UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES Hungary and the Holocaust Confrontation with the Past Symposium Proceedings W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. Hungary and the Holocaust Confrontation with the Past Symposium Proceedings CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM 2001 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Third printing, March 2004 Copyright © 2001 by Rabbi Laszlo Berkowits, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Randolph L. Braham, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Tim Cole, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by István Deák, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Eva Hevesi Ehrlich, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Charles Fenyvesi; Copyright © 2001 by Paul Hanebrink, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by Albert Lichtmann, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Copyright © 2001 by George S. Pick, assigned to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum In Charles Fenyvesi's contribution “The World that Was Lost,” four stanzas from Czeslaw Milosz's poem “Dedication” are reprinted with the permission of the author. Contents Foreword ...............................................................................................................i Paul A. Shapiro and Robert M. Ehrenreich PART I: SCHOLARS’ PRESENTATIONS Hungary, the Holocaust, and Hungarians: Remembering Whose History? ..............3 Tim Cole Continuities and Change in Hungarian Antisemitism, 1945–1948 ..........................21 Paul Hanebrink War-Crimes Trials in Post-World War II Hungary: Retribution or Revenge?........31 István Deák Assault on Historical Memory: Hungarian Nationalists and the Holocaust ...........45 Randolph L. Braham PART II: SURVIVORS’ PRESENTATIONS A Survivor’s Perspective of Hungary’s Confrontation with its Past ........................79 George S. Pick The Holocaust in Hungary: Confrontation with the Past .........................................93 Albert L. Lichtmann Coming to Terms with the Holocaust in Hungary...................................................103 Eva Hevesi Ehrlich The Power of Redemption........................................................................................109 Rabbi Laszlo Berkowits The World that Was Lost..........................................................................................117 Charles Fenyvesi Appendix: Biographies of Contributors...................................................................133 Foreword Paul A. Shapiro and Robert M. Ehrenreich The Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum convened a symposium entitled Hungary and the Holocaust: Confrontation with the Past on November 9, 1999. The objective of the event was to examine the Holocaust’s legacy in Hungary, particularly attempts to come to terms with or to avoid coming to terms with this most horrific period of its history. This symposium was part of an ongoing series organized and hosted by the Center to promote and support Holocaust research; to inspire growth of the field of Holocaust studies; to ensure continued training of future generations of Holocaust scholars; and to bring to bear the knowledge, wisdom, and insight of Holocaust scholars and survivors on topics of major significance. These goals are priorities of the Center because study of the Holocaust is at a moment of generational transition. Eyewitnesses now in the United States, some of whom have been moved to become the principal scholars teaching and writing about the Holocaust, and survivors whose telling of their stories rivets our attention on the greatest crime of the twentieth century, are reaching the ends of their careers and will pass from the scene in the twenty-first century. This is occurring just as an avalanche of newly available documentation about the Holocaust is pouring out of formerly closed archives in Eastern Europe, including those of the former Soviet Union, and the West, including those of the United States. Thus, ironically, just as the people upon whom we have most relied finish their careers, research materials are becoming available that provide unprecedented opportunities to understand the whats, hows, and whys of the Holocaust; to ensure the survival of memory of the Holocaust at the small town, village, and individual level; and to explore the lessons of the Holocaust for ourselves and our children. Four scholars and five survivors spoke during the two sessions of the symposium. The morning session comprised presentations by Professors Randolph Braham and István Deák, both senior scholars in the field, and Drs. Tim Cole and Paul Hanebrink, who have more recently entered the field and are conducting exciting new ii • FOREWORD research based on the archival collections lately released from Eastern Europe. The afternoon session consisted of the testimony and observations of five survivors of the Holocaust in Hungary, who interwove historical data and personal recollections to show how the Holocaust affected all of the citizens and residents of Hungary, and to offer a course of action by which Hungary could better come to terms with its role in the Holocaust. The survivors were George Pick, Mrs. Evelyn Hevesi Ehrlich, Dr. Albert Lichtmann, Rabbi Laszlo Berkowits, and Charles Fenyvesi. Short biographies of the speakers are provided in the Appendix at the end of this publication. Four motivations for studying the Holocaust in Hungary were reiterated throughout the course of the day. The first was to try to understand why these events occurred so late in the war and with such amazing speed. The ghettoization and deportation of Hungary’s Jewish citizens occurred within a matter of three and a half months and at a time when Germany’s defeat was imminent. The second was to examine how a country like Hungary could have been transformed from a relatively tolerant to an oppressive, racially motivated state within a matter of years. The third motivation was to demonstrate that the Jews who were persecuted and died were neither foreigners nor statistics, but true Hungarian citizens. The final motivation was the belief that historians and Hungarians alike will come to terms with Hungary’s role in the Holocaust only when the events of this dark period are fully documented, understood, and acknowledged. Dr. Cole opened the symposium by introducing the principal questions currently confronting scholars of the Holocaust in Hungary. He analyzed the historiography previously employed in this research and discussed why it was used and how its origin has impacted the field. The next two presentations focused on Hungary’s societal and governmental attempts to confront the Holocaust between the end of World War II and the unsuccessful Hungarian revolution of 1956. Dr. Hanebrink discussed societal continuities and changes in antisemitic attitudes during this period, typifying it as a time of “cold indifference,” with many non-Jewish Hungarians openly questioning whether Jewish Hungarians deserved a place in post-war Hungary. Professor Deák FOREWORD • iii examined governmental attitudes to the Holocaust as those were reflected in the immediate aftermath of World War II, and as exemplified by Hungarian war-crimes trials. He placed the trials within the larger context of the political instability that preceded World War II and discussed what this periodization reveals about Hungary’s attempt to confront its own role in the Holocaust. Professor Braham concluded the morning session by analyzing Hungary’s unwillingness to confront its role in the Holocaust, and he assessed its active assault on the memory of the event. He discussed disturbing trends in Hungary: to cleanse its history of any responsibility in the Holocaust, and to rehabilitate its wartime leaders. George Pick opened the afternoon session by relating his memories of the antisemitism that was still deeply ingrained in postwar Hungarian society. Jews were blamed for the disintegration of the prewar life and economy. Dr. Albert Lichtmann discussed his encounters with antisemitism as a youth in Hungary and suggested that Hungary needs to construct a memorial museum in central Budapest and smaller memorials in other cities to show the truth without distortion. Mrs. Eva Hevesi Ehrlich challenged the audience to consider how anyone— Jewish survivor or otherwise—could possibly come to terms with a tragedy of the scale of the Holocaust. In order for Hungary truly to confront its past, however, she argued for sustained education of Hungary’s youth. Rabbi Laszlo Berkowits spoke to the importance of moral restitution and the redemptive powers such an act would have on both the survivor and Hungarian communities. Charles Fenyvesi closed the symposium by reviewing and synthesizing the various theories and opinions expressed during the course of the day. He also described the world that was lost and the future that may be possible if Hungary does ever come to terms with its role in the Holocaust. The articles contained in this occasional paper are not verbatim transcriptions of the talks. Some of the authors submitted revised versions of