Notes and References The following works by Henry James are cited directly in my text, with volume and page references in parentheses: The Novels and Tales of Henry James, vols 1-24 (New York: Scribner's, 1907-1909); vol. 25 (1917). The Complete Tales of Henry James, ed. Leon Edel, 12 vols (Philadelphia and New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1961-64). 'The Figure in the Carpet', in Stories of Writers and Artists, ed. F.O. Matthiessen (New York: New Directions, 1944). Cited parenthetically in the text as FIC The Sacred Fount, with an introductory essay by Leon Edel (London: Rupert-Hart-Davis, 1959). What Masie Knew (London: The Bodley Head, 1969). The American Scene, intro. Leon Edel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1968). The Art of the Novel, ed. KP. Blackmur (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1962). The Complete Notebooks of Henry James, ed. Leon Edel and Lyall H. Powers (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). 1 An 'Intimate Commerce with Figures': On Rereading/Rewriting Narratives 1. Andre Lefevere, 'Why Waste Our Time on Rewrites? The Trouble with Interpretation and the Role of Rewriting in an Alternative Paradigm', in The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Transla­ tion, ed. Thea Hermans (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985), p. 216. 2. Samuel Weber, Institution and Interpretation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 37. 3. Northrop Frye, 'The Survival of Eros in Poetry', in Romanticism and Contemporary Criticism, eds. Morris Eaves and Michael Fischer (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 33. 4. See E.D. Hirsch, Jr., The Aims of Interpretation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 18. 5. Stanley Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 369. 6. J. Hillis Miller, 'On Edge: The Crossways of Contemporary Criticism', in Romanticism and Contemporary Criticism, eds Eaves and Fischer, pp. 110-1. 7. David Birch, Language, Literature and Critical Practice: Ways of Analysing Text (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), p. 21. 8. Harold Bloom, 'The Breaking of Form', in Bloom et aI., Deconstruction 298 Notes and References 299 and Criticism (New York: Seabury, 1979), p. 8. 9. Jonathan Culler, The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruc­ tion (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 12. 10. E.D. Hirsch, 'The Politics of Theories of Interpretation', Critical Inquiry, 9 (1982): 246.n 11. William E. Cain, The Crisis in Criticism: Theory, Literature, and Reform in English Studies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), p. 7. 12. Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1978), p. 427. 13. K.M. Newton, In Defense of Literary Interpretation: Theory and Practice (London: Macmillan, 1986), p. 22. 14. Edward Said, 'Travelling Theory', Raritan, 1 (1982): 59. 15. Paul de Man, The Resistance to Theory, foreword Wlad Godzich (Min­ neapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), p. 7. 16. Wayne Booth, 'Reversing the Downward Spiral: Or, What is the Graduate Program For?', Profession 1987: 37-8. 17. See Wayne C. Booth, 'Pluralism in the Classroom', Critical Inquiry, 1 (1986): 476. 18. 'Reversing the Downward Spiral', p. 39. 19. Geoffrey H. Hartman, Criticism in the Wilderness: The Study of Litera­ ture Today (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), pp. 7-9, 296. 20. Christopher Ricks, 'Theory and Teaching', in Critical Theory and the Teaching of Literature: Proceedings of the Northeastern University Center for Literary Studies, ed. Stuart Peterfreund (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1985), vol. 3, pp. 4-5. 21. Ibid., p. 6. 22. Walter Benn Michaels, 'The Interpreter's Self: Peirce on the Cartesian "Subject"', Georgia Review 31 (1977): 38J-402. Repr. in Jane P. Tomp­ kins, ed., Reader-Response Criticism: From Formalism to Post­ Structuralism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), pp. 186-7. 23. Friedrich Schleiermacher, Hermeneutik, ed. Heinz Kimmerle (Heidel­ berg: Carl Winter Universitatverlag, 1959), p. 31. In a well-known passage from Validity in Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), E.D. Hirsch deplored the break down of this distinction, 'one of the firmest ... in the history of hermeneutic theory', be­ tween 'the subtilitas intelligendi and the subtilitas explicandi - the art of understanding a text and the art of making it understood by others' (p. 133). 24. Susanne Kappeler, Writing and Reading in Henry James (London: Macmillan, 1980), pp. 44, 45. 25. Marjorie Nicholson, 'The Professor and the Detective' (1929), in The Art of the Mystery Story, ed. Howard Haycraft (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1946), p. 126. 26. Dennis Porter, The Pursuit of Crime: Art and Ideology in Detective Fiction (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 234, 240. Porter further notes the similarity between 'the parts played by the Great Detective and by the creator of psychoanalysis', or between the conjectural scenario of mystery fiction, and psychoanalytic case his- 300 Notes and References tories. Both are recoverable narratives that depend on hermeneutic and proaeretic codes, and on strong solutions ('cures') that entail a reenactment of the original trauma, or scene of suffering (pp. 241-4). 27. Kappeler, Writing and Reading in Henry James, p. 5l. 28. Porter, The Pursuit of Crime, p. 226. 29. Erika Fischer-Lichte, 'The Quest for Meaning', Stanford Literary Re­ view, 1 (1986): 137, 14l. 30. Michael Riffaterre, Semiotics of Poetry (Bloomington: Indiana Univer­ sity Press, 1978/1984), p. 166. 3l. William R. Schroeder, 'A Teachable Theory of Interpretation', in Theory in the Classroom, ed. Cary Nelson (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 19. 32. In Paul Ricoeur's synthetic definition, 'hermeneutics is the theory of the operations of imderstanding in their relation to the interpreta­ tions of texts.' Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences, ed. John B. Thompson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 8. 33. Schroeder, 'A Teachable Theory of Interpretation', p. 24. 34. M.H. Abrams, 'Construing and Deconstructing', in Romanticism and Contemporary Criticism, eds, Eaves and Fischer, p. 173. 35. Deirdre Burton, 'Through Glass Darkly: Through Dark Glasses', in R.A. Carter, ed., Language and Literature: An Introductory Reader in Stylistics (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982), p. 196. 36. Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Sym­ bolic Act (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 35. 37. Hartman, Criticism in the Wilderness, p. 244. 38. Robert Scholes, 'Interpretation and Criticism in the Classroom', in Critical Theory and the Teaching of Literature, ed. Stuart Peterfreund, pp. 38, 42. 39. Andre Lefevere, 'Why Waste Our Time on Rewrites?', p. 218. 40. Ibid., p. 219. 4l. Andre Lefevere, 'On the Refraction of Texts', in Mimesis in Contern­ porary Theory, vol. 1, The Literary and Philosophical Debate, ed. Mihai Spariosu (Philadelphia: John Benjamins Press, 1984), pp. 215-43. 42. Wolfgang Iser, Prospecting: From Reader Response to Literary Anthropology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), pp. 7, 4. 43. Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), p. 205. 44. David Lodge, The Novelist at the Crossroads and Other Essays on Fiction and Criticism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971), p. 58. 45. Horst Ruthrof, The Reader's Construction of Narrative (London: Rout­ ledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), pp. 4-6. 46. Ernesto Lac1au and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Toward a Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso, 1985), pp. 127-8. 47. Jonathan Culler, On Deconstruction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), p. 72. 48. Hirsch, Validity in Interpretation, p. 54. 49. Michael Steig, Stories of Reading: Subjectivity and Literary Understanding (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), pp. 12, 14. Notes and References 301 50. Mary Jacobus, Reading Woman: Essays in Feminist Criticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), p. 11. 51. Samuel Weber, Institution and Interpretation, pp. 3-4. 52. Jacques Derrida, 'LIVING ON: Border Lines', trans. James Hulbert, in Deconstruction and Criticism, ed. Harold Bloom et al. (New York: Seabury, 1979), p. 100. 53. Inge Crosman Wimmers, Poetics of Reading: Approaches to the Novel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. xx. 54. Laura Mulvey, 'Changes: Thoughts on Myth, Narrative and Historical Experience', History Workshop Journal, 23 (Spring 1987): 6. In this engaging rereading of her own 'classic' article on woman as a fe­ tishistic object for the male spectatorial gaze ('Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema', Screen, 16/3 [Autumn 1975]: 6--18), Mulvey admits that her previous argument, 'important as it is for analysing the existing state of things', was too constrained by a 'rhetoric of binary oppositions'. The alternative she now envisions for wcmen authors and readers is a nonpolarised, 'pre-Oedipal' mode of Signification, or what she somewhat vaguely terms 'the possibility of change without closure'. 55. Thomas M. Leitch, 'For (Against) a Theory of Rereading', Modern Fiction Studies 33/3 (Autumn 1987): 501. 56. Dieter Richter, 'Teachers and Readers: Reading Attitudes as a Problem in Teaching Literature', trans. Sarah Lennox, New German Critique, 7 (1976): 31. 57. Peter Uwe Hohendhal, The Institution of Criticism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982), pp. 184, 187. 58. Leitch, 'For (Against) a Theory of Rereading', p. 501. 59. Frank Lentricchia,