The United Nations FACING World Water Development THE Report 3 Case Studies CHALLENGES Volume WATER CRISIS • PROTECTING THE RESOURCE • CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT GOOD GOVERNANCE • STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING IWRM • ALLEVIATING POVERTY AND HUNGER • IMPR VING HEALTH AND LIVELIHOOD D URBANIZATION SLUMS • ON • ACCESS TO ENER INABLE SOCIO- ECONOM P T • MDGS FOOD SE R ING THE ENVIRO WA ELATED DISASTE I T LIMATE CHANGE C ON OF BIODIVER Y WATER AND SANI O ON FOR THE RES MP ING THE REFORM N NDAR COOPERA T WATER USE EDUCATI DER BALANCE INFORMA AP • POLICY DEVELOPMEN SING AWARENESS RISK AND VULNERABILITY • VALUING WATER INVESTMENT • FINANCING TRADE-OFFS & PARTNERSHIPS The United Nations FACING World Water Development THE Report 3 CHALLENGES Case Studies Volume Published jointly by: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 7, place de Fontenoy, 75007 Paris, France, and Earthscan, Dunstan House, 14a St Cross Street, London EC1N 8XA, United Kingdom. © UNESCO 2009 UNESCO Publishing: http://publishing.unesco.org Earthscan: www.earthscan.co.uk The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Suggested citation: World Water Assessment Programme. 2009. The United Nations World Water Development Report 3, Case Study Volume: Facing The Challenges Cover design: Peter Grundy, London, UK Page design, layout and typesetting: Baseline Arts Ltd, Oxford, UK A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data has been applied for. Earthscan strives to minimize its environmental impacts and carbon footprint by reducing waste, recycling and offsetting its carbon dioxide emissions, including those created through publication of this book. For more details of our environmental policy, see www.earthscan.co.uk. This book was printed in the United Kingdom by Butler, Tanner & Dennis. The paper used is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and the inks are vegetable based. This case studies volume has been published on behalf of the United Nations World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP), with the support of the following countries: Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, China, Estonia, Finland, Italy, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands, the Pacific Island States, Pakistan, Paraguay, the Russian Federation, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, and Zambia. Foreword Water in a Changing World: As the title of the third edition of the World Water Development Report (WWDR3) suggests, we live in a world where adaptation to change has become a critical necessity in many areas to assure the socio-economic well-being of societies. Climate, social and economic conditions, markets, consumer values and technology are only a few of the areas of change that the WWDR3 describes and discusses in detail. This case study volume complements and compounds the analyses provided in the report by taking a critical look at the state of water resources, varying conditions and the resilience of national mechanisms for coping with change. It examines these and other elements in 20 case studies from four regional settings involving 23 countries and numerous small island developing states. Since the inception of the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) in 2000, case study development has been an integral part of the programme’s work, and our case study partners have significantly contributed to the contents of the World Water Development Reports. The study projects initiated in participating countries served as a platform bringing relevant national stakeholders together to identify the gaps in knowledge, the shortcomings in the legislative system and the aspects of institutional capacity that need to be enhanced. Case study development has provided an impetus for the national agencies responsible for water management to organize their data collection and reporting efforts more efficiently. It has also helped raise public awareness of the global water crisis and the visibility of integrated water resources management on national agendas. Most importantly, in the process, the skills and experience of both local water professionals and policy-makers are engaged and enhanced. WWAP activities have also influenced action elsewhere, thanks to actively conducted research on the protection and sustainable use of water resources. In the past nine years, the number of case studies has continuously risen, from seven in the WWDR1 to 20 in the WWDR3. The coverage figures have also changed, from 12 countries in the WWDR1 to over 23 in the WWDR3. Over the life of the programme to date, more than 54 countries have been covered at basin or national level. This prompted the WWAP Secretariat to allocate more space to present findings of the case study projects. Hence the need for a separate, stand-alone publication. It is my great pleasure to present this volume, Facing the Challenges, where you will find case studies initiated in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America, providing a succinct account of the state of freshwater resources in a range of physical, climatic and socio- economic conditions. Our readers will also be able to find comprehensive case study reports on our website (www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/case_studies/). I would like to express my appreciation to all our country partners who actively participated in the development of the WWDR3 and to Mr Engin Koncagül, the case studies coordinator, for his work in making this volume possible. I trust you will find this report both informative and stimulating. Olcay Ünver WWAP Coordinator WORLD WATER DEVELOPMENT REPORT 3 Acknowledgements Special thanks to: Olcay Ünver Republic of Korea Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs Editor: Engin Koncagül Spain (Autonomous Community of the Basque Country) Editorial team: Alison McKelvey Clayson, Rebecca Brite Iñaki Urrutia Garayo, Josu Sanz, Fernando Díaz Alpuente, Mikel Publications Coordinator: Samantha Wauchope Mancisidor, Tomás Epalza Solano, Ana Oregi Bastarrika, Sabin Graphics Coordinator: Akif Altundas¸ Intxaurraga Mendibil Maps: AFDEC Sri Lanka Contributors: M. M. M. Aheeyar, Sanath Fernando, K. A. U. S. Imbulana, V. K. Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay Nanayakkara, B. V. R. Punyawardena, Uditha Ratnayake, Anoja (La Plata River basin) Seneviratne, H. S. Somatilake, P. Thalagala, K. D. N. Weerasinghe Víctor Pochat, Silvia González, Verónica Iuquich, Miguel Ángel López Arzamendia, staff of Intergovernmental Coordinating Sudan Committee of the La Plata River Basin Abdalla Abdelsalam Ahmed, Kodwo Andah, Abdin Salih, Gamal Abdo Bangladesh Ministry of Water Resources, Mozaddad Faruque, Jalaluddin Md. Swaziland Abdul Hye, Md. Mustafizur Rahman, Azizul Haque, A. H. M. E. J. Mwendera, Kodwo Andah, Department of Water Affairs Kausher, Md. Anwarul Hoque, Md. Azharul Islam, Md. Shahjahan, Saiful Alam, Hosne Rabbi, Andrew Jenkins Tunisia Mustapha Besbes, Abdelkader Hamdane, Jamel Chaded, Mekki Brazil and Uruguay (Lake Merín Basin) Hamza Gerardo Amaral, José Luis Fay de Azambuja, Ambrosio Barreiro, Artigas Barrios, Jorge Luiz Cardozo, Daniel Corsino, Aldyr Garcia Turkey (Istanbul) Schlee, Adolfo Hax Franz, Henrique Knorr, Juan José Mazzeo, Fiona Aynur Ulug˘tekin, Vildan S¸ahin, Gürcan Özkan, Canan Hastürk, Mathy, Joao Menegheti, Jussara Beatriz Pereira, Claudio Pereira, S. Erkan Kaçmaz, Aynur Züran, Gülçin As¸kın, Zeynep Eynur, Canan Martha Petrocelli, Carlos María Prigioni, Hamilton Rodrigues, Silvio Gökçen, Turgut Berk Sezgin, Selami Og˘uz Steinmetz, Manoel de Souza Maia, Carlos María Serrentino Uzbekistan Cameroon Sh. I. Salikhov, Eh. Dj. Makhmudov, Anna Paolini, Abdi Kadir Mathias Fru Fonteh, Kodwo Andah Ergashev China Zambia Shang Hongqi, Sun Feng, Sun Yangbo, Pang Hui, Dong Wu, Song Peter Mumba, Ben Chundu, Adam Hussen, Peter Lubambo, Ruipeng, Jin Hai, Hao Zhao, Xu Jing, Ramasamy Jayakumar, Liu Ke Kenneth Nkhowani, Friday Shisala, Christopher Chileshe, Peter Chola, George W. Sikuleka, Joseph Kanyanga, Priscilla Musonda, Estonia Hastings Chibuye, Christopher Mwasile, Liswaniso Pelekelo, Andrew Harry Liiv, Karin Pachel, Erki Endjärv, Peeter Marksoo Mondoka, Imasiku A. Nyambe, Zebediah Phiri, Lovemore Sievu, Mumbuwa Munumi, Osward M. Chanda Finland and Russian Federation (Vuoksi River basin) Sari Mitikka, Raimo Peltola, Bertel Vehviläinen, Noora Veijalainen, Riitta-Sisko Wirkkala, Natalia Alexeeva Italy Beatrice Bertolo, Francesco Tornatore Netherlands Cathelijn Peters, Sonja Timmer, Olivier Hoes , Marcel E. Boomgaard, Jan Strijker, Rens L. M. Huisman, Jan Koedood, Eric Kuindersma, Tim van Hattum, Hans Waals, Joost J. Buntsma, Michelle J. A. Hendriks , Ed R. Kramer, Frans A. N. van Baardwijk Pacific islands Marc Overmars, Ian White, Hans Thulstrup Pakistan Mi Hua, Ch. Muhammad Akram, Zamir Somroo Contents Foreword iii Overview vii Section 1 Africa Cameroon 2 Sudan 5 Swaziland 8 Tunisia 12 Zambia 15 Section 2 Asia and the Pacific Bangladesh 20 China: the Yellow River basin 24 Pacific islands 27 Pakistan: the Cholistan