8th International Conference on Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICLTET'2016) May 5-6 2016 Dubai (UAE) Influence of Hagia Sophia on the Construction of Dome in Mosque Architecture Dr. Saqer Sqour1 shrines and temples of the 14th century B.C [1]. Abstract—This paper discusses the influence of the revolutionary During the Romans, domes had a noticeable development. pendentive dome of the 6th century church Hagia Sophia on building They added new materials for construction to stand as long as domes. The paper aims to track the impact of the structure of the possible against erosion and environment. Among the utmost dome of Hagia Sophia on Muslim mosques. It, also aimed to compare famous domes was the dome of the Pantheon in Rome; one of the Hagia Sophia building with selected Ottoman mosques. The study has begun analyzing the construction of the dome of Hagia Sophia. the largest domes ever erected. Its height, as well as diameter, Its structure comes due the transition from erecting half spherical is 43.3 meters. The Pantheon remains the distinguished dome on circular plan to be above a square plan. Further, a creative building that has survived in excellent condition till today. It architectural component in the history of domes helped to achieve bears the architect's name on its facade. Further, the only light such transition that is the pendentive arches. These arches formed a entering the building is through the upper opening of the dome challenge for several architects and engineers to compete with this and its doorway. design, including the well-known architect Sinan Agha. This study presents different cases of buildings with domes influenced by Hagia Sophia, some of them belonging to Ottoman Period, while others are of those built later. It shows the dome of Hagia Sophia influenced majority of Ottoman mosques. Example: Sultan Ahmed or the Blue Mosque, Suleymaniye Mosque and Shahzadah Mosque in Istanbul, and Muhammad Ali mosque in Egypt. However, necessary pictures, diagrams and sketches helped to conduct this study. Keywords— Domes, Hagia Sophia, mosque domes, Ottoman mosques. I. INTRODUCTION MPORTANCE of the study: I Importance comes from the need of elaborating influence of the dome of Hagia Sophia on Muslim mosques, and describing how to build domes over square plans. Background: Dome is a projected circular architectural element used to cover buildings, began in Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC, and developed by the Romans and Byzantines. There are various forms of domes such as onion shape, a half circle and ellipse. The dome has a complete ability to withstand pressure loads of construction. In the Mesopotamian Royal Cemetery of the city of Ur, Fig. 1 represents Pantheon in Rome, Italy, (Exterior) and (Interior) there was a true dome with pendentives rounding off the angles of the square chamber. That was a rubble dome found Previous Studies: among the chambers of the tombs, dating to 2500 B.C. Such There are various studies conducted on the design and dome was made from mud mortar. Besides, there were other structure of Hagia Sophia In literature. Further, there are small domes, in the courtyard of Ur ziggurat, and in later several studies concerning the influence of Byzantine on the architecture of mosques. Besides, fewer are on the impact of pendentives of Hagia Sophia on Mosque Architecture. 1Saqer Sqour, Associate Professor, Architecture Department, Al al-Bayt Although, several of them can assist this study: University, Jordan. Director of Architecture and Interior Architecture, Al 1. Virtual Hagia Sophia: Restitution, Visualization and Yamamah University, Riyadh, KSA. Virtual Life Simulation by Alessandro E. F. and George http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IIE.E0516006 5 8th International Conference on Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICLTET'2016) May 5-6 2016 Dubai (UAE) Papagiannakis Nadia, Magnenat-Thalmann Miralab cui, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland This study focused on virtual response simulation virtual life of the complex of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey. Hagia Sophia was added in 1996 in the annual list of monuments endangered. The aim of this article is to describe techniques used to achieve a realistic simulation of specific area and its characters, as well to point out the challenges and solutions involved in such work. 2. The Hagia Sophia & the Influence of the Byzantine Culture on Religious Buildings by Leah Regan. This research aims to study the history of Byzantine architecture by studying Fig. 3 represents Hagia Sophia. Istanbul, Turkey (Interior). The Hagia Sophia. It discusses the impact of this building on crown of the dome rises 55 meters above the floor. religious buildings created later. Thus, it tackles the same issue of this paper, but this paper discusses only the Muslim To build Hagia Sophia, Justinian chose two men named religious buildings, focusing on the impact on both ancient and Anthemius and Isidore the Elder, who were not considered as modern mosques from different countries. architects, but mechanopoioi [3]. 3. Daylighting Analysis of Pendentive Dome’s Mosque They built the Hagia Sophia in six years. Although, they had Design during Summer Solstice with Case Studies in Istanbul, problems with the dome roof; therefore, the dome collapsed Turkey. first during construction, after that two decades later. Thus, This study aims to analysis and measure the lighting Isidore the Younger was nominated to build a new roof, which performance of one pendentive dome in the design of the lasted to the present-day. Hagia Sophia was so distinguished mosques. The case studies are Firuzaga and Orhan Gazi that Durant wrote “It was never on earth since Adam, and it is Mosque in Istanbul. This study examines whether the not possible to construct again" [4]. Also, Hagia Sophia forms pendentive dome provides an effective internal day light. It a combination of both the domed hall and the projected applies simulation analysis. Finally, it assumes the pendentive vaulted rectangular hall [5] dome gave out an excellent illuminance at all locations. “The dome rests not on a drum rather on pendentives: a Therefore, Muslim architects built majority of mosques with a spherical triangles that arise from four massive piers that carry pendentive dome roof. the weight of the cupola. The pendentives made it possible to place the dome over a square compartment” [6]. II. THE HAGIA SOPHIA The dome of Hagia Sophia was a significant turn in the history of building construction. This importance comes from Hagia Sophia means “holy wisdom,” a domed monument being a transformation from circular to square plan [7]. built as a cathedral in Constantinople in the sixth century A.D. Although, this particular design, circular dome over square It consists of two floors with a large dome. In plan it is around base, is rooted in Persian mausoleums and fire temples [8]. 82 meters long and 73 meters wide. The dome is 33 meters in diameter, with a height of 55 meters above the ground level. During its 1,400 year life-span it was a cathedral, mosque and a museum [2]. Fig. 4 shows transferring dome to a square plan by pendentives. Conversion to mosque Fig. 2 represents Hagia Sophia. Istanbul, Turkey (Exterior) Another period in Hagia Sophia’s life started in 1453. It was the year when the Byzantine Empire ended, and when the Ottoman decided to convert Hagia Sophia into a masjid [9]. Outside the building, four minarets were added [10], these http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/IIE.E0516006 6 8th International Conference on Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICLTET'2016) May 5-6 2016 Dubai (UAE) “four slender pencil-shaped minarets” are above 60 meters churches, for, being made of wood. Its weight does not high and are “among the tallest ever constructed.” Finally, In compel, as in vaults made of stone, those buttresses or side 1934, the government of Turkey secularized the Hagia Sophia cupolas that weight down the external outline of Hagia and turned it into a museum [11]. Sophia and the monuments inspired by it [17] Umayyad Masjid, Eagle Dome: III. DOMES IN MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE Damascus, Syria: Although, dome stands the greatest architectural innovation, and its evolution was before Islam, but Muslim architects The Dome of the Eagle (Qubbat Al-Nisr) is considered one developed or introduced numerous domes. In the Islamic era of the architectural best parts of the Omayyad Mosque. It was Muslim architects developed have enormous and varied types named because the architect who built it imagined the dome as of domes like: smooth, ribbed and conical with neck [12]. a head of an eagle, and the aisles at its right and left as its The first dome known in Islam is the Dome of the Rock; it wings. was built by Abdul Malik bin Marwan, followed by the Dome An Arab historian wrote: if a person looks at the Eagle of Eagle in the Umayyad Mosque built by Walid bin Abdul Dome from a certain distance he will have the impression of Malik. Later, Muslims increased using domes to have a dome seeing an eagle. The head is the cupola, body is the prayer for every mosque. Also, they used them above the shrines and hall, and wings are the walls [18]. palaces [13]. Further, the dome has a diameter of 16.6 meters, and a The following are some of Muslim masterpieces throughout height of 43 meters from the ground level [19]. history of Islam. These buildings were influenced mainly by the Byzantine Hagia Sophia: Dome of the Rock Mosque Jerusalem, Palestine: The first Muslim masterpiece; it was built in 687 A.C. by Caliph Abd al-Malik, half a century after the death of the Prophet Muhammad [14]. The diameter of the outer dome is 21 meters, the inner dome 20 meters.