International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6, (2020), pp. 8548-8556 Zonal Mapping of Risk Information Model of Construction in Laterite Soil Bhagyashree1 *, Kavyashree2 1Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India 2Research Scholar, Manipal School of Architecture and Planning, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The present study is an experimental investigation on the geotechnical properties of soil samples relevant to construction industry. The main point of view of the study is to understand the characteristics of soil samples before carrying out of any construction on it which is essential too. These papers summarize the characteristics of laterite and its suitability for the construction of high-rise buildings on it.For this the samples were collected from nine different places which are nearby to each other in the coastal belt of Dakshina Kannada district. Geotechnical tests were performed that includes all the preliminary tests to be conducted on the soil. Construction Risk Management is considered to be the integral part of any construction project and it is achieved by forming risk matrix. Five Point Likert scale is used to categorise the risks from very high to very low. Safe Bearing Capacity of soil is considered for the above calculations. Key words: Laterite soil, Safe Bearing Capacity, zonal map, Likert scale 1. Introduction Soil is an organic compound which has been evolved from centuries together due to decomposition of bigger rock particles. It is essential for all the civil engineering works as it is the underlying material for any kind of structure. All the physical properties along with mineralogical properties play an important role in the stability of the soil structure. Its load bearing capacity is very crucial in deciding the type of buildings to be constructed on a particular type of soil. Bearing capacity may be calculated in many ways. Soil type, foundation width, its weight in the zone of shear etc. are the factors influencing safe bearing capacity of the soil. While calculating safe bearing capacity of soil it is assumed that a there is uniform contact pressure in between the underlying soil and foundation. If all other factors are kept uniform, there are still few more factors affecting the safe bearing capacity of soil like failure type of soil, foundation depth and water table. ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 8548 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6, (2020), pp. 8548-8556 1.1 Laterite soil Among all the significant sets of the tropical and subtropical soils in the globe, laterite soils conquer a distinctive place, with respect to both their widespread existence and irregular characteristics. Laterite is highly weathered type of soil and is most abundantly available in coastal Karnataka region.it contains heavy but varying extents of iron and aluminium oxides as well as quartz and other minerals. Most laterites are red in colour due to the existence of iron oxides. They grow by concentrated and ongoing weathering of the fundamental parental rock.These type of rocks are readily available at lower rates, eco-friendly and their availability is also ample. Therefore it is used as a building material in the tropical region. In developed and under developed countries these stones are used as building materials especially in rural areas.Construction of high storeys on these soil is highly depended on the SBC of the soil in that place. Usually laterite soil has a higher SBC but sometimes it may not be sufficient to withstand the load from high storey building. 1.2 Risk Construction industry has to manage lots of risk. This includes financial risk, design risk, safety risk, settlement risks etc. Risk management in construction industry involves understanding, evaluating and countering towards the risk. There is different methodology which has been adopted to analyse the risk. It includes the wide-ranging of Optimistic and destructive influences on the upcoming result of a mission. It is thinkable to guess the probability and the harm that could occur. The risk investigation is observed as the examination of opposing events even at the phase of planning and proceeding of any construction project Risk Assessment is the first stage of risk management. Presently, a huge number of risk management approaches are present, but none of them relate to a condition where numerous factors are required to work on one plan. By creating risk assessment matrix it is possible to understand the probability of risk and in the present study the safe bearing capacity of soil is considered as one factor to understand the risk present in the respective regions.Bearing capacity plays a vital role when it comes to construction industry as the structure is going to stand on the particular soil carrying its entire load by putting the pressure on the soil on which it is established. The sub soil study is something essential to be understood before carrying out any work on it as repeated study of sub soil is impossible once any work begins on the particular soil. It can lead to major changes that are required to be done to reduce risk. Risk may occur with respect to cost, time, and resources anything which may effect on the project hugely. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Soil in Construction Engineering The appropriateness of soil for its better usage should be known depending on its geotechnical characteristics, not just by seeing it or its noticeable resemblance with similar soils. Description regarding the top, middle and sub-surface characteristics is necessary for designing and for development of any structures [1]. As per several articles the evaluation of engineering characteristics of soil insitu is needed before the construction phase as it helps in getting appropriate information for the design foundations for the planned structures[2].The nature of soil varies worldwide. Soil type, colour, nature etc. varies from one place to another depending on the type of rock, minerals present in it and also on the environment of the respective places. Settlement of soil can lead to several savoir problems which can cause critical effect if they are left unanswered. Subsurface geological conditions therefore can be understood by complete geological investigations prior to the design and the construction work .The introductory ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 8549 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6, (2020), pp. 8548-8556 investigations are intended towards the character and formation of the rocks at the site, and to get exact information about the soil [3]. Thus careful sampling and documentation of collected soil samples has to be prepared. Arranged document must be a source for site environment, earth science, rock science, seismicity and hydrology. And based on information collected the variation of ground should be done accordingly. 2.2 Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil Laterite soil is considered as one of the cost effective and carrying more energy efficiency than other type of soil [4]. In foundation engineering, the footing bearing capacity with eccentric load is taken into consideration by two researches. They are effective area and reduction factor methods [5]. Wherein it gives information about contact pressure distribution below the footing as well as reduction in the size of the footing in order to impose the pressure on the reduced area. Several civil services in different nations provide the allowable bearing capacity that can be used for different types of footing in their building codes. 2.3 Risks in construction due to soil Construction projects can be managed with the help of diverse risk management tools and techniques. The eventual objective of risk management is to boost the probability of activities involved in project to be succeeded by having focussed concentration on complex areas in the beginning itself and thus to reduce the quantity of expensive modification in the future [7]. The unfavourable happenings should be analysed in planning phase itself for any construction projects, which terms to be risk analysis [8]. Risk can occur in various terms when it comes to construction engineering. Many researchers’ have worked on finding out the probability of risk with respect to different random constraints. There are several ways to proceed with for risk analysis which includes either qualitative or subjective assessment of the project risk. Risk Assessment Matrix is one of the effective methods to analyse risk which includes two major constraints that is risk factors and risk ranking guidelines [9]. Risk factors are the one which influence the project majorly. The risk ranking guidelines are the one which helps in quantifying the risks as low, medium, and high-risk profiles. They are used to establish the impact of risk considering each of the risk factors to the project baseline. 2.4 Communicating & Managing Risk in Geotechnical Engineering Practice Studies have shown inspections regarding six areas of geotechnical risk commonly come across have been discussed. The six areas comprises of sites with unrestrained fill, sites with extremely malleable soils, the existence of rock, cover collapsing sinkholes, deep foundations and mechanically modified earth retentive walls. Geotechnical risks may arise in all phases of a project life that is in designing phase, construction phase, and during operation. Also it is not restricted to the spatial dissimilarities of engineering properties. 2.5 Bearing Capacity of soil and foundations of buildings Foundation structures go through soil-structure interface. So, the performance of footing rely on the properties of soil. Determining the characteristics of soil itself is a specified subject in geotechnical engineering. Accepting the interfacing activities are also hard. Hence, several assumptions were made and adopted for the design and analysis.