Equity by Design: Teaching LGBTQ-Themed Literature in English Language Arts Classrooms Mollie Blackburn Mary Catherine Miller Teaching LGBTQ-Themed Literature in English Language Art Classrooms KEY TERMS Equity Assistance Centers (EACs) are charged with providing technical assistance, LGBTQ - The acronym used to represent lesbian, gay, including training, in the area of sex bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning identities and desegregation, among other areas of themes. We recognize that this acronym excludes some desegregation, of public elementary and people, like those who are asexual or intersex, but we aim to secondary schools. Sex desegregation, here, be honest about who gets featured in literature representing sexual and gender minorities. means the “assignment of students to public schools and within those schools without regard Gender - While “sex” is the biological differentiation of being to their sex including providing students with a male or female, gender is the social and cultural presentation full opportunity for participation in all of how an individual self-identifies as masculine, feminine, or within a rich spectrum of identities between the two. Gender educational programs regardless of their roles are socially constructed, and typically reinforced in a sex” (https://www.federalregister.gov/ gender binary that places masculine and feminine roles in documents/2016/03/24/2016-06439/equity- opposition to each other. assistance-centers-formerly-desegregation- Cisgender - An individual who identifies as the gender assistance-centers). This is pertinent to LGBTQ corresponding with the sex they were assigned at birth students. Most directly, students who identify as (Aultman, 2014; Stryker, 2009). By using cisgender to trans or gender queer are prevented from distinguish someone as not transgender, the term “helps attending school because of the transphobia distinguish diverse sex/gender identities without reproducing they experience there. Further, barriers exist for unstated norms” (Aultman, 2014, p. 62). students attending schools who do not adhere to gender norms (i.e., they experience romantic Heteronormativity - A set of practices and cultural and/or sexual attraction to people of their same institutions that position heterosexuality as “normal”, privileging heterosexuality and heterosexual relationships gender) due to the homophobia and biphobia while also positioning LGBTQ identities and relationships as they experience there. Even those who manage abnormal (Blackburn & Smith, 2010; Sanders & Mathis, to endure these forms of hatred and oppression 2013). Heteronormativity reinforces rigid gender roles and is and come to school are typically deprived of a overwhelmingly present in US schools, as students are curriculum that acknowledges other LGBTQ expected to act in certain ways according to gender and people. This is problematic because there is a sexual expectations (Blackburn & Smith, 2010). documented correlation between inclusive curriculum and LGBTQ students staying and Intersectionality - The recognition of multiple identities and succeeding in schools (Kosciw, Greytak, Giga, categories of oppression, acknowledging the relationship and Villenas, & Danischewski, 2016). In other interconnection between categories of difference such as words, in order to provide LGBTQ students with race, gender, class, and sexual identity (Collins, 2000, 2009; a full opportunity for participation in all Kumashiro, 2002). educational programs, we must strive to - 1 - eliminate transphobia, homophobia, and 2016). biphobia in schools. Although curriculum is just one piece of the larger puzzle, it is an important one, and the one of focus for this briefing. More specifically, this briefing focuses on curriculum in English Language Arts classrooms, with particular attention to literature. First, we argue that curriculum is a tool for fostering civil rights in inclusive education for LGBTQ youth. Next, we describe key components related to the selection and The 2015 National School Climate incorporation of high-quality LGBTQ-themed Survey, conducted by GLSEN, reported that texts and then provide an overview of three 57.6% of students who identified as LGBTQ “felt pedagogical approaches for integrating LGBTQ- unsafe at school because of their sexual themed literature into ELA curriculum. The orientation, and 43.3% because of their gender podcast associated with this brief features expression” (Kosciw, et al., 2016, p. 4). LGBTQ teachers discussing their use of specific LGBTQ- Students who feel unsafe avoid certain spaces in themed texts in their own classrooms, providing school buildings, or even miss school entirely as concrete examples of pedagogical practices and a result of feeling unsafe (Kosciw, et al., 2016; texts. Russell & McGuire, 2008). The 2015 National School Climate Survey results revealed that 85.2% of LGBTQ student respondents had Curriculum as a Tool for Fostering experienced verbal harassment at school, 27% Civil Rights in Inclusive had been physically harassed (“e.g. pushed or Education for LGBTQ Youth shoved”), 13% were physically assaulted (“e.g. punched, kicked, injured with a weapon”), and Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and 59.6% were sexually harassed (“e.g. unwanted queer (LGBTQ) students face many challenges touching or sexual remarks”) (Kosciw, et al., in schools related to homophobia, which often 2016, p. 4). Of the students who reported appears as violence, verbal abuse, and anti-gay incidents to school staff, 63.5% “said that the graffiti in schools, and heteronormativity, in school staff did nothing in response or told the which gendered and sexual stereotypes are both student to ignore it” (Kosciw, et al., 2016, p. 4). explicitly and implicitly promoted in schools, Over half (56.2%) of the students “reported minimizing and erasing LGBTQ voices and hearing homophobic remarks from their teachers experiences. While teachers and the or other staff” and 63.5% of students “reported administration may work toward fostering more hearing negative remarks about gender inclusive and safer school environments, many expression from teachers or other school students, particularly LGBTQ students, report staff” (Kosciw, et al., 2016, p. 5). Less than a feeling unsafe in their schools (Kosciw, et al., - 2 - quarter of LGBTQ students reported positive students, challenging the persistent harassment inclusion of LGBT people, history, or events in and discrimination experienced by so many of their school curriculum, and less than half said them. they could even find such content in their school libraries or via the internet as accessed at school. When these students were, however, taught positive representations of LGBT people, they were less likely to hear homophobic and transphobic comments, less likely to feel unsafe, less likely to miss school and more likely to feel accepted by and connected to their classmates (Kosciw, et al., 2016). This is why we must include LGBT people and themes in curriculum. This particular briefing focuses on the ways that literature and Language Arts curricula Language Arts teachers, indeed all can serve as a revolutionary force for social teachers, need to develop curricula that include change, specifically with regard to countering LGBTQ-themed texts for the purposes of the civil rights injustices experiences by LGBTQ centering LGBTQ identities and advocating for students in our schools. The intentional the civil rights of LGBTQ students (Kosciw, et inclusion of diverse literature into Language al., 2016). “Curriculum is tied to power” and Arts curricula has shown to foster empathy Language Arts teachers have the power to not toward marginalized groups (Louie, 2005; Malo- only include diverse perspectives by centering Juvera, 2016), and the inclusion of specifically LGBTQ identities, but also to promote broader LGBTQ literature not only fosters empathy in transformative goals of equity and social justice straight and cisgender students, it also allows through combating transphobia, homophobia, LGBTQ students to see themselves reflected in biphobia, and heteronormativity (Page, 2016, p. curricula with the goal of improving school 118). By centering and celebrating LGBTQ climates for LGBTQ students. This is significant identities, teachers address critical civil rights since LGBTQ students are often unable to see issues including the invisibility of LGBTQ reflections of their identities in the books taught identities in the curriculum, and homophobic and offered for leisure reading in their actions of discrimination, bullying and classrooms (Clark & Blackburn, 2009; Smolkin harassment, and inequitable school discipline & Young, 2011). By incorporating LGBTQ- that exist in our schools. Seeing examples of themed texts and curricula that intentionally other teachers is a critical component of prevent and counter transphobia, homophobia, incorporating LGBTQ-themed literature into the and biphobia in schools, teachers do necessary Language Arts classroom (Page, 2016; Thein, work towards the integration of LGBTQ 2013), and this brief explores methodologies - 3 - proposed by contemporary researchers. teaching LGBTQ-themed literature in their own classrooms, describing rich discussions of Teachers are often resistant to the community, identity, and family, as students teaching of literature with LGBTQ themes practice combating homophobia in their (Schieble, 2012; Thein 2013) and may classrooms. completely ignore LGBTQ topics in the Language Arts classroom (Puchner & Klein,