Why is ESAC so hilly? Geology of the Madrid region A talk (Thursday, December 1st) and a fieldtrip (Friday, December 2nd) Enrique Díaz Martínez Researcher of the Geological Survey of Spain (IGME) FIRST GEOLOGY MAPS OF THE PROVINCE OF MADRID 1853 (“bosquejo” or sketch), 1861 and 1864 Casiano de Prado y Valle (1797 – 1866) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 A geological map shows the composition (lithology), age and structure of the rocks Geological time is measured in millions of years Geological map of the province of Madrid (currently as “Autonomous Community”) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 The geological clock (1 h = 4.600 Ma) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 Geological map of the province of Madrid Geological units of Madrid: - Guadarrama and Somosierra ranges (Central System), Paleozoic and Mesozoic age - Madrid Basin (part of Tajo sedimentary basin), Cenozoic age (Tertiary) - Fluvial valleys (Alberche, Jarama, Henares, Tajo, etc.), Quaternary age ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 Geological map of the province of Madrid The Central System: Variscan orogeny <= Granites (Siete Picos, La Pedriza, La Cabrera) <= Quartzites, slates (Puebla de La Sierra) <= Gneises (La Morcuera, El Vellón) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 Geological map of the province of Madrid The Central System: Alpine orogeny <= Gypsum and red clays (Torrelaguna) <= Marine limestones (Guadalix, Patones) Long period without geological record. The Variscan Mountains were intensely eroded. Variscan orogeny <= Granites (Siete Picos, La Pedriza, La Cabrera) <= Quartzites, slates (Puebla de La Sierra) <= Gneises (La Morcuera, El Vellón) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION OF THE CENTRAL SYSTEM ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 THE BASIN: ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 THE BASIN: - Lacustrine limestones (Chinchón, Colmenar de Oreja) - Marls and gypsum (La Poveda, and Ciempozuelos cliffs) - Sands and gravels (El Pardo, Majadahonda, Tres Cantos) Alpine orogeny <= Gypsum and red clays (Torrelaguna) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 Scene recreating the environment deduced from the Miocene fossil site of the M-30 (Casa de Campo, Madrid) Author: Mauricio Antón (MNCN) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 Scene recreating the environment deduced from the Miocene fossil site of the “Hidroléctrica” (Paseo de la Virgen del Puerto, Madrid) Author: Mauricio Antón (MNCN) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 Scene recreating the environment deduced from the Miocene fossil site of the Cerro Batallones (Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid) Author: Mauricio Antón (MNCN) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 Period Epoch Holocene (11,000 a - today) Quaternary (2.6 Ma - today) Pleistocene (2.6 Ma – 11,000 a) Atapuerca family picture. Author: Mauricio Antón (MNCN) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 THE VALLEYS: Epoch Holocene (11,000 a - today) Pleistocene (2.6 Ma – 11,000 a) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 THE VALLEYS: Epoch Holocene <= Modern alluvial deposits (11,000 a - today) (flood plains) Pleistocene <= Fluvial terrace deposits (2.6 Ma – 11,000 a) (sands and gravels) ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 And also… glaciers! Epoch Holocene (11,000 a - today) Pleistocene (2.6 Ma – 11,000 a) Glacial evolution of the Peñalara massif Author: Eduardo Acaso ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 So… What will we see tomorrow? ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 GRANITES - Geological setting - Plutonic rocks (magma “frozen” underground), silica-rich (acid) composed of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and biotite, plus local moscovite, amphiboles, cordierite, etc. - Types: leucogranites vs monzogranites, porphyritic vs equigranular, coarse vs fine… ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 Type of textures in different rocks of granitic composition Rock: Granite Granite porphyry Aplite Pegmatite Obsidian Type of texture: Granitic Porphyritic Aplitic Pegmatitic Vitreous No crystals Size of crystals: All average Some large and some small All small All large (just glass) A few crystals grew Rapid cooling How did the rock Many crystals Many crystals A few crystals slowly, then the rest inhibits cristal form? grew slowly grew quickly grew slowly grew quickly growth ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 GRANITIC MASSIFS - Geological setting - Lithology (different compositions) - Fracturing of rocks - Climate and erosion ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 ESAC talk on the geology of Madrid 01-12-2016 Come to the field with us tomorrow!! …and don’t forget to visit our museum at Ríos Rosas, 23 (Madrid) Thank you very much for your attention. .