Lesson 1 (pp. 5-10) R o m u l u s (753-672 B.C.) Facts to Know Aeneas Trojan chief; early king of Latins; hero of the Aeneid Romulus and Remus founders of Rome, twin brothers Sylvia mother of Romulus and Remus Vestal Virgins a tt e n d a n t s to Vesta, vowed not to marry Faustulus herdsman who named and raised the twins Palatine Hill where Rome was founded Sabines t r i b e from which Romans took their wives Tarpeia killed at the gate of Capitoline Hill Campus Martius “fi e l d of Mars (god of war)”; where soldiers trained Tiber River r i v e r that runs through Rome “It is the will of the gods that Rome shall be the greatest city of the world.” apparition of Romulus “You killed our mother and you shall die for it.” Romulus and Remus Vocabulary 1. …inhabited the adjacent mountains… __________________next to, neighboring 2. …one of his descendants named Procas… __________________offspring 3. …the feeble cries of the infants… __________________weak 4. …Remus had a quarrel with some of the herdsmen… __________________fight 5. He laughed scornfully… __________________with contempt 6. So perish anyone who shall hereafter attempt… __________________to die 7. …make Rome a place of refuge… __________________place of shelter 8*. He established a body called the Senate… __________________legislative assembly 9*. The descendants of those settlers were called patricians… __________________nobles; ruling class 10*. The ordinary citizens were called plebeians… __________________the common people * Vocabulary items throughout the book marked with an asterisk are specialized for Roman history or Latin. 6 Romulus (753-672 B.C.) Comprehension Questions 1. Why did Amulius put Numitor’s son to death and make his daughter a Vestal Virgin? Amulius knew his position as king was threatened by Numitor’s children. He worried that Numitor’s son would rise against him and claim his right to the throne or that his daughter might bear a son who could challenge him. 2. Why are Romans called a “she-wolf’s litter”? How does this name fit their national character? Romulus and Remus founded Rome. Romans were called a “she-wolf’s litter” because they descended from men so fierce and courageous that they were raised by a wolf rather than a human mother. 3. How did the twins decide who would be king of Rome? The two boys decided they would seek a sign from the gods that indicated which boy they favored. When Romulus saw 12 vultures soaring in the skies and Remus saw only 6, Romulus claimed the favor of the gods and declared himself king. 4. Explain how Romulus populated his city and found wives for the Roman men. Romulus made Rome a place of refuge, a safe place for people running from enemies or punishment. To get wives for the men, Romulus hosted a festival and invited the barbarian Sabine tribe. Roman men seized the women who attended. 5. What good things did Romulus do for his city? Romulus was a fair and wise king. He established a Senate to help him with important government affairs. He also took great care in training young Romans to be good soldiers. 6. Describe Romulus’ final departure from Rome. What did his spirit foretell? Romulus disappeared from the earth. Legend says that the god Mars took him up to the clouds in a golden chariot. The spirit foretold that Rome would be the greatest city of the world. Activities 1. Draw a family tree (on drawing pages in the Review lesson) including: Aeneas, Procas, Numitor, Amulius, Sylvia, Romulus, Remus. 2. Start your Roman History Timeline with 753 B.C. as the date Rome was founded. 3. Identify on your map (Appendix) of Ancient Italia and memorize: Italy Rome Tiber River 4. Identify on your map (Appendix) of Ancient Rome: Palatine Hill 5*. Discuss how the story of Romulus and Remus is similar to the story of Cain and Abel. In each pair, one brother killed the other and went out to build a new city or nation. 6. Why do you think Campus Martius was so named? Who is Mars? Mars is the god of war and according to legend the father of Romulus and Remus. Campus Martius was where Roman soldiers drilled and armies assembled in preparation for war. 7*. Rome claimed divine ancestry through its founders Romulus and Remus (sons of Sylvia and Mars) and Aeneas (son of Venus). How might this have affected the Roman character? The idea of divine ancestry fed the Romans’ strong sense of destiny, as well as their famous perseverance and bravery (if they refused to quit, they would eventually win). It also made them empire-builders, claiming the right to rule all other peoples. * Activities throughout the book marked with an asterisk may be given as composition assignments. 7 Name: ______________________ Date: ___________________ Roman History Test (Lessons 1-5) List the kings of Rome in order. Place a star beside the 3 kings who came from Etruria: 1. __________________________________ 2. __________________________________ 3. __________________________________ 4. __________________________________ 5. __________________________________ 6. __________________________________ 7. __________________________________ Define: (Answers not included in word bank.) 8. monarchy ______________________________________________________________ 9. republic _______________________________________________________________ 10. Three periods of Roman history _____________________________________________ Who Am I? 11. twin brothers who founded Rome ___________________________________________ 12. tribe from which the early Romans took wives _________________________________ 13. the three brothers who fought for Rome _______________________________________ 14. the three brothers who fought for Alba _______________________________________ 15. Trojan chief; king of the Latins and hero of the Aeneid __________________________ 16. led the revolution to overthrow the monarchy __________________________________ 17. first consul of Rome who watched his 2 sons executed for disobedience ______________ Who said that?: 18. “So perish the Roman maiden who weeps for her country’s enemy.” ________________ 19. “You killed our mother and you shall die for it.” ________________________________ 20. “It is the will of the gods that Rome shall be the greatest city of the world.” ___________ 21. “Down with Tarquin the tyrant! No more kings!” ______________________________ 121 Roman History Test (Lessons 1-5) What Am I? 22. Rome is on this river ________________________________________________________ 23. three plains on the west coast of Italy ____________________________________________ 24. port of Rome _______________________________________________________________ 25. hill where Rome was founded __________________________________________________ 26. place where public meetings were held ___________________________________________ 27. a female prophetess __________________________________________________________ 28. symbol of king’s authority (ax in bundle of sticks) __________________________________ 29. field where soldiers trained ____________________________________________________ 30. noble people of Rome ________________________________________________________ 31. common people of Rome ______________________________________________________ 32. Numa Pompilius established this as the basis of the Roman economy ___________________ 33. council of old men who helped to rule Rome ______________________________________ 34. four pillars of Roman culture __________________________________________________ 35. large racetrack built by Tarquin ________________________________________________ 36. holy books bought by Tarquin Superbus __________________________________________ 37. a male seer or prophet ________________________________________________________ When Did It Happen? 38. Founding of Rome __________________________________________________________ 39. Founding of the Republic _____________________________________________________ Word Bank (some words will be used more than once) 510 B.C. Etruria Junius Brutus Sabines 753 B.C. faith Latium Senate Aeneas family Numa Pompilius Servius Tullius Ancus Marcius farming Ostia sibyl augur fasces Palatine Sibylline Books Campania fighting patricians Tarquin Campus Martius Forum plebeians Tarquin Superbus Circus Maximus Horatii Remus Tiber Curiatii Horatius Romulus Tullus Hostilius 122 Roman History Test (Lessons 1-5) 4 5 6 1 3 2 Give the number on the map that corresponds to each of the following locations: Modern Europe: _______Mediterranean Sea _______Baltic Sea _______Italy _______North Seav _______Caspian Sea _______Black Sea 123 Roman History Test (Lessons 1-5) Comprehension: 40. Name the twins who founded Rome. Why are Romans called a “she-wolf’s litter”? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 41. Explain what it meant for the doors of the Temple of Janus to be open or closed. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 42. Explain the arrangement made by Tullius and Mettius. Who fought for Rome? Alba? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 43. What were the functions of the Forum and of the Circus