CENTRAL EUROPEAN MEDIEVAL STUDIES Mroziewicz & Sroczyński (eds) and Contemporary Power Political Rulership Premodern Edited by Karolina Mroziewicz and Aleksander Sroczyński Premodern Rulership and Contemporary Political Power The King’s Body Never Dies Premodern Rulership and Contemporary Political Power Central European Medieval Studies The series focuses on the geographical centre of the European continent, but also a region representing various historically changing meanings and concepts. It challenges simplistic notions of Central Europe as a periphery to the medieval ‘West’, or, equally, a border between barbarity and civilization; an area of a lively convergence of different ethnic groups, and a socially and culturally framed common space; a point where different ‘Others’ met, or an intermediary ‘bridge’ between the Roman Catholicism and Latinity of the West, and the Slavic Orthodoxy and Hellenism of the Byzantine East. Series Editor Dr. Nada Zečević, University of Eastern Sarajevo Editorial Board Dr. Kateřina Horníčková, University of South Bohemia Dr. Cosmin Popa-Gorjanu, 1 December 1918 University Alba Iulia Dr. Zsolt Hunyadi, University of Szeged Dr. Anna Adamska, Utrecht University Dr. Trpimir Vedriš, University of Zagreb Premodern Rulership and Contemporary Political Power The King’s Body Never Dies Edited by Karolina Mroziewicz and Aleksander Sroczyński Amsterdam University Press This work was financed within the framework of the National Programme for the Develop- ment of the Humanities carried out by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, 2014-2016. Proofread by Jesse Simon Cover illustration: Frontispiece of John Case’s Sphaera Civitatis (Oxoniæ: excudebat Iosephus Barnesius, 1588). The Folger Shakespeare Library, STC 4761. Used by permission of the Folger Shakespeare Library under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 94 6298 331 1 e-isbn 978 90 4853 328 2 doi 10.5117/9789462983311 nur 685 © Karolina Mroziewicz & Aleksander Sroczyński / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2017 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. Every effort has been made to obtain permission to use all copyrighted illustrations reproduced in this book. Nonetheless, whosoever believes to have rights to this material is advised to contact the publisher. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 7 Introduction 9 Paweł Figurski, Karolina Mroziewicz, and Aleksander Sroczyński Part 1 Premodern Rulership Assembly Politics and Conflicting Discourses in Early Medieval León (10th-11th c.) 21 Álvaro Carvajal Castro The Supreme Power of the Armour and the Veneration of the Emperor’s Body in Twelfth-Century Byzantium 47 Foteini Spingou The Exultet of Bolesław II of Mazovia and the Sacralisation of Political Power in the High Middle Ages 73 Paweł Figurski ‘International’ Christian Society and Its Political Theology in Thirteenth-Century Latin Christendom 111 Wojciech Kozłowski The King’s Immature Body 139 Representations of Child Coronations in Poland, Hungary and Bohemia (1382-1530) Karolina Mroziewicz We Were the Trojans 169 Rhetoric and Political Community in Medieval and Early Modern Sarmatia and Illyria Aleksander Sroczyński The Life and Afterlife of Pontifical Indiscretions in the Renaissance 193 Ágnes Máté The Queen’s Two Faces 217 The Portraiture of Elizabeth I of England Emilia Olechnowicz Part 2 Contemporary Political Power Blood, Honour and the Norm 249 Race Defilement and the Boundaries of Community in Hungary, 1941 Gábor Szegedi Dual Approaches to Communist Engagement 279 Helena Krajewska and Marek Włodarski Piotr Słodkowski The Supermen’s Two Bodies 299 The Body, the Costume, and the Legitimacy of Power in the DC Universe Narratives Andrzej Probulski And Then They Were Bodies 321 Medieval Royalties, from DNA Analysis to a Nation’s Identity Alexandra Ion List of Figures 353 General Bibliography 355 Index 417 Acknowledgements The book is the outcome of a two-year scholarly dialogue between the members of the research group ‘Rex nunquam moritur. Comparative Ap- proaches to Political Theologies from the Middle Ages to the Present.’ The group was supported by the National Programme for the Development of Humanities (module 2.1). During the course of the project, two workshops (in September 2014 and November 2015) and an international conference, The Anatomy of Political Bodies (April 2015), were carried out at the Faculty of ‘Artes Liberales’ of the University of Warsaw. The present volume has been shaped to a great extent by the lively discussions on the ambiguous status of political theology, the value of Ernst Kantorowicz’s legacy, and the pertinence of historical inquiries for understanding today’s socio-political reality. The authors would like to express their special gratitude to Anna Adam- ska (Utrecht), Jerzy Axer (Warsaw), Simon Burton (Warsaw), Zbigniew Dalewski (Warsaw) and Paweł Stępień (Warsaw) for being ideal intellectual sparring-partners during the working meetings of the research group. The authors also wish to thank a number of critical readers, who agreed to evaluate particular chapters of the book, and who were most generous in sharing their knowledge and experience: Isabel Alfonso (CSIC, Madrid), Arda Antonescu (Bucharest), Marco Arnaudo (Bloomington, IN), Jerzy Axer (Warsaw), János Bak (Budapest), Marian Coman (Bucharest), Eric Consigny-de Chassey (Paris), Zbigniew Dalewski (Warsaw), Ewa Domańska (Poznań), Ștefan Dorondel (Bucharest), Yale H. Ferguson (Rutgers), Susannah Fischer (Saint Louis University), György Geréby (Budapest), Piotr S. Górecki (Riverside, CL), Charles Insley (Manchester), Anthony Kaldellis (The Ohio State University), Torrance Kirby (Montreal), Éva Kovács (Vienna), Anita Kurimay (Bryn Mawr, PA), Brad Littlejohn (independent scholar), Marina Loukaki (Athens), Przemysław Marciniak (Katowice), Natalie Mears (Dur- ham), Włodzimierz Olszaniec (Warsaw), Levi Roach (Exeter), Jörg Schulte (Köln) and Wojciech Włodarczyk (Warsaw); without their scholarly support the book would never have reached its present shape. Tomasz Chmielak, the librarian of the Faculty, provided invaluable assistance in dealing with book management. Finally, the editors of this volume would like to thank all of the members of the research group for an inspiring collaboration, the fruits of which extended far beyond the pages of this volume. Introduction Paweł Figurski, Karolina Mroziewicz, and Aleksander Sroczyński The main objective of the present volume is to investigate the cultural specificity and inner dynamics of premodern rulership and contemporary political power. The initial impulse behind such a broad inquiry came from the work of Ernst Kantorowicz, whose book The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology offers one of the most influential modern theories for the analysis of political order.1 Sixty years after its first publica- tion, a group of twelve authors convened to reassess the dichotomy of the ruler’s two bodies as proposed by Kantorowicz: the perennial dignity of the royal office and the vulnerable body natural of the king. The present survey was intended to examine a variety of literary and visual sources testifying to different representations of political power in both the premodern and contemporary era. The authors represented here are among the most recent generation of scholars inspired by The King’s Two Bodies, a book which was praised as a masterpiece of medieval scholarship almost immediately after its publication,2 and influenced many other works dealing with royal or papal 1 Ernst Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957). 2 First reviews after the publication of Kantorowicz’s book might be found in the preface of William Chester Jordan to the second edition of King’s Two Bodies: Ernst Kantorowicz, King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), IX-XVI. There were many more reviews than quoted by Jordan, such as for instance: Joseph F. Costanzo, ‘The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Book Review),’ Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 321 (1959): 203-204; Ewart Lewis, ‘Kantorowicz Ernst H., The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Book Review),’ Political Science Quarterly 73, no. 3 (1958): 453-455; Peter N. Riesenberg, ‘The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Book Review),’ The American Political Science Review 52, no. 4 (1958): 1139-1140; Morimichi Watanabe, ‘The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Book Review),’ Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture 52, no. 2 (1983): 258-259. 10 PAWEł FIGURSKI, KAROLINA MROZIEWICZ, AND ALEKSANDER SrOCZYńSKI bodies,3 as well as studies exploring the exchange between theological and political ideas in European civilization.4 Nevertheless, in 2009 Bernhard Jussen pointed out that ‘a serious dis- cussion of [Kantorowicz’s]