.O. H.O. I00/38178-82. CHAPTER I: EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY IRELAND: POLITICS, ECONOMY, SOCIETY I. J. C. Beckett, The Anglo-Irish Tradition (London, 1976), ch. vi. 'The Anglo-Irish achievement', 63-83. 2. Dickson, New foundations, vii. 3. See Bartlett's and Elliott's comments on Moody and Vaughan, eds, New history of Ireland, iv: 'A new history of Ireland', Past and Present, no. 116 (1987), and I.H.S. XXV (1987), 427-30. 4. Ian R. Christie, Stress and stability, Britain's avoidance of revolution (Oxford, 1986). 5. The best and most detailed consideration of the history and effects of the penal code can be found in the essays collected in T. P. Power and K. Whelan, eds, Endurance and emergence, catholics in Ireland in the eighteenth century (Dublin, 1990). 6. The religious aspects of penal legislation is most fully dealt with by Maureen Wall, The penal laws, 1690-1760 (Dundalk, 1961): reprinted in G. O'Brien (ed.), Catholic Ireland in the eighteenth century, collected essays of Maureen Wall (Dublin, 1989), 1-60. 7. Lecky, ii, I81, 208-9, Patrick Rogers, The Volunteers and catholic emancipation (Belfast, 1938), 1, 41. Cullen associates this view in particular with Beckett and McDowell: 'Catholics under the penal laws', Eigtheenth-Century Ireland, i (1986). 8. Elliott, Wolfe Tone, 35, 113, 26-8. 9. Cullen, The emergence of modem Ireland, 31. 10. Aidan Clarke, 'Ireland, 1534-1660' in J. Lee (ed.), Irish historiogra­ phy, 1970-79 (Cork, 1981), 34. Notes to pp. 12-19 187 11. S. J. Connolly, 'Religion and history', Irish Economic and Social History x (1983), 66-80, L. M. Cullen, 'Catholics under the penal laws', Eighteenth-Century Ireland i (1986), 23-36, J. Hill, 'The meaning and significance of Protestant Ascendancy, 1787-1840' in Ireland after the union (Oxford, 1989), 1-22. 12. Dickson, New foundations, 85. 13. J. C. D. Clark, English society, 1688-1832 (Cambridge, 1986). 14. Connolly, Priests and people, 25-1, Cullen, 'Catholics and the penal laws'. Particular stress is laid on the political influence of converts by T. P. Power in his essay, 'Converts' in Power and Whelan, eds, Endurance and emergence, 101-27. 15. Johnston, Ireland in the eighteenth century, 26. 16. Lecky, ii, 182. 17. G. O'Brien, 'Francophobia in later eighteenth-century Irish history' in Dickson and Gough, eds, Ireland and the French revolution, 40-51. 18. A. P. W. Malcomson, John Foster, the politics of the Anglo- Irish Ascendancy (Oxford, 1978), xx. 19. O'Flaherty, 'Irish Catholics and the French revolution' in Dickson and Gough, eds, Ireland and the French revolution, 52-3. 20. Malcomson, John Foster, xviii-xix. 21. See the essays by Hayton, O'Donovan and Bartlett in T. Bartlett and D. Hayton, eds, Penal age and golden era, essays in Irish history, 1690-1800 (Belfast, 1979) and the chapter 'The structure of politics' in R. F. Foster, Modem1reland, 1600-1972 (Harmondsworth, 1988). 22. Christie, Stress and stability, ch. vi, 156-82, H. T. Dickenson, Liberty and property, political ideology in eighteenth-century Britain, (London, 1978), 272. 23. Malcomson provides a pithy summary of the eighteenth-century par­ liament in 'The parliamentary traffic of this country', in Bartlett and Hayton, eds, Penal age, 137-69. 24. F. G. James, Ireland in the old empire, 1690-1770 (Cambridge, Mass., 1973), 95n. Catholic peers could not take their seats. 25: See Isolde Victory, 'The making of the 1720 declaratory act' in G. O'Brien (ed.), Parliament, politics and people, 9-29. 26. A. P. W. Malcomson, 'A lost natural leader: John James Hamilton, first marquess of Abercom (1756-1818)' Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. 88, c, no. 4 (1988), 62. 27. Wall, 'The quest for Catholic equality, 1745-1778' in Collected essays of Maureen Wall, 120-22, Morning Post, 24 March, 1792. 28. E. M. Johnston, Great Britian and Ireland 1760-1800, a study in political administration (Edinburgh, 1963), 257 & app. B., 321-30.