CHAPTER ONE Introduction Pavement distresses are visible imperfections on pavement surface. They are symptoms of the deterioration of pavement structures. Most, if not all, agencies that have implemented a Pavement Maintenance Management System (PMMS) collect periodic surface distress information on their pavements through distress surveys. Distress evaluation, or condition survey, includes detailed identification of pavement distress type, severity, extent, and location. To combine these details, an index is assigned to each pavement which is transferred to a general rating. Every highway agency either develops pavement distress evaluation procedure or selects a developed one for its pavement condition survey. Regardless of the size of the highway network or the sophistication of the PMS procedure, most PMS strategies can offer assistance at two levels: the network level and the project level. Network level information provides management with broad-based data about the entire system. Information for planning purposes and fiscal analysis is often provided by the network data. On the other hand, project level information can include specific details about engineering design, construction and cost accounting. Obviously the data required for each level differs considerably. Network level required disaggregate data that reflects the general pavement condition. However, project level needs detailed and specific data on expected distresses. In general, distress density starts its propagation process very slowly, but it accelerates more at a later stage. There are factors that affect rate of propagation. These factors may include pavement condition, traffic levels and distress severity. The distress density propagation on a new or recently overlaid pavement sections having excellent condition is expected to be slower than on pavement sections with poor condition. A distress is expected to behave differently on pavement sections subjected to different traffic levels. Also, the distress severity levels have an effect on behavior and propagation of distress density. The Pavement Maintenance Management System (PMMS) of Khartoum city perform comprehensive pavement visual survey prior to each maintenance program . In the condition survey, detailed information related to type, severity and density of existing distresses was collected. 1 The collected data was then used to determine needed maintenance activities on a project level. This process is usually very expensive and time consuming. Pavement Maintenance Management System ( PMMS) provides systematic objective and consistent procedure to evaluate existing and future pavement condition. A PMMS also provides a mean to help mange pavement maintenance expenditure more economically and efficiently. They provide a A PMMS also provides a mean to help mange pavement maintenance expenditure more economically and efficiently. They provide an objective approach to pavement maintenance and allow for multiple budget options and scenarios to be run quickly and assist in project formulation for maintenance and rehabilitation works. A PMMS typically uses a pavement rating system, called pavement condition index (PCI) as the basis from which current and future pavement condition. Within the process of implementing a PMMS there are two distinct areas which need to be examined. The first is defining the PMMS to be adopted and the second is implementation of the PMMS on a pavement network basis. PMMS in Khartoum State : Centre of Khartoum, has applied Distinctive pavement management maintenance system which was depend on roughness measurement, visual surveying of the pavement condition and skid resistance and dynamic cone penetrometer to assesses the state of the pavement. The assessment of pavement situation before implementing any program of rehabilitation and repairing. The assessment procedure concentrated on realizing the type , density and the severity of pavement distresses. An index for pavement condition were utilized to represent the data which is called index of urban distress in which is composed of fifteen kinds of pavement distresses existed in the pavement maintenance management system of Khartoum State in addition to that fact urban distress index is considered is as a numerical leveling method for different distresses and this rating procedure is depending on the numerical index ranging from 0-100, where 100 symbolize excellent condition of pavements. The measurement of urban distress index depends on the kind of distresses, density and distress severity for each network level and project. 2 1.1 Objective The main objective of this study is to implement a system to monitorroad maintenance expenditure of the urban road for Khartoum State network and to proposeframework policyof Khartoum roads. 1.2 Scope of work The above objective can be detailed into the required scope of work items which contributed in making better decision with respect to expenditures of pavement maintenance and rehabilitation in Khartoum State. These items were identified and evaluated and are follows: - Assessment of road classification and adopting numbering system for Khartoum State (centre of Khartoum) paved road network. - Carrying out road inventory survey. - Undertake visual condition survey for paved road network. 1.3 Methodology Firstly all distress types, severities and density in Khartoum State paved road were identified using up to date and state of the art pavement condition index method selected and customized as one main scope of the research. This study was carried out as part of a comprehensive road inventory study which will divide the road network into group each one consists of 15 km, then the collected data. The final result of pavement condition survey, and selection of maintenance standards for paved roads in Khartoum State Finally adopting of the suitable PMS for Khartoum State 1.4 Study Outcomes Identification of treatment selection for each road. PCI rating for some of the street located at urban centre. Propose of PMS policy framework for Khartoum State. The recommendation for the application of the PCI in Khartoum State. 3 1.5 Outlines of the thesis The thesis was divided into seven chapters. The first chapter is an introduction and the last chapter is conclusion and recommendationsthe others chapter from two to Seven were briefly described below. In chapter two pavement management literature review, pavement management system is composed of two levels project and network level, the purpose is to provided, cost effective, original design,, maintenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction. In this chapter describes the importance management, data in providing for management decision in assessing limit level for road condition. Chapter three explains the pavement condition rating study, and methodologies used. The detailed explanation of the ASTM and the adopted methodology is given, including the road numbering and identification system, tools needed to carry out the study, types of distresses, method of their management and analysis and scale of surface rating. The chapter represents all the study results including, pavement distresses quantity, density and severity. The findings of this study are: 24,5 % of the road length (7.4 km) subjected to visual condition evaluation is condition is "Fair" condition. 31.7% of road length (9.5 km) is in" good" condition. 25.0% of the road length (7.5 km) is in "Very good" condition. 18.2 % of road length is (5.65 km) is in excellent condition to very good condition. In chapter Four discuss structural evaluation of pavement of roads in Khartoum State,like Dynamic Cone Penetrometer(DCP),Pit test and Non- Destructive test (NDT)Roughness,Skid resistance and level of service DCP tests are particularly useful for identifying the cause of road deterioration when it is associated with the one of the unbound pavementlayer eg, shear failure of the road base or sub base. A comparison betweenDCP test results from subsection 4 that are failing and those that are sound will quickly identify the pavement layer which is cause of the problem. In this chapter also skid resistant including the factor affecting it and correlation between PCI and skid number (SN) is discussed.Finally in this chapter the level of service is estimated Using HCS software which is valid procedure to estimate the level of service (LOS), for Khartoum urban center streets. According to the procedure shown in appendix D the data in table 4.9 is entered to the software, analyzed and the results were obtained for each road including report. Chapter Five overview pavement management system order to select some items for the implementation of pavement management system in Khartoum State , detailed in this chapter . How to implement pavement management system and how to apply this system, including , barriers , institutional issues. Constrain and system design or selection And in chapter Six types of maintenance will be with recommendation for urban Khartoum State Network according to practice. This types of maintenance including, preventive, corrective maintenance, crack sealing, thin overlay, chip sealing, Fog sealing and slurry sealing. , Chapter Six focus that quantitative the performance of various preventive maintenance treatments, including the effect of these treatments have on pavement performance. Preventive measures examined in this thesis.Include Crack sealing Thin overlays, chip sealing, fog sealing and slurry sealing. To the extent possible, this synthesis identifies the adequacy