Technical Report 009 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Technologies and Services EBU TECHNICAL Your reference in media technology and innovation Geneva May 2010 ° Issued by EBU TECHNICAL L’Ancienne Route 17A 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex Switzerland [email protected] All rights reserved. EBU Technical Report 009 P2P Technologies & Services A year in the Internet business is like a dog year, equivalent to seven years in a regular person’s life. Vint Cerf, Internet pioneer Contents General Glossary ................................................................................................... 9 Executive Summary ..............................................................................................15 1. Introduction..............................................................................................19 2. Internet Media Distribution Technologies .........................................................22 2.1 Unicast streaming ..................................................................................... 22 2.2 IP Multicast streaming ................................................................................ 23 2.3 File Downloading....................................................................................... 24 2.4 Progressive Download ................................................................................. 24 2.5 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) .................................................................................... 25 2.6 Podcasting .............................................................................................. 26 2.7 Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) ............................................................. 26 2.8 Hybrid P2P – CDN systems ............................................................................ 28 3. A short history of P2P..................................................................................29 3.1 First generation P2P................................................................................... 29 3.2 Second generation P2P ............................................................................... 30 3.3 Third generation P2P.................................................................................. 31 4. A wealth of P2P networks and clients..............................................................31 4.1 Freenet .................................................................................................. 33 4.2 Gnutella ................................................................................................. 34 4.3 Kazaa .................................................................................................... 35 4.4 BitTorrent............................................................................................... 36 4.5 µTorrent................................................................................................. 38 4.6 Tribler ................................................................................................... 39 4.7 P2P-enabled Adobe Flash player .................................................................... 40 5. P2P Business Environment ............................................................................40 5.1 Business Model and Cost Considerations ........................................................... 42 5.2 P2P Business Opportunities and Challenges ....................................................... 43 5.3 P2P Business Models................................................................................... 43 6. P2P use cases ............................................................................................46 6.1 Streaming media services ............................................................................ 46 6.2 P2P-enabled Internet-format catch-up TV services.............................................. 46 6.3 P2P-enabled Internet device to record broadcast programmes................................ 46 6.4 Progressive download services ...................................................................... 47 6.5 Deferred download services ......................................................................... 47 6.6 Broadcast content related URI available from P2P-enabled Internet device ................ 47 6.7 Protected content with Portal....................................................................... 47 3 EBU Technical Report 009 P2P Technologies & Services 6.8 Protected content without Portal ...................................................................47 6.9 PIP to display signing services........................................................................47 6.10 P2P-enabled IPTV HNED accessing CoD services ..................................................48 6.11 Broadcast subtitles to be carried by P2P...........................................................48 6.12 P2P-enabled Internet DVR to record broadcast content .........................................48 6.13 Protected content on multiple devices.............................................................48 6.14 Picture-in-Picture (PIP) to display Internet content related to main broadcast.............48 6.15 Pre-positioned download services ...................................................................48 6.16 Customized Programming Guides....................................................................49 7. Broadcast Technical and Commercial Requirements for a Viable P2P System ............ 49 7.1 Motivations and objectives ...........................................................................50 7.2 Working assumptions ..................................................................................51 7.3 System architecture ...................................................................................51 7.4 General P2P-related requirements ..................................................................53 7.5 P2P delivery-related requirements..................................................................54 7.6 Social networks and user preferences ..............................................................55 7.7 Content formats ........................................................................................55 7.8 Content delivery........................................................................................55 7.9 Content acquisition ....................................................................................56 7.10 Service management and service monitoring......................................................56 7.11 Management of P2P functions in a CE device......................................................57 7.12 Security issues ..........................................................................................57 7.13 Geolocation, DRM and storage-related issues .....................................................57 7.14 Network neutrality.....................................................................................58 8. Existing commercial P2P services................................................................... 58 8.1 Octoshape ...............................................................................................59 8.2 RawFlow .................................................................................................59 8.3 Abacast ..................................................................................................60 8.4 BitTorrent DNA .........................................................................................61 8.5 PPlive ....................................................................................................62 8.6 SwarmPlayer ............................................................................................63 9. P2P Trials, Experiments and Experiences......................................................... 64 9.1 Eurovision Song Contest...............................................................................64 9.2 EBU Member Services..................................................................................64 9.3 EBU Test at IBC 2006 ..................................................................................65 9.4 Prix Europa 2006 concert .............................................................................66 9.5 WDR evaluations of PPLive and TVants .............................................................66 9.6 Danish Broadcasting corporation P2P trials using RawFlow and Octoshape ..................67 9.7 EBU P2P Media Portal..................................................................................69 9.8 EBU’s Tribler experiences ............................................................................70 9.9 IBC 2008 and IBC 2009 – P2P-Next trial using a Pioneer set-top-box...........................71 4 EBU Technical Report 009 P2P Technologies & Services 10. P2P Social Networks....................................................................................72 10.1 Free-riding issue ....................................................................................... 72 10.2 User data and privacy issues......................................................................... 73 11. Consumer Electronics..................................................................................74 11.1 P2P-enabled Devices .................................................................................. 74 11.2 Implications of P2P for CE Devices.................................................................. 74 11.3 Motivation for CE vendors to build P2P