Larger than elephants Inputs for the design of an EU strategic approach to Wildlife Conservation in Africa Volume 3: Eastern Africa DRAFT DOCUMENT Volume 3 EASTERN AFRICA EASTERN AFRICA Migratory wildebeest on the Serengeti Plains, Tanzania. Photo © Peter Howard Inputs for the design of an EU strategic approach to wildlife conservation in Africa Page 1 Final report TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 RATIONALE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8 1 SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE REGION ....................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 HIGH MOUNTAINS ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 FORESTS .................................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2.1 Montane and highland forests ................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2.2 Mid-elevation and lowland forests........................................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.3 Coastal forests ........................................................................................................................................................................ 14 1.3 WOODLAND AND GRASSLAND ..................................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 ARID AND SEMI-ARID LAND ......................................................................................................................................... 17 1.5 LAKES, RIVERS AND WETLANDS .................................................................................................................................. 17 1.6 COASTAL HABITATS ................................................................................................................................................... 20 1.7 TRANSFORMED ECOSYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................... 21 2 CONSERVATION CHALLENGES AND ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 22 2.1 THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ............................................................................................... 22 2.1.1 Unsustainable consumptive utilisation .................................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.2 Human-wildlife conflict ............................................................................................................................................................ 24 2.1.3 Inadequate PA systems .......................................................................................................................................................... 25 2.1.4 Fragmentation, transformation and loss of natural ecosystems ............................................................................................. 25 2.1.5 Climate change ....................................................................................................................................................................... 26 2.2 FUNDAMENTAL DRIVERS UNDERLYING THE THREATS .................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Market forces .......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.2 Population growth ................................................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3 Poverty .................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.4 Under-valuation of ecosystem services and biodiversity ........................................................................................................ 28 2.2.5 Weak governance and corruption ........................................................................................................................................... 29 3 ONGOING CONSERVATION EFFORTS ....................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 PLANNING FRAMEWORKS ........................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.1 International ............................................................................................................................................................................ 30 3.1.2 Pan African.............................................................................................................................................................................. 30 3.1.3 Regional .................................................................................................................................................................................. 31 3.1.4 National ................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2 CONTROLLING UNSUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE UTILISATION AND ILLEGAL TRADE .................................................. 31 3.2.1 Stopping the killing .................................................................................................................................................................. 32 3.2.2 Stopping the trafficking ........................................................................................................................................................... 34 3.2.3 Stopping the demand .............................................................................................................................................................. 34 3.3 MINIMISING HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.4 IMPROVING PA SYSTEM EFFECTIVENESS ..................................................................................................................... 35 3.4.1 Scope and design of national PA systems ............................................................................................................................. 35 3.4.2 Sites of international importance............................................................................................................................................. 37 3.4.3 PA management capacity and effectiveness .......................................................................................................................... 44 3.5 VALUING ECOSYSTEMS PROPERLY.............................................................................................................................. 45 3.6 ADAPTING TO CLIMATE CHANGE.................................................................................................................................. 49 3.7 ALLEVIATING POVERTY .............................................................................................................................................. 49 4 LESSON LEARNT .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.1 THE VALUE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IS STILL NOT SUFFICIENTLY WELL UNDERSTOOD .................................................. 53 4.2 NRM AGENCIES REMAIN UNDER-RESOURCED ............................................................................................................. 53 4.3 POACHING CANNOT BE CONTAINED BY IN SITU PROTECTION ALONE ............................................................................... 53 4.4 CBNRM IS NOT A PANACEA AGAINST ALL THREATS ..................................................................................................... 53 4.5 PA DESIGNS NEED IMPROVING ................................................................................................................................... 54 4.6 THE EAC HAS YET TO FULLY EMBRACE A REGIONAL APPROACH TO WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ......................................... 54 4.7 DONOR-FUNDED PROGRAMMES TO SUPPORT THE WILDLIFE SECTOR CAN BE EFFECTIVE BUT MUST BE SUSTAINED LONGER 54 Volume 3 EASTERN AFRICA 5 INDICATIVE CONSERVATION ACTIONS ..................................................................................................................... 55 5.1 ISSUES: LAW ENFORCEMENT AND TRADE CONTROL ..................................................................................................... 55 5.1.1 National ................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 5.1.2