MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING PetE 216 Petroleum Rock and Fluid Properties LABORATORY MANUAL Ankara, 2003 CONTENTS: 1. LABORATORY SAFETY................................................................................................ 6 1.1. FIVE PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY.............................................................................................................6 1.1.1. Practice Safety .................................................................................................................................6 1.1.2. Be Concerned About the Safety of Others.......................................................................................6 1.1.3. Understand the Hazards Associated with Your Particular Experiment............................................6 1.1.4. Know what to do in an Emergency..................................................................................................6 1.1.5. Report Hazards or Hazardous Conditions........................................................................................7 1.2. FIRST AID ...............................................................................................................................................8 1.2.1. STOPPAGE OF BREATHING .......................................................................................................8 1.2.2. SEVERE BLEEDING .....................................................................................................................8 1.2.3. THERMAL BURNS........................................................................................................................8 1.2.4. TRAUMATIC SHOCK ...................................................................................................................8 1.3. SAFETY RULES.......................................................................................................................................8 1.3.1. PERSONAL PRECAUTIONS ........................................................................................................8 1.3.2. LABORATORY PRACTICE..........................................................................................................9 1.4. CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND SAFETY PROCEDURES .......................................................................11 1.4.1. UNATTENDED CHEMICAL REACTIONS ...............................................................................11 1.4.2. TOXIC HAZARDS .......................................................................................................................11 1.4.3. ACIDS AND BASES ....................................................................................................................11 1.4.4. ORGANIC SOLVENTS................................................................................................................12 1.5. CHEMICAL WASTE DISPOSAL...........................................................................................................12 1.6. RADIATION HAZARDS.........................................................................................................................12 1.6.1. Radioactive Materials ....................................................................................................................12 1.6.2. X-Rays Equipments .......................................................................................................................13 1.7. ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND SAFETY PROCEDURES ....................................................................13 1.7.1. PRECAUTIONS............................................................................................................................13 1.7.2. STATIC ELECTRICITY AND SPARK HAZARDS....................................................................13 1.8. FIRE SAFETY RULES...........................................................................................................................14 1.8.1. PRECAUTIONARY PROCEDURES...........................................................................................14 1.8.2. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES....................................................................................................14 1.8.3. ELECTRICAL FIRES ...................................................................................................................14 2. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 15 3. POROSITY ...................................................................................................................... 17 3.1. Definitions..............................................................................................................................................17 3.2. Effect of Compaction on Porosity ..........................................................................................................17 3.3. Porosity Measurements..........................................................................................................................18 3.3.1. Bulk Volume Measurement ...........................................................................................................18 3.3.2. Pore Volume Measurement............................................................................................................19 3.3.3. Grain Volume Measurement..........................................................................................................20 4. PERMEABILITY............................................................................................................ 21 4.1. Definition ...............................................................................................................................................21 4.2. Darcy’s Law...........................................................................................................................................21 4.3. Kozeny-Carman Model ..........................................................................................................................21 4.4. Klinkenberg Effect .................................................................................................................................23 4.4.1. Ideal Gas Flow...............................................................................................................................24 4.4.2. High Velocity Flow .......................................................................................................................25 2 5. CAPILLARY PRESSURE..............................................................................................26 5.1. Definitions ............................................................................................................................................. 26 5.2. Capillary Pressure Measurement Methods ........................................................................................... 28 5.2.1. Porous Plate Method (restored state)............................................................................................. 28 5.2.2. Centrifuge Method......................................................................................................................... 28 5.2.3. Mercury injection (Purcell - 1949) Method................................................................................... 32 5.2.4. Dynamic Method ........................................................................................................................... 32 5.2.5. Comparison of Methods ................................................................................................................ 33 5.3. Converting Laboratory Data................................................................................................................. 34 5.4. Pore-size distribution ............................................................................................................................ 35 5.4.1. Pore Size Distribution of Reservoir Rocks Burdine et al. [1950].................................................. 35 6. SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION...............................................................37 6.1. Definition............................................................................................................................................... 37 6.2. Methods of Interfacial Tension Measurements...................................................................................... 38 6.2.1. Capillary Rise Method................................................................................................................... 38 6.2.2. Wilhelmy Plate Method................................................................................................................. 38 6.2.3. Ring Method.................................................................................................................................. 39 6.2.4. Drop Weight Method..................................................................................................................... 40 6.2.5. Pendant Drop Method.................................................................................................................... 41 6.2.6. Spinning Drop ............................................................................................................................... 42 7. LIQUID DENSITY..........................................................................................................43 7.1. Definitions