92367_CH01_001_016.qxd 3/31/11 11:53 AM Page 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©SECTION Jones & BartlettI Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Building Blocks of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORNursing DISTRIBUTION InformaticsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 92367_CH01_001_016.qxd 3/31/11 11:53 AM Page 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 | SECTION I Building Blocks of Nursing Informatics © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTNursing FOR professionals SALE OR are DISTRIBUTION information-dependent knowledge workers.NOT As healthFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION care continues to evolve in an increasingly competitive information marketplace, professionals, the knowledge workers, must be well prepared to make significant contributions by harnessing appropriate and timely information. Nursing infor- © Jones & Bartlettmatics Learning, (NI), a product LLC of the scientific synthesis of© information Jones & inBartlett nursing, usesLearning, LLC NOT FOR SALEconcepts OR DISTRIBUTION from computer science, cognitive science,NOT information FOR SALE science, OR and DISTRIBUTION nursing science. NI continues to evolve as more and more professionals access, use, and develop the information, computer, and cognitive sciences necessary to advance nursing science for the betterment of patients and the profession. Regardless of future roles, it is clear that nurses need to understand the ethical © Jones & Bartlett Learning,application LLC of computer, information,© Jones and cognitive & Bartlett sciences Learning, to advance nursingLLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONscience. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION To implement NI one must view it from the perspective of the current health- care delivery system and specific, individual organizational needs, while anticipat- ing and creating future applications in both the healthcare system and the nursing © Jonesprofession. & NursingBartlett professionals Learning, should LLC be expected to discover opportunities© Jones to & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTuse FORNI; participate SALE ORin the DISTRIBUTION design of solutions; and be challenged to NOTidentify, FOR de- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION velop, evaluate, modify, and enhance applications to improve patient care. This book is designed to provide the reader with the information and knowledge needed to meet this expectation. Section I presents an overview of the building blocks of NI: nursing, informa- © Jones & Bartletttion, Learning, computer, and LLC cognitive sciences. Also included© Jones in this section & Bartlett is a chapter Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEon OR ethical DISTRIBUTION applications of healthcare informatics. ThisNOT section FOR lays SALE the foundation OR DISTRIBUTION for the remainder of the book. Chapter 1 describes nursing science and introduces the Foundation of Knowl- edge model as the conceptual framework for the book. In this chapter, a clinical case © Jones & Bartlett Learning,scenario LLC is used to illustrate the concepts© Jones central & Bartlettto nursing science.Learning, A definition LLC of nursing science is also derived from the American Nurses Association definition of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONnursing. Nursing science is the ethicalNOT application FOR SALE of knowledge OR DISTRIBUTION acquired through education, research, and practice to provide services and interventions to patients to maintain, enhance, or restore their health, and to acquire, process, generate, and dis- seminate nursing knowledge to advance the nursing profession. Information is a © Jonescentral concept & Bartlett and health Learning, care’s most LLC valuable resource. Information© science Jones and & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTsystems, FOR together SALE with OR computers, DISTRIBUTION are constantly changing the way healthcareNOT FOR or- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ganizations conduct their business. This will continue to evolve. To prepare for these innovations, the reader must understand fundamental information and computer concepts, covered in Chapters 2 and 3, respectively. © Jones & BartlettInformation Learning, science LLC deals with the interchange ©(or Jones flow) and & Bartlettscaffolding Learning, (or LLC structure) of information and involves the application of information tools for NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 92367_CH01_001_016.qxd 3/31/11 11:53 AM Page 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Building Blocks of Nursing Informatics | 3 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC solutionsNOT to FORpatient SALE care and OR business DISTRIBUTION problems in health care. To be able to NOTuse FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and synthesize information effectively, one must be able to obtain, perceive, pro- cess, synthesize, comprehend, convey, and manage the information. Computer science deals with understanding the development, design, structure, and rela- © Jones &tionship Bartlett of computer Learning, hardware LLC and software. This science offers© Jones extremely & Bartlett valu- Learning, LLC NOT FORable SALE tools that,OR ifDISTRIBUTION used skillfully, can facilitate the acquisitionNOT and FOR manipulation SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of data and information by nurses, who can then synthesize these into an ever- evolving knowledge and wisdom base. This not only facilitates professional de- velopment and the ability to apply evidence-based practice decisions within nursing care, but if disseminated and shared, can advance the profession’s knowl- © Jones & Bartlett Learning,edge base. LLC The development of knowledge© tools, Jones such & as Bartlettthe automation Learning, of deci- LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONsion making and strides in artificial intelligence,NOT FOR has altered SALE the understandingOR DISTRIBUTION of knowledge and its representation. The ability to structure knowledge electroni- cally facilitates the ability to share knowledge structures and enhance collective knowledge. As© discussed Jones in & Chapter Bartlett 4, cognitive Learning, science LLC deals with how the human mind© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC functions.NOT This FOR science SALE encompasses OR DISTRIBUTION how people think, understand, remember,NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION synthesize, and access stored information and knowledge. The nature of knowl- edge, how it is developed, used, modified, and shared, provides the basis for con- tinued learning and intellectual growth. Chapter 5 focuses on ethical issues associated with managing private informa- © Jones &tion Bartlett with technology Learning, and provides LLC a framework for analyzing© Jones ethical issues & Bartlett and Learning, LLC NOT FORsupporting SALE OR ethical DISTRIBUTION decision making. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The material within this book is placed within the context of the Foundation of Knowledge model (shown in Figure I-1 and periodically throughout the book, but more fully introduced and explained in Chapter 1). The Foundation of © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Knowledge LLC model is used throughout the© text Jones to illustrate & Bartlett how knowledge Learning, is used LLC to meet the needs of healthcare delivery systems, organizations, patients, and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONnurses. It is through interaction with theseNOT building FOR blocks—the SALE OR theories, DISTRIBUTION archi- tecture, and tools—that one acquires the bits and pieces of data necessary, processes these into information, and generates and disseminates the resulting knowledge. Through this dynamic exchange that includes feedback, one contin- ues the© interaction Jones & and Bartlett use of these Learning, sciences to inputLLC or acquire, process, and out-© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC put orNOT disseminate FOR generatedSALE OR knowledge. DISTRIBUTION Humans experience their environmentNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and learn by acquiring, processing, generating, and disseminating knowledge. When one then shares (disseminates) this new knowledge and receives feedback on the knowledge they have shared, the feedback initiates the cycle of knowledge © Jones &all Bartlettover again. Learning, As