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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zaeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48100 75-3114 KOVACH, Jack, 1940- STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE PENTAMERINID BRACHIOPODS OF THE NIAGARAN ROCKS OF WESTERN OHIO AND EASTERN INDIANA. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 Geology Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY OP THE PENTAMERINID BRACHIOPODS OP THE NIAGARAN ROCKS OF WESTERN OHIO AND EASTERN INDIANA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jack Kovach, B. Sc., M. Sc. • # # * * The Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. C. H. Sumaerson Dr. G. Faure Dr. A. LaRocque Dr. S. Bergotroo Adviser Department of Geology and Mineralogy acknowledgments I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to those who have given assistance and advice during this investigation. I am especially grateful to my adviser, Dr. 0. H. Summerson, who freely gave valuable assistance in many different ways. Dr. A. J. Boucot of Oregon State University originally suggested the study, gave much help­ ful advice, and provided access to unpublished informa­ tion. Mrs. C. H. Summerson and Dr. A. LaRocque performed the burdensome task of editing initial drafts of the re­ port. Special thanks is due my wife, Prances, for the typing of this report and for countless patient favors throughout the investigation. Many courtesies were ex­ tended by land owners and quarry operators, without whose cooperation this study could not have been made. Finan­ cial assistance through National Science Foundation Grant GP-5101 and through receipt of a Bownocker Fellowship in the Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, is gratefully acknowledged. ii VITA March 23, 1940 . Born - Rices Landing, Pennsylvania 1962 ............... B.Sc., Waynesburg College, Waynes- burg, Pennsylvania 1965-1966 ......... Research Assistant, The Ohio State University Research Foundation, Co­ lumbus, Ohio 1966-1967 ......... Teaching Assistant, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967 ............... M.Sc., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1968 ......... Bownocker Fellowship, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968-1974 ......... Assistant Professor of Geology, De­ partment of Geology-Geography, Musk­ ingum College, New Concord, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Faure, G., and Kovach, J., 1969, The age of the Gunflint Iron Pormation of the Animikie Series in Ontario, Can­ ada: Geol. Soc. America Bull. 80: 1725-1736. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Geology iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................... ii VITA .............................................. ill LIST OF FIGURES ..................................... viii LIST OF PLATES ................................... x INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1 Methods of Study .............................. 8 Regional Structure ............................ 11 Stratigraphic Summary ........................ 11 CLASSIFICATION OF THE SILURIAN SYSTEM AND BASIS OF SUBDIVISION............................ 18 General Considerations ........................ 18 Classification of Berry and Boucot ........... 25 North American Silurian Classification .... 29 Alexandrian Series .......................... 29 Niagaran Series ............................ 32 Cayugan Series ............................ 34 Conodont Zonation ............................ 34 THE BRACHIOPOD SUPERFAMILY PENTAMERACEA ......... 38 Introduction ................................... 38 Morphology of Pentameracea .................... 38 External Features .......... 38 Internal Features ................. .... 39 Family Pentameridae M'Coy, 1844 45 Subfamily Pentamerinae M'Coy, 1844 ......... 46 Subfamily Virgianinae Boucot and Amsden, 1963 47 Subfamily Subrianinae Sapelnikov, 1963 . 47 Evolution of the P e n t a m e r i n a e ............... 48 History of the Generic Name Pentamerus .... 53 History of the Generic Name Conchidlum .... 54 PRESERVATION ..................................... 69 SILURIAN BRACHIOPOD COMMUNITIES ................. 87 STRATIGRAPHY ..................................... 95 Ordovician-Silurian Contact ................. 95 Stratigraphy of the Southern A r e a ........... 97 Brassfield Formation ........................ 97 Definition and Type Locality ............. 99 iv Page B6sci?ip'ti.on ............... 102 Distribution, Thickness and Stratigraphic Relations ............................ 107 Faunal Characteristics and A g e ......... 111 Noland Formation .......................... 116 Definition and Type Locality .......... 116 Dayton Formation ............. 118 Definition and Type Locality .......... 118 Description.............................. 120 Distribution, Thickness and Stratigraphic R e l a t i o n s .............................. 121 Faunal Characteristics and A g e ......... 127 Estill Shale 133 Definition and Type Locality ........... 133 Description.............................. 136 Distribution, Thickness and Stratigraphic R e l a t i o n s .............................. 137 Faunal Characteristics and Age ..... 139 Bisher Formation .......................... 144 Definition and Type Locality .......... 144 Description............. 143 Distribution, Thickness and Stratigraphic R e l a t i o n s .......... 133 Faunal Characteristics and A g e ......... 160 Lilley Formation .......................... 166 Definition and Type Locality .......... 166 Description............. 167 Distribution, Thickness and Stratigraphic R e l a t i o n s ............................... 168 Faunal Characteristics and Age ..... 170 Peebles Dolomite .......................... 173 Definition and Type Locality .......... 173 Description............................... 174 Distribution, Thickness and Stratigraphic R e l a t i o n s ................. 173 Faunal Characteristics and A g e ......... 177 Stratigraphy of the Western A r e a ........... 184 Salamonie Dolomite ........................ 184 Definition and Type Locality ........... 184 Description................. 187 Distribution, Thickness and Stratigraphic Relations ..... 190 Faunal Characteristics and A g e ......... 197 Osgood Member of the Salamonie Dolomite . 203 Definition and Type Locality ........... 203 Description ..... .................... 204 Distribution, Thickness and Stratigraphic R e l a t i o n s ............................... 205 Faunal Characteristics and A g e ......... 207 v Page Laurel Member of the Salamonie Dolomite . 215 Definition and Type Locality .••.... 215 Description................... 216 Distribution, Thickness and Stratigraphic R e l a t i o n s ............................ 216 Faunal Characteristics and A g e ..............217 Waldron Formation ............................ 220 Definition and Type A r e a .................... 220 Description • ............................... 220 Distribution and Stratigraphic Relations • 221 Faunal Characteristics and Age ........... 223 Louisville Limestone ........................ 224 Definition and Type Locality ..............224 Description................. 225 Faunal Characteristics and A g e ..............226 Wabash Formation ...........................230 Definition and Type Locality ................230 Huntington Lithofacies . ................. 232 Definition and Type Locality ................232 Stratigraphy of the Central Area ....... 240 Estill Formation ..... ................. 240 Definition ••...... ............... 240 Lewisburg