See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305078621 An integrated study of Dark Earth from the alluvial valley of the Senne river (Brussels, Belgium) Article in Quaternary International · July 2016 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2016.06.025 CITATIONS READS 22 470 12 authors, including: Yannick Devos Cristiano Nicosia Vrije Universiteit Brussel University of Padova 69 PUBLICATIONS 517 CITATIONS 78 PUBLICATIONS 642 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Luc Vrydaghs Lien Speleers Vrije Universiteit Brussel Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences 69 PUBLICATIONS 1,781 CITATIONS 9 PUBLICATIONS 40 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: PROLONG View project Phytolith online database View project All content following this page was uploaded by Irene Esteban on 06 November 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Quaternary International 460 (2017) 175e197 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint An integrated study of Dark Earth from the alluvial valley of the Senne river (Brussels, Belgium) Yannick Devos a, *, Cristiano Nicosia a, Luc Vrydaghs a, Lien Speleers b, Jan van der Valk f, Elena Marinova b, Britt Claes c, Rosa Maria Albert d, i, Irene Esteban d, Terry B. Ball g, Mona Court-Picon b, h, Ann Degraeve e a Centre de Recherches en Archeologie et Patrimoine, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium b Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium c Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels, Belgium d ERAAUB, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Barcelona, Spain e Department of Archaeology, Brussels Regional Public Service, Belgium f School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, UK g Department of Ancient Scripture, 210H JSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA h Research Team in Archaeo- and Palaeo-Sciences, Brussels, Belgium i ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies), Spain article info abstract Article history: The present article discusses the integration of urban geoarchaeological and archaeobotanical data of a Available online 7 July 2016 series of Dark Earth deposits situated in the alluvial valley of the Senne River in Brussels, Belgium. Due to their homogeneous character, their interpretation is a huge challenge for archaeologists. Through a case- Keywords: by-case approach, a detailed picture of the sequence of different activities and (semi-) natural events, Urban geoarchaeology leading to the build up of Dark Earth at each individual site has been obtained. Among the activities, Dark Earth agricultural practices and waste management, which are rarely archaeologically recorded in urban Soil micromorphology contexts, have been identified. Despite being situated in a valley context, none of the sites presented an Phytoliths Carpology excellent preservation of the organic plant remains. However, through the integration of geo- Palynology archaeological and botanical data, the taphonomical history of the botanical remains could better be understood, allowing us to document the evolution of the environment surrounding the sites. Addi- tionally, it has been demonstrated that the botanical study of Dark Earth units can also provide valuable information on vegetal consumption, in particular fruits. On a broader scale, this integrated geo- archaeologial and archaeobotanical study sheds some light on the process of urbanisation of the Senne alluvial valley between the 11the12th and the 16th century AD. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction deposits in cities (Macphail, 1994; Macphail et al., 2003; Galinie, 2004). Today Dark Earth has become a more general expression Urban sites are characterized by many superimposed phases of used in European urban archaeology to designate thick, dark col- human occupation resulting in the repeated accumulation of cul- oured, humic, homogeneous units that are often rich in anthropo- tural sediments (Butzer, 2008). Such accumulations give rise to genic remains (charcoal, ceramic, brick, bone, mortar, coprolites, complex urban stratigraphic sequences (see Carver, 1987). Dark etc.), regardless of their age or geographical location. Importantly, Earths are a typical component of these sequences encountered in the expression does not correspond to a soil classification name, urban settings. Traditionally, they were defined as the uniform dark nor does it imply a univocal archaeological interpretation (Galinie, coloured units occurring between stratified antique and medieval 2004; Devos et al., 2009, 2011a; Fondrillon, 2009; Nicosia and Devos, 2014). As these units lack internal stratification, the under- standing of their formation and their interpretation is a huge challenge for archaeologists. Geoarchaeological studies involving * Corresponding author. detailed field observations, soil micromorphology, eventually E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Devos). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.06.025 1040-6182/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved. 176 Y. Devos et al. / Quaternary International 460 (2017) 175e197 complemented by physico-chemical analyses have been shown to initially situated on several small islands formed by the Senne be a powerful tool for understanding the various processes and River. Archaeological excavations show that the earliest occupation human activities that control their formation (Macphail, 1994; dates back to the 9the10th century and is dispersed over 4 pre- Macphail and Cruise, 2000; Cammas, 2004; Goldberg and urban nuclei: A) around the Saint-Goriks church on one of the Macphail, 2006; Cremaschi and Nicosia, 2010; Borderie, 2011; larger Senne islands, B) on the higher western slopes in the actual Cammas et al., 2011; Nicosia et al., 2012, 2013, in press; Devos Coudenberg, C) Treurenberg and D) the Place de la Vieille Halle- et al., 2013b; Nicosia and Devos, 2014; Borderie et al., 2015). aux-Bles (Fig. 1). At the beginning of the 13th century AD, a first city Taking into account their complex formation, the interpretation wall was built surrounding these nuclei. Intensive urbanisation was of botanical remains observed within Dark Earth can also be quickly followed by a second city wall around the middle of the particularly difficult (Devos et al., 2011a,c; Vrydaghs et al., 2016). 14th century AD (Degraeve et al., 2010). Since 1996, the Heritage Direction of the Brussels Capital Region The oldest site documenting the pre-urban development is the has carried out systematic archaeological assessment on all site of Petite Rue des Bouchers, situated near the Grand-Place, in scheduled construction works. Whenever remains are at risk, the heart of the medieval city within the first city wall at an altitude archaeological research is conducted. Geoarchaeological and of ca. 20 m above sea level (Fig. 1). According to the geotechnical archaeobotanical research has become a systematic part of the map, the archaeological layers rest directly on top of the Ypresian archaeological investigations in the historical centre of Brussels (Eocene) substratum (Dam et al., 1977). On top of the substratum (see Devos et al., 2007a,b, 2009, 2011a, 2013a; Speleers and van der (Unit 178), a truncated (i.e., missing the top part due to erosion as Valk, in press). During the early years, interventions mainly focused indicated by the abrupt planar boundary suggesting an erosional on Dark Earth situated in the higher part of the city, above the pre- discontinuity) organo-mineral layer (Unit 193) is overlain by Holocene terraces onto which the valleys of the Senne River and its truncated sands (Units 177 and 194) (Fig. 2a). These are covered by tributaries are incised. Here the preservation of the botanical re- organic-rich layers (Units 194, 203 and 147), the upper one (Unit mains with the exception of phytoliths and charred remains has 147) presenting traces of puddling (Fig. 2b). 14C dating of carbonised been shown to be very poor, thus limiting any vegetation recon- cereal grains places unit 147 in the 10the11th century AD (Van struction. However, in recent years, Dark Earth has been discovered Strydonck and Boudin, 2011). On top of it, a thick Dark Earth on several archaeological excavations within the Senne alluvial (Units 139, 140, 141, 142, 143 and 144) developed in which 58 valley, where a better preservation of the botanical remains can be potsherds were collected (Fig. 3a). They are all small fragments that expected. In this present article we will present the results of an were found spread throughout the sequence. According to these integrated geoarchaeological and archaeobotanical study of three remains, the Dark Earth can be dated to the 11the12th century AD such Dark Earths situated in the alluvial valley: the Poor Clares, the (Claes, 2011). site of Rue des Pierres nr. 18e38, and the site of Petite Rue des The site of the Poor Clares in the Rue de Laeken documents the Bouchers nr. 29. The three sites have been chosen as they each intensive urbanisation period and is situated in the area between document another part of the urbanisation process. We will the first and the second city wall, on the left bank of the ancient particularly focus on the taphonomical history of the botanical course of the Senne river at an altitude of ca. 18 m above sea level remains observed within the Dark Earths and their potential for (Fig. 1). According to the geotechnical